Great Industrial Cities Research Articles

ПРОСТОРОВІ ПЕРЕТВОРЕННЯ У ВЕЛИКОМУ ПОСТСОЦІАЛІСТИЧНОМУ МІСТІ: ПРИКЛАД ХАРКОВА

Kharkiv is a great post-socialist industrial city with a population of over 1 million. Owning large objects with different functional components (both industrial and social infrastructure, other municipal institutions), the big city in the early 90’s faced with the fact that there was no resource for their maintenance and development. Variable and unstable economic situation drowned in demand for many services. A situation of paralysis of the public space of the city has been created. Only with the beginning of privatization and commercialization processes, we can talk about the gradual filling of the created emptiness. Individual investors become the subjects of assessment and planning of the territory. And the urban space is the object of commercial activity. The new conditions have created opportunities for dialogue between the authorities, the city community and business. Disorder of these relationships has given the poor results of spatial transformations and modernization of territory in Ukrainian cities. An investor, focusing on profit, determined the place, form and function of a new object at its discretion, often changing the face of the city and the role of the territory. Our research is caused by the need in the study of spatial transformations and modernization processes in the great post-socialist city, which may be a prerequisite for further changes. Perhaps, Kharkiv is the best example of a post-socialist city for the study of spatial-functional transformations. The purpose of the paper is to analyze the processes of spatial transformation and modernization, as the prerequisites for further spatial-functional transformations in a big city of Kharkiv, based on discovered transformation elements and a core of modernization on the territory. Analysis of the objects we were investigated, allowed for us to see directions of the transformation of the urban territory, outline the spatial structure of the sites, identify possible functional changes in the space and his contemporary role in the urban environment. Investigation of two test sites in Kharkiv – “old centre” and social centre, revealed the difference in the processes of spatial transformation and modernization of urban objects in these parts of the city. It is not always possible to fix a completed transformation. It is important here to see the beginning of the change, to “snatch” the very tendency for a possible change, then to be able to predict the direction and its dynamics.

True North: Essential Identity and Cultural Camouflage in H.V. Morton’s In Search of England

True North: Essential Identity and Cultural Camouflage in H.V. Morton’s <em>In Search of England</em>

LEGISLATION AND REALITY: THE ARCHAEOLOGICAL EVIDENCE FOR SANITATION AND HOUSING QUALITY IN URBAN WORKERS’ HOUSING IN THE ANCOATS AREA OF MANCHESTER BETWEEN 1800 AND 1950

This paper will look at some of the excavated material for British urban workers’ housing, built and occupied during the period 1800 to 1950 in the Ancoats area of Manchester: Ancoats was notorious amongst contemporary writers and campaigners for its poor quality and overcrowded housing. This archaeological evidence has emerged as a result of developer-funded excavations and represents part of a growing body of data collected since 1990 from within many of the great industrial cities of Britain (Glasgow, London and Manchester), as well as excavations in the numerous smaller industrial manufacturing towns of the UK. In this study particular attention is given to the impact of national legislation, private acts and local by-laws aimed at improving industrialised living conditions and the build quality of 19th-century workers’ housing occupied into the 20th century. Using excavated examples from more than 50 houses within Ancoats, it will be argued that archaeology can provide a distinctive and unique view of urban domestic life in the 19th and first half of the 20th century, whilst demonstrating continuity in occupation patterns during this period. The evidence for urbanised, industrial living also compliments the more extensive archaeological studies of manufacturing industry from the period.

Smart cities: big data, civic hackers, and the quest for a new utopia

We live in a world defined by urbanization and digital ubiquity, where mobile broadband connections outnumber fixed ones, machines dominate a new internet of things, and more people live in cities than in the countryside. In Smart Cities, urbanist and technology expert Anthony Townsend takes a broad historical look at the forces that have shaped the planning and design of cities and information technologies from the rise of the great industrial cities of the nineteenth century to the present. A century ago, the telegraph and the mechanical tabulator were used to tame cities of millions. Today, cellular networks and cloud computing tie together the complex choreography of mega-regions of tens of millions of people. In response, cities worldwide are deploying technology to address both the timeless challenges of government and the mounting problems posed by human settlements of previously unimaginable size and complexity. In Chicago, GPS sensors on snow plows feed a real-time plow tracker map that everyone can access. In Zaragoza, Spain, a citizen card can get you on the free city-wide Wi-Fi network, unlock a bike share, check a book out of the library, and pay for your bus ride home. In New York, a guerrilla group of citizen-scientists installed sensors in local sewers to alert you when stormwater runoff overwhelms the system, dumping waste into local waterways. As technology barons, entrepreneurs, mayors, and an emerging vanguard of civic hackers are trying to shape this new frontier, Smart Cities considers the motivations, aspirations, and shortcomings of them all while offering a new civics to guide our efforts as we build the future together, one click at a time.

Phoenix Cities: The Fall and Rise of Great Industrial Cities By Anne Power, Jörg Plöger, and Astrid Winkler

The total damage to human lives and property caused by deindus- trialization in U.S. and European cities over the past forty years has never been fully assessed. What we know and see is that major cities were devastated by the loss of employment and income that accompanied the movement of manufacturing to offshore locations with lower labor costs. Policy makers and planners in cities such as Detroit and Pittsburgh struggled to respond to the crises that they faced, but researchers have tended to be more bemused by new industrial growth, exemplified by Silicon Valley, or by the search for nostrums such as the creative class. Thus, Phoenix Cities comes as a welcome effort to document both the scale of industrial decline and the efforts to alleviate it.

Ulsan, South Korea: A Global and Nested ‘Great’ Industrial City

Ulsan, South Korea is home to the world's largest auto production complex and shipyard, and its second biggest petrochemicals combine. Drawing upon Jacobs' Contextualized Model of Urban-Regional Development, this article shows how Ulsan's growth path towards becoming one of the world's Great Industrial Cities was decisively shaped by both global and nested factors. While the weights of the various tiers from the global to local have fluctuated over time, no one level has had primacy. Through Ulsan this study seeks to introduce the concept of Great Industrial City and in the process: 1) remind scholars and practitioners about the continued importance of industrial cities for national economies and in global capitalism; 2) demonstrate how the world's city-regions have been decisively shaped by both international forces and embedded/nested factors; 3) enhance the English language reader's knowledge of South Korean urban areas; and 4) encourage scholars to more seriously consider the manufacturing sector when classifying world cities and delineating the global urban hierarchy, and thereby, expand the global-nested city debate beyond merely the analyzing of large financial centers.

Environmental Reviews &amp; Case Studies: More Cost per Drop: Water Rates, Structural Inequality, and Race in the United States—The Case of Michigan

While much of the environmental justice literature has focused on exposure to environmental contaminants, this article argues that access to environmental goods should be explored, as well. We do this by looking at the rates paid for drinking and wastewater infrastructure in the United States (US). Although US residents, in aggregate, pay very little for water and sewer (around 1% of household income), the rate varies significantly by place (with Chicago residents paying roughly one fourth of the rates of residents in Atlanta, for instance). We ask whether particular groups may disproportionately pay higher rates. Using census data, we compare the cost of water and sewer across counties in Michigan and find tremendous disparity in reported expenditure. We then use multivariate regression analysis to investigate the relationship among income, urbanicity, race, and cost of water and sewer. Our findings indicate that a higher reported cost of water and sewer is associated most strongly with minority racial status. This results from postindustrial divestment and subsequent depopulation of particular urban areas. As a result, decreased demand (fewer households remaining in the city) actually increases prices (per remaining household), since water infrastructure costs are fixed, and this phenomenon disproportionately disadvantages people of color—who make up the majority of the great industrial cities.

Phoenix cities: the fall and rise of great industrial cities

'Weak market cities' across European and America, or 'core cities' as they were in their heyday, went from being 'industrial giants' dominating their national, and eventually the global, economy, to being 'devastation zones'. In a single generation three quarters of all manufacturing jobs disappeared, leaving dislocated, impoverished communities, run down city centres and a massive population exodus.So how did Europeans react? And how different was their response from America's? This book looks closely at the recovery trajectories of seven European cities from very different regions of the EU. Their dramatic decline, intense recovery efforts and actual progress on the ground underline the significance of public underpinning in times of crisis. Innovative enterprises, new-style city leadership, special neighbourhood programmes and skills development are all explored. The American experience, where cities were largely left 'to their own devices', produced a slower, more uncertain recovery trajectory. This book will provide much that is original and promising to all those wanting to understand the ground-level realities of urban change and progress.

Lancashire: Manchester and the south-east

This complete guide to the buildings of South-East Lancashire features the proud municipal buildings and pioneering mills and transport structures at the heart of the great industrial city of Manchester. The book also offers full accounts of the suburbs, the city of Salford, and the industrial towns of Bolton, Bury, Rochdale, and Oldham, each with its own tradition of civic buildings and its own crop of talented local architects. A general introduction to the volume provides a historical and artistic overview of South-East Lancashire's architecture, and each city, town, or village is treated in a detailed gazetteer. Numerous maps and plans, over 100 new color photographs, full indexes, and an illustrated glossary complete this invaluable guide.

Muddy boots and ragged aprons: images of working-class Detroit, 1900-1930

This text focuses on the working people who, in the first three decades of the 20th century, made Detroit into one of the world's great industrial cities. Telling their stories through photographs with captions explaining its content and context, it examines the world as they lived and changed it.

A tale of two cities: global change, local feeling and everyday life in the North of England: A study in Manchester and Sheffield

The city of the future is to be found not just in the post-modern metropolis but also in the once great industrial cities, from the rust belt of the United States to the centres of the English industrial revolution. This is a study of two such cities - Manchester and Sheffield. Drawing on an international range of theory from Raymond Williams to John Logan and Harvey Molotch to identify and interpret the trajectory of change in the old industrial centre, this text looks at the texture of everyday life: transport, shopping, the experiences of fear, begging and homelessness. Throughout its theoretical and empirical exploration of specific localities, it provides an investigation into the different furtures available to post-Fordist cities throughout the world.

Flowers for the Doctor: Pro-Natalism and Abortion in Fascist Milan

SummaryThis article explores the reasons for the failure of the Fascist attempts to raise the Italian birth rate through an examination of the pro-natalist campaign in the great industrial and commercial city of Milan and its surrounding province. It then considers one of the specific ways in which the birth rate was kept down - illegal abortion - focusing in particular on the dramatic events surrounding the arrest of an illegal abortionist in the small textile town of Rho in 1928.

Afterword

There are as many authors as there are forms of shamanism, and as many points of view on the subject as there are authors. The fact that there is no consensus on the definition of the term shamanism is probably neither accidental nor much of a disadvantage. Is not a certain amount of vagueness appropriate to a phenomenon marked by so much diversity and vitality? For that reason, would it not be more profitable to focus the investigation of the term on the ultimate limits of its applicability? Primitive, shamanism continues to be reborn. Rooted in nature, it has blossomed in great industrial cities. Animistic, it has enriched the popular foundation of the great religions without modeling its own practices on them. Instead, shamanism has sometimes manifested itself in grand recurring rituals that celebrate ethnic identity; at other times, it has been an instrument used by private individuals to channel the course of events in a direction favorable to them or, more often, to make sure that their course is not unfavorable. To someone suffering from a psychic burden, shamanism can represent a priceless instrument that will offer relief, or help in being reassimilated into the community. For the expert practitioner, shamanism can be a means to personal advancement. Even when scorned by all and, in some cases, combated, shamanism has found a way to adapt itself everywhere.

Mental Health Services in the Ukraine

I N SEPTEMBER and October of 1967, a seven-member United States Mission on Mental Health visited the Soviet Union to study the organization of mental health services. The mission was one of the cultural exchange programs organized by the U.S. Department of Health, Education, and Welfare and the Ministry of Health of the Soviet Union. Whereas most visitors are shown mental hospitals that serve large cities, principally in the Republic of Russia, we were also afforded the unusual opportunity of visiting a hospital for a primarily rural area in the Republic of the Ukraine. It is located at Vinnitsa, a city of 170,000 inhabitants, about 160 miles southwest of the great industrial city of Kiev. The hospital is the center of a network of mental health services for an oblast, one of the divisions of the republic. The hospital was established in 1897, and originally was named for Dr. Euschenko, a biochemist, researcher, and academician who headed it for the first four years. The hospital was destroyed during the Revolution of 1918 and later rebuilt. During World War II, we were told, all the patients were murdered by the Nazis by air injection. The buildings were then used, it was said, as a training school for local girls who had been seized to work in military brothels. Later it was totally destroyed again, and when the German occupation ended, it was rebuilt.

Distribution of Negro Population in the United States

THE main facts concerning the distribution of Negroes in the United States are common knowledge. About 6o per cent live in the southeastern states from eastern Texas to Virginia, both in cities and in rural areas, and a few million live in the great industrial cities of the Northeast and the Pacific Coast, but nowhere else in the United States do Negroes constitute a high percentage of the population. Considering the undisputed political, social, cultural, and economic importance of the in the American scene, it is remarkable that so little attention has been paid to the details of population distribution. The difficulties that have recently arisen in educational administration as a result of the Supreme Court's decision on racial access to educational facilities point up the fact that juxtaposition of races is of fundamental importance in most fields of human activity. The only study revealing any detail is one by Hartshorne' based on the I930 census, and his map shows only the ratio of Negroes to the whole population.2 We are here concerned with three aspects of population distribution: (i) the distribution of absolute numbers of Negroes; (2) the ratio of Negroes to the total population; and (3) changes in the absolute numbers of Negroes and their ratio to the total population from I940 to I950. The definition of Negro for this paper is the same as that for the census-in brief, any person who is regarded as a Negro.

Significance of Pleistocene deposits in the groundwater resources of Illinois

Among the developed and potential sources of large public and industrial groundwater supplies in Illinois, the sand and gravel beds of the Pleistocene rank first. These deposits yield most of the groundwater, yield the greatest quantities of water to specific wells, and contain the largest part of the State's undeveloped resources of low-cost groundwater.Groundwater is one of the vital geologic resources of Illinois. Studies by the Illinois State Geological Survey show that about 55 per cent of the State is underlain by one or more aquifers of industrial importance. Twenty-five of Illinois' twenty-six great industrial cities lie in or near those areas of the State where geology is favorable for groundwater development. Seven of the major industrial cities and at least one hundred other communities depend entirely upon Pleistocene sand and gravel beds for groundwater supplies. Wells of highest water yield (2500-3000 G.P.M.) are constructed in valley-train type sand and gravel deposits which are in many places buried by till. The detection and mapping of these deposits involve integration of geologic and geophysical methods of exploration. These sources of groundwater will be of increasing economic significance where industry can move to the undeveloped areas in which low-cost groundwater can be found in abundance.

University and Educational Intelligence

LEEDS.—One of the most important departments of the University is that which deals with agriculture, for, while the University is situated ina great industrial city, it is also the centre of the largest agricultural county in England. A new building for the department is about to be commenced. This has been made possible by the generous help received by the University from several sources. The late Mr. Walter Morrison gave a sum of 10,000l., a donation which, by his wish, remained anonymous during his lifetime; a Treasury grant through the Ministry of Agriculture and Fisheries of 12,000?., promised in 1914, has been increased to 15,000?.; the Yorkshire Council for Agricultural Education “has o contributed approximately 10,000;.; and there have been numerous other donations. TheUniversity is providing the site and the balance of the money required. The building will be located in University Road, west of the buildings of the Textile (Clothworkers) group, and will occupy a plot 190 feet long by 125 feet deep.