Greater Expansion Research Articles

Da língua indígena à língua geral – algumas reflexões sobre a formação da Língua Geral Paulista

From indigenous language to general language – some reflections on the formation of the General Language of São Paulo: In Portuguese America, the general languages were the languages of indigenous origin used by the administration and the Church as an instrument of interethnic communication. These languages were spoken by everyone who was part of the colonial system. In the Brazilian territory, two general languageswere formed in very different linguistic contexts: the Língua Geral Paulista (LGP) and the Língua Geral Amazónica (LGA). Established in the 16th century, LGP emerged in the São Vicente region and was widely spread by the bandeirantes of São Paulo to other states in the 17th and 18th centuries. After a period of great expansion, and because of the political and social changes that took place in colonial society, this general language lost its hegemony in the 19th century and ceased to be spoken at the beginning of the 20th century. The article aims to analyse the socio-historical conditions that led to the formation, expansion, weakening and disappearance of the General Language of São Paulo.

Eligibility for Anti-Obesity Medications through Medicare for Older Adults with Overweight or Obesity

Medicare covered anti-obesity medications (AOMs) only for type 2 diabetes until March 2024, when the agency announced that AOMs with additional indications will be covered under Medicare Part D. Consequently, Medicare beneficiaries with overweight or obesity can be eligible for AOMs if they concurrently have type 2 diabetes or cardiovascular disease (CVD). To assess the potential impact of Medicare's March guidance, we estimated the number of US adults aged ≥65 years with overweight or obesity who were eligible for Medicare coverage of AOMs before and after Medicare's March 2024 guidance, stratified by sociodemographic status. We pooled data from the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey from January 2011 to March 2020, including participants aged ≥65 years with a BMI ≥27 kg/m2. The study sample included 3,385 participants aged ≥65 with overweight or obesity, representing 26,552,194 adults. Among this population, 45.8% (95% CI, 43.4-48.2) or 12.2 million people had diabetes or cardiovascular disease and were eligible for AOMs through Medicare post-March 2024. In contrast, 33.8% (95% CI, 31.6-36.0%) or 9.0 million people had diabetes and were eligible for AOMs through Medicare pre-March 2024. Older age, male sex, and White race were associated with greater expansion in AOM eligibility due to Medicare's March guidance. Older age, male sex, identifying as a minority race/ethnicity, lower income, and less education were associated with greater AOM eligibility rates post-March 2024. These findings demonstrate that across sociodemographic groups Medicare's guidance significantly expanded the population of beneficiaries eligible for AOMs, but about half of older adults with overweight or obesity remain ineligible for AOMs through Medicare.

Latin America: A hub for agrobiotechnological innovations.

Modern biotechnology is one of the last century's major advances in human science. Particularly in the agronomical field, the landscape of crop improvement technologies has witnessed a great expansion, driven by the integration of molecular and genetic engineering methodologies into the breeding toolbox. Latin America (LATAM) serves as a pioneering region in incorporating such techniques with several countries swiftly embracing these technologies. This review aims to give a comprehensive overview of the elements that influenced agrobiotech acceptance in LATAM countries and how such cases could provide support for upcoming technologies to be considered worldwide. Nearly 50 years of biotech breakthroughs have provided humankind with an impressive portfolio of tools already integrated into several life-sciences areas. The agronomical field has greatly progressed thanks to technologies derived from Genetically Modified Organisms (GMOs) and high promises are being made to also incorporate genome -editing products. LATAM's case is a prime example of how early introduction of novelties in the crop production chain can result in improved yields, paving the way for future developments to be easily integrated into the technological ecosystem of a region. The example set by LATAM can also be useful for the present gene-editing regulatory scenario. With several countries presently on the path to approving these methods in their current crop systems, basing their next steps on the southern continent's example, could represent a safe and practical pathway towards a new agronomical revolution.

A community-centric model for conference co-creation: the world conference on CDG for patients, families and professionals

BackgroundPatient and public co-creation and involvement in health initiatives have been witnessing great expansion in recent years. From healthcare to research settings, collaborative approaches are becoming increasingly prevalent and diverse, especially in the field of rare diseases which faces complex challenges. Conference development and implementation, however, have been primarily guided by passive, information-sharing models. There is a need for conferences to evolve towards more inclusive, interactive, collaborative, and problem-solving platforms. Here, we aimed to report on a pioneer model, emphasizing a community partnership approach to conference co-creation that takes the World Conference on Congenital Glycosylation Disorders (CDG) as an exemplary case.MethodsTo answer the need to overcome the lack of access to high-quality information which limits CDG diagnosis, research and treatment options, the World CDG Organization has been refining a community-centric model for conference co-creation. Focusing on the 5th edition of the conference, data on stakeholders’ preferences was collected using an online survey and a poll to define the conference agenda, guide its development and select optimal dates for an all-stakeholder inclusive, relevant and participatory event.ResultsWe describe the complexities of the community-centric conference co-creation model, detailing its refined methodology and the outcomes achieved. The model is grounded on a participative approach to promote people-centered research and care for CDG patients. The involvement of the public in the conference co-creation and in participatory methods allowed the generation of knowledge on community needs and preferences.ConclusionThis paper describes a reliable, highly adaptable conference co-creation model that fosters community-building, disseminates understandable information, and serves as a borderless platform to incentivize multiple stakeholder collaborations towards CDG research and drug development. We argue this is a reproducible model that can be endorsed and more widely adopted by other disease communities and events.

Massive Increase of Totkas on Indian Social Media

Currently, the world is experiencing revolutionary changes. It is becoming more magical and unreal due to great expansion and revolutionary inventions of internet and technology. Currently, people like brief and effective messages in the fast and furious world. Reading bulky books has become a difficult task for them as they are pacing with time in their tightly-packed and roughlyplanned life which is full of accidental events. Their busy schedule is reflected on their faces. Their communication, verbal or non-verbal is influenced largely by their stress and tension in current times. People like messages of social media in multiple forms. Social media literature is now available easily at a click of mouse or with the use of any finger of hand and scrolling any platform like YouTube, Twitter, Facebook etc. People like such literature because they can pass time reading or watching it anytime at any place including toilet or a place of worship

Potential hypothesis for the increased risk of Parkinson´s disease following COVID-19.

Patients with severe COVID-19 may be more likely to develop PD as a result of shared biological pathways including a great expansion of MDSCs and an imbalance in Th17/Tregs ratio. We think that these shared pathogenic features may mechanistically explain the COVID-19 - PD axis. Thus, we assume that patients who recovered from critical COVID-19 should be selected based upon a potential higher risk of developing PD. Further studies are needed to better define the possible relationship between COVID-19 and neuroinflammation and identify whether some people are more likely to develop PD after contracting COVID-19 than others with special emphasis to ascertain possible vulnerable genetic backgrounds or epigenetic factors acting on brain which may promote PD during SARS COV-2 infection. Finally, we think that regular physical activity should be performed and encouraged in patients with PD.

Genome-wide identification of the NAC family in Hemerocallis citrina and functional analysis of HcNAC35 in response to abiotic stress in watermelon.

NAC (NAM, ATAF, and CUC) transcription factor family, one of the important switches of transcription networks in plants, functions in plant growth, development, and stress resistance. Night lily (Hemerocallis citrina) is an important horticultural perennial monocot plant that has edible, medicinal, and ornamental values. However, the NAC gene family of night lily has not yet been analyzed systematically to date. Therefore, we conducted a genome-wide study of the HcNAC gene family and identified a total of 113 HcNAC members from the Hemerocallis citrina genome. We found that 113 HcNAC genes were unevenly distributed on 11 chromosomes. Phylogenetic analysis showed that they could be categorized into 16 instinct subgroups. Proteins clustering together exhibited similar conserved motifs and intron-exon structures. Collinearity analysis indicated that segmental and tandem duplication might contribute to the great expansion of the NAC gene family in night lily, whose relationship was closer with rice than Arabidopsis. Additionally, tissue-specific pattern analysis indicated that most HcNAC genes had relatively higher expression abundances in roots. RNA-Seq along with RT-qPCR results jointly showed HcNAC genes expressed differently under drought and salinity stresses. Interestingly, HcNAC35 was overexpressed in watermelon, and the stress resilience of transgenic lines was much higher than that of wild-type watermelon, which revealed its wide participation in abiotic stress response. In conclusion, our findings provide a new prospect for investigating the biological roles of NAC genes in night lily.

Alkali-Silica Reaction and Residual Mechanical Properties of High-Strength Mortar Containing Waste Glass Fine Aggregate and Supplementary Cementitious Materials

This paper presents the influence of supplementary cementitious materials (SCMs), such as fly ash (FA), silica fume (SF), ground granulated blast furnace slag (GGBS), and waste glass fine aggregate (GA), on the alkali-silica reaction (ASR) in high-strength and normal-strength mortar using an accelerated mortar bar test (AMBT). Residual mechanical properties and scanning electron micrographs were used to assess the changes in the matrix. GA reduced the mechanical properties of both normal-strength (NGA_OPC) and high-strength mortars (HGA_OPC), contributing to a decline in overall performance. This phenomenon was a result of the slipping of the GA from the matrix owing to its smooth surface. However, the inclusion of reactive SF and GGBS in the HGA improved the slip phenomenon of the GA, leading to a significant enhancement in its mechanical properties. Following the ASR expansion measurement, HGA_OPC demonstrated an ASR expansion rate approximately three times higher than that of NGA_OPC. This was attributed to the dense structure of HGA_OPC, which resulted in greater expansion than that of NGA_OPC. However, with the incorporation of SCMs into both HGA and NGA, a significant reduction in ASR expansion was observed. This was attributed to the delayed ASR of GA due to alkali activation or the pozzolanic reaction of the SCMs. Continuous exposure to the AMBT environment can lead to the destruction of GA. This was caused by the inner ASR that originated from the surface crack of the GA, which resulted in a reduction in the flexural strength of the mortar. The HGA with SF exhibited the highest resistance to ASR expansion and residual mechanical properties’ degradation. Therefore, various durability and long-term performance-monitoring studies on ultra-high-performance concrete or high-strength cementitious composites with very high SF contents and GA can be conducted.

Decline and Revival of Jute Industry

This research paper investigates India's jute business, documenting its beginnings, expansion, and influence on the economics and society of the country. Jute, sometimes known as the "golden fiber," has long been used in Indian manufacture and trade. It dives into important turning points, scientific advancements, economic shifts, and sociological implications that have shaped the jute industry's history. This article examines how the jute industry has developed and adapted to changing conditions by examining the historical context, legislative acts, and global market dynamics. The Jute Industry saw great expansion in the nineteenth and twentieth centuries, but has faced substantial obstacles in the twenty-first century, including as raw material limitations, the introduction of polymer substitutes, and worldwide rivalry in jute manufacture. Unfortunately, the jute industry has failed, resulting in worker devaluation and catastrophic situations in West Bengal, India's main jute producing state. This research paper will look at the circumstances that led to India's jute culture, its height during British rule, the aftereffects of the 1947 split, and the Indian government's efforts to reinvigorate and preserve the ailing industry both in the state and throughout the country.

Revisiting the Past: Historical Status of Breeding Ring-billed and California Gulls in the Klamath Basin, Oregon

Three summaries of the historical and recent status of breeding Ring-billed (Larus delawarensis) and California (L. californicus) gulls in Oregon mention just two colony sites in the Klamath Basin—Upper Klamath Lake and Spring Lake—and lack numerical data for individual colonies. Nevertheless, nesting of gulls at Lower Klamath Lake before its water source was cut off in 1917 is well documented. Egg-set records, published literature, and archived field notes attest to nesting of both species before 1954 at two additional sites in the Klamath Basin, the Link and Klamath rivers. The largest known colonies up to that time were at Lower Klamath Lake (~2000 pairs, perhaps many more) and along the Klamath River below the town of Klamath Falls (~2000 pairs). Gulls no longer nest at these five sites, but, since at least 2000, they have nested intermittently at Swan Lake and Gerber Reservoir. Though Gabrielson and Jewett (1940) considered the California Gull more abundant in southeastern Oregon than the Ring-billed, egg-collectors’ data from 1926 to 1953 suggest the opposite, as in northeastern California. The California Gull may have been the more numerous of the two in the Klamath Basin when nesting and foraging habitat was dominated by wetlands, but the drying of Lower Klamath Lake and the great expansion of irrigated agriculture starting in the 1920s may have favored the Ring-billed. Trends in the Klamath Basin’s gull populations are unclear, but much nesting habitat has been lost. Documentation of the historical record of nesting gulls and other waterbirds is critical, as conservation efforts typically aim at restoring populations to some historical baseline, which can gradually shift lower with further declines and successive generations accepting a new status quo.

Sustainable development in ASEAN: The role of trade diversification, government revenue, and natural resources

AbstractOver the past few years, the Association of Southeast Asian Nations (ASEAN) has experienced great economic expansion, which has resulted in varied degrees of diversified commerce, an elevated level of government revenue, and an increase in the demand for energy. The purpose of this study is to provide a solution to this conundrum by analyzing the effects of trade diversification (TDF), government revenues (GRN), gross domestic product (GDP), and natural resource rent (NTR) on the sustainable development of the ASEAN countries between the years 1981 and 2022. In order to accurately portray the concept of environmental sustainability, the ecological footprint (EFP) is utilized to represent sustainable development. The quantile‐based econometrics technique known as the Method of the Moments Quantile Regression (MMQR) has been utilized in order to investigate the direction and amplitude of the asymmetric correlation that exists between the interaction of GRN, TDF, NTR, and EFP. According to the estimations of the MMQR, it is proposed that government revenues, which include significant financial incentives that promote the stringent execution of environmental rules, hence avoiding deleterious impacts on the environment, have negative coefficients at all quantiles (Q0.25 − Q0.90). Conversely, TDF and GDP have a positive and statistically strong significant correlation across all quantiles (Q0.25 − Q0.90), revealing that TDF reduces environmental sustainability and expands the size of the world's EFP by making energy‐intensive products more accessible. In addition, the Augmented Mean Group (AMG) and the Common Correlated Effect Mean Group (CCEMG) both provide evidence that supports the correlation study by demonstrating that there is a similar pattern of causality across variables.

EFFECTIVE AND INEFFECTIVE WAYS USED BY PARENTS TO DEVELOP A RATIONAL ATTITUDE TOWARDS ELECTRONIC MEDIA IN THEIR CHILDREN – RESEARCH RESULTS

ABSTRACT: Aim: The purpose of this article is to present and evaluate the ways used by parents to form a rational attitude towards electronic media in their children. Not all actions of this type described in the literature or taken by parents turn out to be effective, applicable, and some are even harmful. The interested parties – children and adolescents have (and should have) an important voice in this matter. Their views on the subject will be taken into account in this study. Methods: In order to achieve the chosen goal, an analysis of the literature was carried out and a survey research was conducted using the questionnaire technique. The group of respondents consisted of young people between the ages of 14 and 25 living in the Opole region. Their statements helped to determine the answer to the question - What are the effective (and ineffective) ways used by parents in terms of forming a rational attitude to electronic media in their children? Results: It was found that not all parents take measures to shape appropriate media behaviour in their children, as indicated by one in five respondents. In light of the mentioned data, the following can be considered effective ways of such measures: proposing non-media, family activities; conversations and discussions based on logical arguments, without excessive moralizing; setting rules and enforcing them consistently. Setting a good example also has positive effects. In addition, young people generally appreciate wise parenting – love, trust, positive attitudes they experience from them, can be much more important than specific ways of influence. According to young people, punishments (bans, taking away children’s devices, etc.) are extremely ineffective, as they lead to rebellion, conflict and breakdown of parent-child ties. Conclusion: In the face of the great expansion of new technologies, parents are now obliged to shape the proper relationship of their children with electronic media. These efforts should lead to the minimization of risks, moreover, they are to make the media environment a potential positive educational factor. To increase effectiveness of such measures, the feelings of young people should be taken into account as they are extremely important for the development of rational ways of influence on the issue discussed here. Originality: The literature on the subject most often presents directives on parental interactions with young people in terms of shaping their appropriate media behaviour in a general way. This article presents the position of young people on this subject, which sheds more light on the effectiveness of the efforts. Keywords: adolescents, electronic media, rational media use, media usage rules, parental influence, parental involvement, opinion of the young.

What happened to the subjects? Questions about mezcal

Mezcal is a Mexican agave spirit that has helped to create a sense of authenticity among global consumers, significantly increasing its presence on the world market. This has led to a great expansion of the production areas included in the Denomination of Origin, changing its artisanal forms of production and creating an ambiguous position for the subjects that produce this drink. The aim of this essay is to contribute a new theoretical perspective to the academic debate on the patrimonialisation of mezcal, incorporating analyses that focus on the issues behind the production of this emblematic beverage. It discusses the need to understand the productive dynamics of this predominantly rural beverage, based on an understanding of the relationships between subjects at different levels of the production chain. We have opted for a classical theoretical framework that dares to consider mezcal producers as peasants and that affirms the explanatory potential of revising the classics of peasant social theory in order to offer new insights into the problem of dispossession through the appropriation of the biocultural knowledge that underlies the production of mezcal.

THE STATUS OF THE CHILD IN SOCIAL HOUSING. CASE STUDY OF ALI MENDJLI CITY, ALGERIA

Algerian cities witnessed great developmental movements and major urban expansions that affected all sectors, so new residential areas with modern urban design and planning that differed from the traditional style known to it spread age. In this research, the diagnosis of the child's status within the new residential urban environments will be discussed. The research involves the case study of the town of Ali Mendjli in Algeria, through the neighborhood of a new social housing. The target is to highlight the child's status in this new urban environments, in order to build incubating cities for the child. In view of the importance of the child in the urban and social fabric and the influence that the city leaves on his personality, as essential part of the programmed plans for the state of Constantine, the study tries to answer several the questions in order to understand if the child environment is really taken into account during the planning process for the new housing. The results will be helpful for searching recommendations to the shortcomings that the new urban area suffers from, in terms of places designated for children there.

THE VERTICAL STIFFNESS OF E-SCOOTER TIRES

E-scooter sharing systems have a great international expansion. There is no publication that refers to the wheels used in e-scooters. In this work, these stiffness curves for wheels currently used in e-scooters were obtained experimentally. Average stiffness values from 0.9 E5 N/m to 3.6 E5 N/m has been obtained.

Modelling alkali–silica reaction from micro-computed tomography images: role of particle size and water/cement ratio

An experimental programme was conducted to observe, non-destructively, the influence of aggregate particle size and low water/cement (w/c) ratios on alkali–silica reaction (ASR) in concrete using micro-computed tomography scanning. The results were analysed using a model developed as part of a previous study. ASR expansion and cracking was observed to increase to strain levels of around 0.010 with a decrease in particle diameter up to a ‘pessimum’ diameter of 1–2 mm. Below the pessimum diameter, expansion was low: around 0.001 strain. Analysis using the previously developed model clearly illustrated a transition from above the pessimum diameter, where ASR was the main process occurring, to below this size, where a pozzolanic reaction dominated. ASR expansion increased with a decrease in the w/c ratio, reaching strains of around 0.015. The model indicated that this is fundamentally a result of extended periods of restraint of ASR gel around aggregates, ultimately ending in much greater expansion when fracture eventually occurred. Additionally, cracking of aggregate coincided with an accelerated rate of expansion in mixes with w/c ratios below 0.6.

THE SUPREME THEATRE: HOW INDIVIDUALISM AND THE EXTREME PUBLICITY ARE UNDERMINING THE DECISION-MAKING PROCESS OF THE SUPREMO TRIBUNAL FEDERAL

With the enactment of the 1988 Brazilian Federal Constitution, the Brazilian constitutional system witnessed a great expansion of the powers of the Judiciary, along with a considerable growth of the influence of the Supremo Tribunal Federal (STF) in the everyday life. Not only were such changes brought by crucial reforms, but also by the change of the social-political context. Such a context, characterized by the desire of re-democratization of the Country, led to a gradual opening of the Tribunal to the society. So far, one of the major connection tools between the Court and the public opinion has been the peculiar decision-making process of the STF. If on the one hand such process seems to have favoured transparency and participation of the society to the life of the Tribunal, on the other hand it has created not few concerns, namely with regard the high individualism and the extreme publicity that both govern the decision-making process. Indeed, the objective of the present work is to inquire the extent to which these issues affect the current decisional process of the Supremo, also with the aim to find how further negative consequences might be overcame. The research adopts an in-depth qualitative analysis of the relevant doctrine on the issues, with a small comparative glimpse on other constitutional experiences. The paper suggests the urgent need to reform the current mechanism of deliberation of the Supremo Tribunal Federal, with the aim of reducing the abovementioned disproportionate individualism and excessive transparency.

Laboratory study on inclined desalination discharges in perpendicular cross-flow

To mitigate the ecological impact of dense effluents discharged from diffusers, understanding the influence of ambient currents and discharge characteristics on desalination outfall performance is crucial. For this purpose, a series of laser-induced fluorescence (LIF) experimental tests were conducted to address the combined effects of the flowing current strength and nozzle inclination in the discharge region for dense jets issuing into a plane perpendicular to the cross-flows. Various nozzle discharge angles (30°, 45°, and 60°) and cross-flow Froude numbers (urF=uau0×u0g0′D) are studied to assess 3D jet trajectory and concentration distribution. Empirical equations describing the dilution and geometrical characteristics of the jets are also derived. The findings indicate that deploying the 60° jet can achieve dilutions of over 50 % and 20 % compared to the 30° and 45° jets, respectively, due to its longer trajectory and greater expansion. Thus, the previously reported insensitivity of dilution to the nozzle angles in the range of 40°-70° for stationary ambient water is questioned herein when dealing with flowing currents. Moreover, the 60° jet is more sensitive to the changes in urF compared to the two other shallower angles. The presented outcomes provide valuable insights for safeguarding coastal water bodies through the efficient design of inclined dense outfall discharges.

Srovnání změn v dolním zubním oblouku u pacientů léčených konvenčními zámky a samoligujícími zámky

Aim: The aim was to assess the changes in the mandible in patients treated with conventional brackets compared to those treated with self-ligating brackets. In particular, we focused on the degree of transversal changes and the length of therapy. Material and method: The sample included 43 patients; 11 men and 32 women. The mean age was 22.2 years. The patients had complete permanent dentition, were treated without extractions, molars in Angle Class I. The subjects were divided into two groups – conventional brackets, self-ligating brackets. Measurements were performed in scans of cast models made prior to therapy (T1), after removal of fixed appliance (T2), the length of treatment was given in months. The changes in intercanine and intermolar distance were compared in teeth and in relevant points on WALA ridge of the mandible. ORTODONCIE | ročník 33 | č. 2/2024 ODBORNÉ PRÁCE / ORGINAL ARTICLES 29 www.ortodonciejournal.cz | e-mail: redakce@ortodonciejournal.cz, office@ortodonciejournal.cz Results: In lower first molars the change in intermolar width was significant in both groups both at T1 and T2. The change was significantly bigger in the group with self-ligating brackets. The change in intercanine width between T2 and T1 was statistically significant only in the group with self-ligating brackets when measured on canine tips. Measurements at FA points (the most prominent point in the middle of longitudinal axis of the clinical crown) did not prove significant change. At WALA the change between T2 and T1 was significant only in the group with self-ligating brackets and only in first lower molars (clinically the change was small). The change in the distance WALA-FA in first lower molars on the left and on the right between T2 and T1 was statistically significant in both groups, however, it was significantly bigger in the group with self-ligating brackets. The difference in the length of therapy was not statistically significant. Conclusion: In patients with self-ligating brackets there is a greater expansion in first molars and canines. We can also observe more prominent vestibular inclination of canines and first molars. In patien

Sleep Behaviors and the Shape of Subcortical Brain Structures in Children with Overweight/Obesity: A Cross-Sectional Study.

To examine the relationship between sleep and subcortical brain structures using a shape analysis approach. A total of 98 children with overweight/obesity (10.0 ± 1.1 y, 59 boys) were included in the cross-sectional analyses. Sleep behaviors (i.e., wake time, sleep onset time, total time in bed, total sleep time, sleep efficiency, and wakening after sleep onset) were estimated with wrist-worn accelerometers. The shape of the subcortical brain structures was acquired by magnetic resonance imaging. A partial correlation permutation approach was used to examine the relationship between sleep behaviors and brain shapes. Among all the sleep variables studied, only total time in bed was significantly related to pallidum and putamen structure, such that those children who spent more time in bed had greater expansions in the right and left pallidum (211-751 voxels, all p's <0.04) and right putamen (1783 voxels, p = 0.03). These findings suggest that more time in bed was related to expansions on two subcortical brain regions in children with overweight/obesity.