Great Economic Problem Research Articles

Bags impregnated with garlic (Allium sativum L.) and parsley (Petroselinum crispum (Mill.) Fuss) essential oils as a new biopesticide tool for Trogoderma granarium Everts, 1898 pest control

Stored product pests can cause significant damages and great economic problems in stored commodities and grain cereal. Using synthetic pesticides in the storage pest control has adverse effects on human health. In our study, the toxicity of garlic (Allium sativum) and parsley (Petroselinum crispum) essential oils (EOs) impregnating with three types of bags were assessed against Trogoderma granarium Everts, 1898 adults after different exposure intervals. GC-MS analysis of the investigated EOs revealed that the major components of parsley and garlic were 1, 3, 8-p-menthatriene (23.34 %) and di-allyl disulfide (27.9 %), with (1.40 %) alpha-terpinene and (1 %) of di-alyl tetra-sulfide as minor components respectively. Additionally, comparison the toxicity among the treated bags was assessed based on the LC50 values and a persistence efficiency of the tested EOs was carried out by the LC90 values for each bag type. In all bag types, garlic and parsley had mortality by 100 % for clothes, and 80 % for both plastic and paper bags after 7 days of exposure, respectively. After two and five days of garlic treatment, plastic bags were the most effective, but after seven days of exposure paper bags was more effective than the other two types. Finally, cloth bags treated with EOs were the most effective packaging for insect control, indicating that this approach could be considered as an additional tool to the concept of stored product management.

Biodegradation of Aflatoxin B1 in the Baijiu Brewing Process by Bacillus cereus

Aflatoxin is a potent mycotoxin and a common source of grain contamination that leads to great economic losses and health problems. Although distilled baijiu cannot be contaminated by aflatoxin, its presence in the brewing process affects the physiological activities of micro-organisms and reduces product quality. Bacillus cereus XSWW9 capable of degrading aflatoxin B1 (AFB1) was isolated from daqu using coumarin as the sole carbon source. XSWW9 degraded 86.7% of 1 mg/L AFB1 after incubation at 37 °C for 72 h and tolerated up to 1 mg/L AFB1 with no inhibitory effects. Enzymes in the cell-free supernatant of XSSW9 played a significant role in AFB1 degradation. The AFB1-degradation activity was sensitive to protease K and SDS treatment, which indicated that extracellular proteins were responsible for the degradation of AFB1. In order to investigate the AFB1-degradation ability of XSSW9 during the baijiu brewing process, AFB1 and XSWW9 were added to grain fermentation (FG-T) and normal grain fermentation without AFB1, while normal grain fermentation without AFB1 and XSWW9 was used as a control (FG-C). At the end of the fermentation, 99% AFB1 was degraded in the residue of fermented grains. The differences of microbial communities in the fermented grains showed that there were no significant differences between FG-T and FG-C in the relative abundance of dominant genera. The analysis of volatile compounds of their distillation showed that the contents of skeleton flavor components was similar between FG-T and FG-C. These results offer a basis for the development of effective strategies to reduce the effect of AFB1 on the brewing process and ensure that the production of baijiu is stable.

Gender and asylum seekers- The case of Greece

The present paper focuses on the living conditions in temporary accommodation centers during the period of 22/11/2011 till 20/03/2012 and on the nature of the existing social relationship structures, being shaped at such centers, with special emphasis placed on the dimension of gender (single women or mothers).The existence of gender differences among asylum seekers’ groups cannot be clearly verified due to great social and economic problems, rendering them indistinguishable, while significant contradictions led to different conclusions in the past. Because of the lack of comparative data this research may contribute to the: a) provision of a clear cut picture of the gender dimension within the asylum seekers context, b) identification of the female asylum seekers population needs and the detection of the problems they encounter, c) the evaluation of the effectiveness of services and structures supporting asylum seekers and d) exploitation of results and findings for policy design.

Feasibility of using copper slag as natural aggregate replacement in microsurfacing for quality enhancement: Microscopic and mechanical analysis

Annually, considerable amounts of copper slag (CS) are produced worldwide, the disposal of which is a great economic and environmental problem. The use of recyclable industrial materials in pavements could help with maintaining the non-renewable materials while reducing the environmental problems. The work reported in this paper is based on a laboratory study performed to investigate the possibility of using CS at 0, 10, 20, 30, and 40% as partial replacement of aggregate in microsurfacing mixtures for the performance improvement and industrial waste reduction. The results showed a good potential for the use of CS in microsurfacing treatment. CS, especially at 30%, enhanced the asphalt performance concerning abrasion resistance, curing time, and vertical and lateral displacements due to its angularity and high percentage of Fe2O3 and SiO2. Also, regarding the analysis of variance (ANOVA), the CS was a more effective factor in curing time and deformations due to traffic loading than residual bitumen.

WITHIN THE SCOPE OF SUSTAINABILITY; THE EXISTENCE OF ECONOMIC PROBLEMS IN ENTERPRISES AND STRATEGIC SOLUTION METHODS

The world is struggling with crises. Undoubtedly, in this struggle stage, enterprises get their share from it. The problems of enterprises, which play an important role in the production and employment of states, are indirectly reflected in the whole country. At the same time, a country's problem in the global world quickly affects other countries due to global trade. Of course, measures are being taken by all authorized institutions to combat this, to the extent possible. However, the continuation of the problems at an increasing rate weakens the administrations economically and limits the possibility. Weakening in economic indicators meant reducing any support to be made. This situation was clearly reflected in the enterprises. Enterprises that were faced with problems with very unknown equations were trying every way to overcome them. It was getting harder for enterprises to grow and profit in line with their goals and aim. Increasing costs and production problems were causing problems in raw materials, product supply and logistics support. In addition to these, the decrease in the purchasing power of consumers had a negative impact on the supply and demand market. As the enterprises that supplied the product under difficult conditions could not make sufficient sales, they were experiencing high levels of economic distress. These problems especially affected the economic sustainability of small enterprises and made it difficult for them to survive. The crises that led to economic problems had clear consequences. These results told us that there are major economic problems and that strategic management practices should be put forward to combat them. This study was carried out in order to reveal what the problems and administrative solutions are. In the study, the documentary source compilation method was used. The study was based on the studies of researchers who focused on the economic problems experienced by enterprises after the economic crises. Of researchers; with enterprises owners and employees, their original research conducted was preferred and included in the scope of the study. Data on the economic problems faced by enterprises in different countries and the measures taken by the authorities and institutions were analyzed. The data obtained as a result of the analysis were added to the discussion, conclusion, and recommendations section of the study. As a result of this study, it has been revealed that enterprises have great economic problems, many enterprises cannot achieve their goals, and some of them have to end their existence. It has been observed that the support given to the enterprises by the authorized institutions and organizations is incomplete and insufficient. It has been concluded that it is important to continue to implement strategic management practices and that all-around support to enterprises should be continued.

Епідемічні реалії кору на Тернопільщині

Кір є інфекцією, керованою засобами вакцинації, що продовжує залишатись величезною соціально-економічною проблемою для Тернопільщини. У роботі проаналізовано матеріали звітної документації Головного управління Держсанепідслужби та дитячих інфекційних стаціонарів у Тернопільській області. Захворюваність на кір, що фіксувалася за час незалежності країни, значно перевищувала загальноукраїнські показники, зберігала типову для довакцинального періоду періодичність епідемологічних підйомів. В усі проаналізовані пікові періоди діти шкільного віку були найбільш вразливою щодо кору віковою категорією. Виявлено стійку тенденцію до зміщення захворюваності на старший шкільний вік та в бік дорослого населення. Серед захворілих фіксувався високий відсоток щеплених. Лабораторно підтверджено появу вірусу кору генотипу D4 під час останнього спалаху захворювання в області. Аналіз спалахів кору відображає потребу у поглибленні вивчення особливостей становлення поствакцинального протикорового імунітету в сучасних умовах з урахуванням потреби в дослідженні певних імунологічних феноменів.

PROPHYLACTIC USE OF PROGESTERONE VAGINAL SUPPOSITORY IN PREVENTION OF RECURRENT PRETERM LABOR

Background: Prematurity is the leading cause of neonatal morbidity and mortality. Although perinatal care advanced in the last few decades, preterm labor did not decrease but even is increasing and creating a great social and economic problem. Objective: To test the effectiveness of progesterone vaginal suppository in prevention of preterm labor in patients with previous history of preterm labor. Patients and Methods: This was a randomized , prospective, single blind study after approval of the medical ethical committee at Al-Azhar university Hospitals, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, and after patients giving written consents, during the period from February 2020 to October 2020 . We enrolled 168 women for the study at high risk for preterm labor who were randomly divided into two groups (progesterone group and placebo group). Two hundred mg of vaginal progesterone pessary or placebo were used by the patient from 24 to 36 weeks of gestation. Uterine contractions were recorded by external tocodynamometer every other week from 28 to 36 weeks of gestations. Results: There was a statistically significant reduction in the incidence of preterm delivery between the two groups from 38.5% in placebo group, compared with 21% in progesterone group. There was also a statistically significant reduction in the incidence of early preterm delivery (<34 week) between the two groups from 21.2% in placebo group, compared with 5.7% in progesterone group. There was a significant prolongation of the mean gestational age at delivery from 36.36 ± 2.83 weeks in placebo group compared to 37.57 ± 1.72 weeks in progesterone group. There was no statistically significant difference in the average gestational age for those who had preterm birth between both groups. There were fewer women in progesterone group who reported symptoms of preterm labor of 52.4%, compared with 75% in placebo group. There was a significant more frequent uterine contraction in placebo group of 48.1% compared to progesterone group of 24.8%. Conclusion: Prophylactic vaginal progesterone reduces the rate of preterm labor, prolongs gestational age at delivery, reduces the frequency of uterine contractions, and improves the symptoms of preterm labor in women at high risk of preterm labor.

Commentary

Commentary

Pathophysiology and Gastrointestinal Impacts of Parasitic Helminths in Human Beings

This study mainly focus on the major pathologic manifestations of human gastrointestinal impacts of parasitic worms. Background: Helminthes and protozoan are human parasites that can infect gastrointestinal tract of humans beings and reside in intestinal wall. Protozoans are one celled microscopic, able to multiply in humans, contributes to their survival, permits serious infections, use one of the four main modes of transmission (direct, fecal-oral, vector-borne, and predator-prey) and also helminthes are necked multicellular organisms, referred as intestinal worms even though not all helminthes reside in intestines. However, in their adult form, helminthes cannot multiply in humans and able to survive in mammalian host for many years due to their ability to manipulate immune response. Objectives: The objective of this study is to assess the main pathophysiology and gastrointestinal impacts of parasitic worms in human being. Methods: Both primary and secondary data were collected using direct observation, books and articles, and also analyzed quantitatively and qualitatively following standard scientific methods. Results and conclusion: Parasites are organisms living temporarily in or on other organisms called host like human and other animals. Gastrointestinal parasitic helminthes have medical importance and live as endoparasites of human and other animals as host. Such pathogenic parasitic helminths are hookworms (Ancylostoma duodenale and Necator americanus), pinworm (Enterobius vermicularis), roundworm [(Ascaris lumbricoides) and lymphatic filariasis (Wuchereria bancrofti and Brugia timori)], whipworm (Trichuris trichiura), threadworm (Strongyloides stercoralis), heartworms (Dirofilaria immitis), and Guinea worm (Drancunculus medinensis). In addition, intestinal worms can transmit via fecal-oral route, direct contact with infected persons, zoonotic transmission, skin penetration, oral and anal sex, ingestion of contaminated food or water, etc and also factors that promote its transmission includes hot and humid climate, high population density, poor personal hygiene, presence of insects as vectors for carriers of parasites, limited economic resources and some social cultural habits. However, its prevention strategies include use of proper sewage disposal methods, consumption of clean and treated safe drinking water and food, proper hygiene, etc and the main treatment of antihelminthic medications include albendazole, metronidazole, diethylcarbamazine, etc as suggested by physician. Therefore, due to intestinal parasites can be easily transmit and cause great economic, health and social problems, and so prevention methods are greatly advisable.

Fuzzy Multicriteria Decision-Making for Ranking Intercrop in Rubber Plantations under Social, Economic, and Environmental Criteria

Rubber price instability causes great economic problems for rubber plantation in Thailand. Intercropping is an alternative way for rubber farmers in problem-solving. In this paper, we established decision-making system for plant selection in rubber fields under social, economic, and environment criteria with the use of fuzzy multicriteria decision-making (FMCDM) to rank plant options. Firstly, we modified the traditional FMCDM by defuzzification with norm centroid and developed the fuzzifier maps the norm centroid to triangular fuzzy number (TFN). According to fuzzification, the final rating evaluation of plant options are determined by total utility values. Finally, ranking of the plant options is obtained. Our modifications provided an alternative decision-making process with softer computational capability compared with the traditional method. In addition to soft computing, data visualization and analysis of the possibility in each factors could be investigated. This decision-making system was implemented in Phang-Nga Province, Thailand. Its outputs assisted the rubber farmer in selecting suitable plants for cultivation. Pros and cons of each plant options and area-based approaches were easily seen by data visualizations. This decision-making system provided beneficial information which support precision developments for rubber farmer and government agencies.

Assessment of the Determinants of Urban Household Poverty in North Shewa Zone, Ethiopia: Evidence from Debre Berhan Town

Poverty has turned out to be a great global social and economic problem. In Ethiopia, it is multifaceted and deep rooted. The strategies aimed at reducing poverty need to identify and analyze the factors that influence poverty. In this regard, this study was conducted to identify and analyze the extent and determinants of urban poverty in the case of Debre Berhan town. The study made use of cross-sectional household survey data collected from total of 333 randomly selected households in three urban Kebeles of the town. The collected data were analyzed using FGT index and logistic regression. The binary logit model was fitted to identify determinants of poverty. In this case the probability of a household being poor is taken as a dependent variable whiles the set of demographic and socio economic variables were explanatory variables. Using cost of basic needs approach the study found that total poverty line (food and non-food poverty line) of the area using the price deflated national average poverty line is 5,220 birr per year per adult equivalent. Using this poverty line as bench mark the study indicated that 62 percent of sample households are poor. The head count ratio, poverty gap, and severity indices of the survey households were 0.62, 0.14 and 0.30, respectively. Econometric results of the binary logit regression model revealed that age of household head, education, saving, access to credit, and remittance were found to be as theoretically expected, have negative and significant effect on the probability of a household being poor whereas age square of head of household and dependency ratio alone were found to have positive and significant effect on poverty. Since most of the poor are concentrated around the poverty line as we observe from the poverty gap, policies should focus on absolute poverty rather than relative poverty among the poor. Promoting adult education and saving habit of households, and ensure better access to formal credit through micro credit financing and banks, are indispensable policy interventions to better target urban poverty. Keywords: Urban household poverty, Per Capita Consumption, Determinants, Logistic Regression. DOI : 10.7176/JPID/50-03 Publication date :June 30 th 2019

Media, medical intelligence and hybrid war

Contemporary hybrid war is a novelty in that it is taken to populated conflict zones, with the participation of the population, under the eyes of the international community. Thus, according to many authors, the most serious threats to the United States, including to its NATO dimension and to its partnership with Europe, would come from extremist groups and their ideology, fueled by poor urban areas of the world, where youth faces great economic and social problems, and is militating for a change. These unconventional actors can operate beyond state control by circumventing international borders, norms and agreements. Some of these belong to global terrorist networks, and others cooperate with criminal elements to destabilize certain areas. The hybrid confrontation with these groups will become "a clash beyond the physical elements of the conflict, in which media manipulation, the use of the internet and the integration of information operations with strategic communication programs are as important as weapon systems on the battlefield." Crises generated in the context of a hybrid war are events characterized by low probability and important consequences that threaten an organization for its most profound purposes. Because of their low probability, these events defy any interpretation and require a sustained effort to understand and adapt the reactions. Crises affecting social groups differ in their causes and duration. Obviously, because of the multitude of types of crises, human reason can only play a limited role in their development. However, they trigger human action, which can turn small deviations into major crises. Crisis and conflict management involves very complex systems of political, diplomatic, social, economic, cultural, international, military and other actions. Such a system could be structured on political, diplomatic, social, economic, informational, military, psychological and cultural components and could include the following types of action: on the causes; on effects; on the phenomenon; on value systems; on crisis-generating strongpoints (critical areas); on vulnerable sites; on the leaders.

Analysis of current nursing practice in relation to the modern approach to the prevention of pressure ulcers // Analiza aktuelne sestrinske prakse u odnosu na savremeni pristup prevenciji dekubitusa

Prevention of decubitus is an indicator of the quality of nursing care. Despite the availability of numerous information on the prevention of decubitus, data from health institutions show that decubitus has a significant increase. Decubitus represents a great health and economic problem both for the patient, for the institution in which it is located, its environment and a wider social community. The education of medical staff and patients should be an integral part of any preventive strategy against the development of decubitus. This means that health institutions should design, enable, adapt and apply a number of existing preventive measures to prevent the development of decubitus.

Thymus vulgaris L. essential oil and its main component thymol: Anthelmintic effects against Haemonchus contortus from sheep

Haemonchus contortus is an important gastrointestinal parasite on sheep farms in tropical regions. The resistance of the parasite against most anthelmintic drugs represents a great economic problem to sheep farming and is a major challenge that needs to be overcome. The searches for new anthelmintic agents that act on different stages of the parasite’s life cycle are necessary for the development of new therapeutic options. The aim of this study was to evaluate the in vitro and in vivo anthelmintic activity of Thymus vulgaris essential oil against H. contortus and of its main component, the monoterpene thymol. Despite the relative ineffectiveness of the oil in the in vivo test, which may be corrected in the future after technical improvements to increase the oil’s bioavailability, the in vitro results validated the popular use of T. vulgaris oil as an anthelmintic agent, at least against H. contortus. In fact, both the essential oil and thymol, which accounts for 50.22% of the oil composition, were effective against the three main stages of H. contortus. The oil and thymol were able to inhibit egg hatching by 96.4–100%, larval development by 90.8–100%, and larval motility by 97–100%. Similar to the positive control (levamisole 20mg/mL), the oil and thymol completely inhibited the motility of H. contortus adults within the first 8h of the experiment. Since thymol reproduces the anthelmintic effects of the oil and because it is the main component of the oil, it is reasonable to assume that thymol is the most important compound responsible for the anthelmintic effect of T. vulgaris. These results are of ethnopharmacological importance and may contribute to the development of new drugs and even herbal medicines, increasing treatment options for the farm breeding.

The severe traumatic brain injury in Austria: early rehabilitative treatment and outcome.

BackgroundSevere traumatic brain injury (TBI) is a great economical and logistic problem in the health care system which reduces the quality of life and productivity of the patient. The purpose of this study is to evaluate the outcome of patients after severe brain trauma according to the course of their rehabilitation.MethodsPatients with TBI were divided into three groups. Group A; after early rehabilitation (n = 16), B; following a standard rehabilitation procedure after work accidents (n = 34) and C; undergone standard rehabilitation procedure after accidents at home (n = 12). Glasgow Coma Scale (GCS), Post traumatic amnesia (PTA) during acute care, Glasgow Outcome Scale Extended (GOSE) and Functional Independence Measurement (FIM) were measured before and after rehabilitation. Long-term outcomes (12 months post injury) were measured with the Community Integration Questionnaire (CIQ).ResultsGroup A showed a significantly shorter time span from hospital admission until rehabilitation center admission than B and C (p < 0.001). PTA was significantly lower in group B than in group A (p = 0.038). GOSE of patients within group C was significantly lower (p = 0.004) at hospital discharge. FIM was significantly higher in B (p = 0.005) at the time of admission to rehabilitation center. At the time of discharge FIM showed no significant differences between the groups. CIQ showed a trend to improving scores in group A.ConclusionDespite the similar level of severity of TBI and outcome prognosis group A showed the best rehabilitation effect and long-term outcome.

Estimated Per Capita Water Usage Associated with Different Levels of Water Scarcity Risk in Arid and Semiarid Regions

Water scarcity in arid and semi-arid regions is a great economic, environmental and social problem, where the people living in these regions have to use technologies, such as cistern, to ensure water for their survival. Given the difficulties in these regions, this paper aims to propose a methodology to estimate per capita water use for different levels of water shortage risk, ensuring water supply under the conditions of arid and semi-arid regions; and present a case study for the Brazilian semi-arid region. The methodology is based on analysis of spatial and temporal risks of water shortage in the cisterns. Analysis of the temporal risk of water shortage is based on the premise that the cistern is without water for 3 consecutive days with return periods of 5, 10 and 20 years. To ascertain the spatial risk of per capita water use associated with these return periods in hydrologically homogeneous regions, we evaluate the confidence interval associated with the average monthly water use. Thus, the proposed methodology allows to determine the potential water use in each homogeneous region. For the Brazilian semiarid region it is possible to identify the areas where local population has a greater restriction on the access to water (central semiarid region) and areas where there is greater water availability (north and south of the semi-arid). This variation of water availability allows to adapt management measures accounting for the ground conditions of each location, in order to meet the water needs of the local population.

Prevalence of different reproductive disorders of small ruminants in five upazillas of Mymensingh district

Small ruminants (goat and sheep) are economically important and promising animal resource in Bangladesh. Reproductive disorders of goat and sheep cause the great economic problems. Therefore, the aim of the study was to investigate the prevalence of reproductive disorders in goat and sheep in five upazillas of Mymensingh district. Records of reproductive disorders were collected from official stock book of different Upazillas veterinary hospitals of Mymensingh district during April 2010 to March 2011. Seasonal occurrences of reproductive disorders were also recorded. Descriptive statistical analysis was done to study the prevalence of different reproductive disorders of goat and sheep in five upazillas of Mymensingh district. Out of 4804 clinical cases, a total of 147 reproductive disorders of goat and sheep were screened out from datasheet of official stock book. Among the five upazila, the prevalence of reproductive disorders was higher in Muktagacha (3.35%) and lower in Fulbaria (2.38%). Prevalence of reproductive disorders in all upazila was higher in sheep (4.12%) than goat (2.88%). Prevalence of reproductive disorders of goat was higher in Tarakanda (3.26%) and lower in Fulbaria (2.03%) and the prevalence of reproductive disorders of sheep was higher in Gaforgaon (5.22%) and lower in Haluaghat (3.15%). The major reproductive disorders recorded in goats were dystocia (41.2%), abortion (21.8%), mastitis (21.8%), retained placenta (11.8%) and pyometra (3.4%). Similarly, major reproductive disorders in sheep were dystocia (53.7%), abortion (25%), pyometra (7.1%), mastitis (7.1%) and retained placenta (7.1%). Moreover, seasonal prevalence of reproductive disorders was higher in summer than winter in the species, goat (57.14%) and sheep (12.25%). It was concluded that the most pressing constraint on goat and sheep reproduction in Bangladesh is dystocia, abortion and mastitis. Strategies should be taken to minimize their occurrence.Asian J. Med. Biol. Res. June 2015, 1(1): 74-79

Employment of Persons with Disabilities

In a society whose economic mechanisms are based on the principles of a competitive economy, the prosperity of a family depends primarily on its members engaging in gainful economic activities. A special category represents those families are composed of people with disabilities These families have greater economic problems than others due to the inability of people with disabilities to carry out productive and poor financial support from the state. Usually these people are guided by their degree of disability to the institution in which they can recover some or all outstanding capabilities and where they can carry out useful according to their abilities (Guide for assistance in seeking employment for people with disabilities).

Regeneration of Peripheral Nerves can be as Challanging as those Occurring in the Central Nervous System after Traumatic Injuries

There is a general belief that regeneration in the Peripheral Nervous System is a successful event; however, complete functional regeneration is seldom achieved in patients that suffered an acute nerve traumatic injury. In fact, what is clinically observed is that these patients live with permanent disabilities that interfere negatively in their daily routine activities. Also, the majority of such cases occur in young males that due to physical disabilities have to abandon their jobs. This scenario represents a great economical, social and health problem for the society [1].

The effect of spiritual and religious group psychotherapy on suicidal ideation in depressed patients: a randomized clinical trial.

Suicide is a great economical, social and public health problem. It is prevalent worldwide and has a lot of negative effects on individuals, families and society. Depression is often prelude to Suicide. An important part of the treatment of the mentally ill patients is spiritual-religious psychotherapy which should be done after physical treatment. The aim of this study was to determine the effect of spiritual and religious group psychotherapy on suicidal ideation in depressed patients. 51 depressed patients with suicidal ideation from Razi hospital (Tabriz, Iran) participated in this clinical trial. To collect Data questionnaire was used which included demographic and Beck Suicide Scale Ideation. Experimental group participated in 10 sessions of group psychotherapy. Each section lasted 1 hour. Two weeks after the last section post test was done. Statistical software SPSS ver 13 was used for data analysis. RESULTS of independent t-test revealed no difference between two groups in terms of suicidal ideation before intervention but after study there is a statistical difference. Also the results of ANCOVA test showed a significant relationship between spiritual group therapy and decrease in suicidal ideation, so that this intervention can make 57% of variance in suicidal ideation of experimental group. Regarding positive effect of spiritual and religious group psychotherapy on decreasing suicidal ideation of depressed patients, we suggest this intervention to be held in Psychiatric Wards and also more study on depression and other psychiatric patients with greater sample size would be helpful.