Greater Crime Research Articles

KARABAKH THEME IN AZERBAIJANI PROSE IN THE PERIOD OF INDEPENDENCE

The Karabakh theme, which is our destiny-laden issue, has formed the main line of the works of most of our writers, poets, playwrights and publicists since independence. Every person of word from time to time tried to fully revive our national grief, Karabakh, right up to the liberation of our lands from occupation. The novels “Dolu” by Agil Abbas, “Zengule” by Nushaba Mammadli, “Qara qan” by Fazil Guney, the “Qarabagh” trilogy by Sabir Ahmadli, the story “Esirler” by Elchin Huseynbeyli, the story “Shekil” by Sharif Aghayar are remembered as the best works written on the subject of Karabakh since independence. In the works we have mentioned, the Karabakh theme, the longing for the homeland have found a whole poetic solution. As it can be seen, in the period of about thirty years between Karabakh War I and Karabakh War II, in our literature, along with the Karabakh grief, the languor of the Motherland, the loss of land, the topic of irreconcilability has retained its relevance. If we say that war is the greatest crime against mankind, humanity, it may be an understatement. We can talk about the wounds it inflicted on people's lives for years and centuries. However, there are times in history when wars are inevitable.In particular, the struggles of the states to gain freedom and independence were often accompanied by wars in their lives. From this point of view, poets, prose writers, playwrights and publicists of different generations have always focused on the tragedy of our compatriots who have experienced a loss of land and become displaced and displaced in their homeland in literary works.

Criminological Review of Mugging Crime Cases

Crime is a complex phenomenon that can be understood from various different angles. That's why in everyday life we can catch comments about crime incidents that are different from each other. In our experience it turns out that it is not easy to understand crime itself. Efforts to understand this crime have actually been thought up centuries ago by famous scientists. Plato, for example, stated that gold was the source of human evil. Aristotle said that poverty gives rise to crime and rebellion. Great crimes are not committed to obtain what is necessary for life, but for luxury. Criminology is a branch of science that emerged in the 19th century, which is essentially a science that studies the causes and causes of crime. In another sense, seen from a criminological perspective, crime is any specific act or deed whose action is approved by society to be interpreted as a crime. This means that every crime does not have to be formulated first in a criminal law regulation. So every act that is anti-social, detrimental and annoying to society, can be said to be a crime in criminological terms. In this modern era, human growth and development seems to know no boundaries of space and time because it is supported by the rapid flow of information and knowledge of technology. New discoveries in the field of science and technology have a direct influence on human outlook on life which can ultimately change the human outlook on life.

School-based law enforcement strategies to reduce crime, increase perceptions of safety, and improve learning outcomes in primary and secondary schools: A systematic review.

School-based law enforcement (SBLE) has become a common intervention. Although SBLE is meant to make schools safer, critics suggest it may not accomplish this purpose, and may have unintended negative consequences such as increasing students' exclusionary discipline or contact with the criminal justice system. There may also be secondary effects related to perceptions of the school or student learning. The purpose of this review is to synthesize the literature evaluating the use of SBLE, including outcomes related to (a) crime and behavior problems; (b) perceptions of safety; and (c) learning. We conducted a systematic literature search to identify studies that examined outcomes associated with SBLE use. Eligible studies used experimental or quasi-experimental designs; included samples of students, teachers/staff, schools, or school districts; reported on a policing strategy focused on crime prevention or school safety that did not involve officers teaching a curriculum; included a measure that reflects crime and behavior problems, perceptions of safety, or learning; and were in a primary or secondary school. Following a multi-stage screening process to identify studies eligible for inclusion, we estimated a series of meta-analytic models with robust variance estimation to calculate weighted mean effect sizes for each of three main categories of outcomes and commonly occurring subsets of these categories. We examined heterogeneity in these estimates across features of the primary studies' design. The search and screening process yielded 1002 effect sizes from 32 reports. There were no true experiments, and the quasi-experiments ranged from strictly correlational to permitting stronger causal inferences. SBLE use was associated with greater crime and behavior problems in studies that used schools as the unit of analysis. Within this category, SBLE use was associated with increased exclusionary discipline among studies that used both schools (g = 0.15, 95% confidence interval [CI] [0.02, 0.27]) and students (g = 0.003, 95% CI [0.002, 0.003]) as the unit of analysis. SBLE use was not associated with any measures of crime or violence in schools. SBLE use was associated with greater feelings of safety among studies that used schools as the unit of analysis (g = 0.18, 95% CI [0.13, 0.24]), although this estimate was based on only seven effect sizes from two correlational studies. All the other models, including those examining learning outcomes, yielded null results. None of the moderators tested showed meaningful relationships, indicating the findings were consistent across a variety of study design features. This study's findings provide no evidence that there is a safety-promoting component of SBLE, and support the criticism that SBLE criminalizes students and schools. Although we found no evidence of differences across methodological features, risk of bias in the primary studies limits our confidence in making causal inferences. To the extent that the findings are causal, schools that invest in strategies to improve safety will likely benefit from divesting from SBLE and instead investing in evidence-based strategies for enhancing school safety. Schools that continue to use SBLE should ensure that their model has no harmful effects and is providing safety benefits.

The phenomenon of fear in Ukrainian literature for children and youth about the events of the Holodomor of 1932-1933

The article considers the forms of manifestation of fear and the specificity of their representation in Ukrainian works for children and youth about the events of the Holodomor of 1932--1933. Its relevance is emphasized, as the state of threat and the appearance of fear as a basic reaction to it have become the modern realities in Ukraine. The state of research of the issue in Ukrainian literary studies is outlined; the principles of classification of forms, functions, and types of fear are taken into account. It is determined that works about the Holodomor take an important place in the sphere of historical prose, which accumulates a complex of historical knowledge, becomes an important factor in the formation of the national identity of the personality. While analyzing the short stories "Kandor" by Y. Zbanatskyi, "Bevka" by M. Mahera, "Velykyi Zlochyn Malenkoho Mykhasia" (Great Crime of Little Mykhas) by Oleksa Kobets, "Chorna Khustka" (Black Shawl) by M. Ponedilok, "Skrynia" (Chest) by K. Yehorushkina, and the story "Try Skhodynky Holodomoru" (Three Steps of the Holodomor) by E. Zarzhytska, it has been found out that the dominant type of fear in the artistic sphere of the works is fear for physical existence, fear of hunger (to be hungry, to see a hungry person, to see a person who died of hunger). It is determined that in Ukrainian fiction on the Holodomor theme real fears (fear of power, fear of being left at home alone, fear of the dark, fear of death, fear of a particular person, fear of being punished) and metaphysical ones (horror, anxiety) are represented by techniques of psychological analysis, reproduction of states of the nature, metaphors, symbols which lay stress on the writer's attitude and style.

Mysteriously Murderous Manors of Crime Fiction

Crime fiction has many common tropes often associated with its setting, including large houses with wealthy families, isolated homes in vast expanses of forest, and technological deserts, in which everyday things like cell phones are all but useless. These characteristics assist with the plot, and oftentimes are key contributors to the facts of the case. The manor in the 2019 film Knives Out, directed by Rian Johnson, displays these tropes outrightly, as it is in a large expanse of woods, and the family living in the house is built upon a family legacy of vast amounts of wealth. In many cases of crime fiction, the old manors come from old generations of money. Many characters throughout the film believe victim Harlan Thrombey to be from old money, although it is revealed later that this may not be a genuine portrayal of his rise into wealth, altering the perception of how his manor and ultimately his legacy is viewed. Unlike other crime fiction settings, Knives Out utilizes technology in order to put together pieces of the crime, instead of eliminating its use, as is common in crime fiction settings. The setting of the film is as important a piece to a crime fiction narrative as any other plot devices, like characters or events. As Joel Goldman writes: “A setting with a heartbeat represents the difference between good and great crime fiction; and allows readers to develop a true attachment to protagonists and, yes, a deep-seated fear and loathing of the villain” (1). This essay seeks to examine the tropes utilized in the film, and how they worked in providing evidence towards the case of the murder of Harlan Thrombey. The film also plays with crime fiction tropes in terms of technology. The mansion has aspects that are both archaic, like the VHS tape security system, but also modern, in the use of social media throughout the film. This essay will also show how the film used inverse versions of crime fiction stereotypes to craft a crime narrative.

Victims of Their Own Fear: the Perceived Safety and Crime Victim Experience in Russia

In recent decades, criminologists around the world have observed a decrease in the level of crime, especially violent crime, that is, the so-called “great crime drop”. However, the actual safety may not correspond to subjective safety, i.e., how people perceive their safety against various threats. In this article, we use the Russian Crime Victimization Survey(2021) conducted by the Institute for the Rule of Law at the European University at St. Petersburg to study the relationships between fear of crime, and the sociodemographic and the criminological characteristics of the respondents. These data make it possible to assess how the experience of victims of various crimes and their fear of different types of crimes are related. We find that the relationships between socio-demographic characteristics and fear of crime in Russia are broadly similar to those observed in other countries. At the same time, we identify a number of noteworthy features regarding crime victims. First, the victim experience increases the level of fear of crime on average. Second, the more serious the crime incidents people have experienced in the past, the higher their level of fear of crime. Third, victims of classic in-person crimes (such as theft or assault) often fear future crime. Moreover, in case of property crime, they tend to fear future property crime but not violence. At the same time, victims of violence can fear future property crime along with violence. The fact that the incident was remote (committed via the Internet or telephone) is not related to the fear of crime. Thus, the fear of “classic” crimes is experienced differently by the victims as compared to remote crimes which poses broader questions about the dynamics of perceived safety and the demand for the law enforcement involvement in the future.

Seeing Like an Anti-Fraud State

“They look upon fraud as a greater crime than theft, and therefore seldom fail to punish it with death,” Jonathan Swift famously wrote of the fictional island of Lilliput in Gulliver's Travels. Appearing as an epigraph of Edward Balleisen's Fraud: An American History from Barnum to Madoff, it invites comparison of Lilliput with the United States, not least because it is paired with a 2007 quotation from the former Federal Reserve Chairman Alan Greenspan, who was rather more philosophical about fraud. As the world teetered on the edge of economic crisis, he wrote it off as a regrettable but inevitable part of “the way human nature functions,” suggesting that “what successful economies do is keep it to a minimum.” Looking backward, Balleisen finds greater ambivalence in the historical record, as a matter of both human psychology and American law. From the nation's founding, he observes, “the country's lionization of entrepreneurial freedom has given aid and comfort to the perpetrators of duplicitous schemes.” But this is not to say that they have been allowed to act with impunity. To the contrary, their creative deceptions have inspired a wide array of anti-fraud initiatives, operating “at the leading edge of regulatory innovation.” In chronicling these conflicting and conflicted pursuits of profit and justice over the course of two centuries of American history, Balleisen brilliantly elucidates an enduring dilemma of governance: how to promote ingenuity without undermining “‘the capital of confidence upon which all progress depends.’”

The Effectiveness Of Using Restorative Justice Against Minor Corruption Crime In Achieve The Ultimum Remedium

Corruption is a habit that has been going on continuously among the people of Indonesia. Not only does it harm state finances, but it also injures the social and economic rights of the community, so corruption is classified as a great crime and requires extraordinary measures. So in the context of rescue and reform that requires a state that is free from corrupt behavior, it can be realized through developing progressive and just laws. In response to the resolution of the settlement of criminal acts, the Indonesian Attorney General's Office has issued regulation Number 15 of 2020 concerning Termination of Prosecution Based on Restorative Justice which is the settlement of criminal cases by prioritizing recovery from a crime that leads to progressive criminal law. Then how is the effectiveness of restorative justice against minor corruption crimes in realizing the ultimum remedium as criminal law, which is used as a last resort in law enforcement? As such this study aims to determine the effectiveness of the use of restorative justice against minor corruption in realizing the ultimum remedium. The type of research in this study uses library research, with the nature of descriptive research, and uses a normative juridical approach. The results of this study conclude that the effectiveness of the use of restorative justice against minor corruption crimes focuses on strengthening regulations in procedural terms while still referring to state financial losses and the presence or absence of means rea (evil intent) in realizing the prevention of minor corruption crimes to be resolved by an out-of-court process as an ultimum remedium step or a last resort in terms of law enforcement. Restorative justice is a legal effort to offer a comprehensive and effective solution for minor corruption cases.

Shadow Trials, or a History of Sexual Assault Trials in the Jim Crow South

Based on an immense and heretofore underutilized archive of trial transcripts and legal briefs, this Article provides the first holistic study of sexual assault trials in the Jim Crow south. It reveals that, rather than merely procedures for determining legal guilt or innocence, these trials were also (and often primarily) rituals for discerning which member or members of a community had violated that community’s social mores in such a way as to warrant violence—the violence of ostracism, incarceration, or death. Sexual assault certainly represented a violation of the Jim Crow south’s social mores, but to many it was not the most significant such violation. Rather, transgressing the race, sexual, gender, and class hierarchies on which Jim Crow society depended was the far greater crime. To juries in the Jim Crow south, a white woman behaving promiscuously or a Black woman refusing to act subordinately might be more deserving of punishment than her rapist. Likewise, a white man who acted too effeminately or a Black man who acted too familiarly with white women might deserve punishment regardless of whether he had committed a rape; indeed, his violation of these social mores might be more significant to his neighbors than rape.For generations, scholars have closely examined sexual assault trials. Undergirding nearly all of their analyses is the presumption that these trials represent sites where adversaries debate whether the interaction between the accused and the accuser was, in fact, sexual assault. According to this idea, attorneys and witnesses in such trials seek to persuade jurors that their version of the facts is actually true, and jurors seek to determine whether a sexual assault actually occurred. In other words, implicit or explicit in nearly all of the voluminous scholarship on sexual assault trials is the idea that, for all of the problems with these trials, the pursuit of truth—the resolution of the question of what actually happened—is their impetus, or at least one of their animating features. Even scholars that argue that jurors rely on dominant cultural myths or narratives in deciding rape trials appear to presuppose that jurors do so in order “to assess what ‘really happened’” or decide whom they will “ultimately believe.” Likewise, even those scholars a generation ago that approached trials (sexual assault trials or otherwise) from a “legal storytelling” perspective—rejecting the idea of a unitary, objective truth and arguing that decisionmakers choose among truths—still presumed that jurors seek a truth.This Article suggests that, at least in a particular place and at a particular moment in time, this idea is wrong—or, rather, that it is incomplete, reflecting only a fraction of what was happening. It posits that sexual assault trials at this place and time, in fact, consisted of two distinct yet complementary procedures: an inquiry to determine whether a sexual assault had occurred (called the “surface trial”) and an inquiry to determine whether the accuser or the accused deserved punishment for violating a rigid but unwritten social code (called the “shadow trial”). In the shadow of the surface trial was a simultaneous inquisition in which community members adjudicated violations of social mores. Shadow trials were largely unconcerned with the demands of procedural or substantive law, but nonetheless featured highly ritualized hearings for assessing perceived wrongdoing. These shadow trials took place in courthouses, featuring lawyers and a judge, but they were fundamentally not legal procedures; nor were they lawless. They were, rather, procedures for determining the guilt or innocence of multiple parties in an extralegal sense. Often, the shadow trial supplanted the surface trial as the primary inquiry; often, the outcome of the shadow trial informed the verdict of the surface trial. This “shadow trial” model challenges legal scholars to think more expansively about how trials—and the law itself—are part of broader systems and structures of oppression; about how ostensibly neutral legal procedures serve to reinforce society’s punitive hierarchies; and about how the language of the law can obscure this reality.

Medz Yeghern, the Silenced Name: Language, Politics, and the Armenian Genocide

This study overviews some of the issues surrounding the use, abuse, and misuse of Medz Yeghern, the most common proper name for the genocide of the Armenian, tracing the genealogy of the term yeghern and the evolution of its primary meaning from “evil” to “(heinous) crime,” “massacre,” and “genocide” over the past century and half. An erudite conflation of the Classical Armenian homophone words yeghern (եղեռն, “evil, crime”) and yegher (եղեր, “lamentation”) in the nineteenth century resulted in the secondary meaning “tragedy, calamity, catastrophe.” It also marked the conflation of cause and consequence in a single word, despite the use of yeghern accompanied by active verbs only, which indicates cause. The use of Medz Yeghern, therefore, point out to the central role of the perpetrator; the word yeghern has been used to translate “cultural genocide” and “genocide recognition” as synonym to tseghasbanutiun (ցեղասպանութիւն). This ambiguity was exploited during the first two decades of the current century, especially in Turkey and the United States. Interpretive denial adopted the name Medz Yeghern to avoid the use of “genocide,” choosing the meanings “Great Catastrophe” and “Great Calamity” and turning the cause into consequence. The article offers a reconsideration of the semantic and political issues behind the use of Medz Yeghern and suggests, on the basis of linguistic evidence, that the literal translation of the proper name, according to context and time of use, should be “Great (Heinous) Crime” or “Great Genocide.”

Recenzja: Jack Fairweather, “The Volunteer: One Man, an Underground Army, and the Secret Mission to Destroy Auschwitz”, Harpercollins ­Publishers, New York 2019, pp. 505, ISBN 978-0-06-256141-1

One man, an underground army, and the secret dogged mission to destroy Auschwitz tells the story of a Polish resistance fighter’s deliberate infiltration of Auschwitz to sabotage the camp from inside, and his struggles up until his death. He defied the odds of suppression as he attempted to warn the Allies about the Nazi’s plan for a “final solution” before it was too late.Jack Fairweather is a British journalist and author. He was born in wales and schooled in Oxford University. He was a war correspondent for British troops during the 2003 invasion of Iraq. In one of those days, as Jack and his friend Matt Mc Allester struggled to makes sense of what they had witness in the wars and putting it in a proper report, Jack came to hear about Witold Pilecki for the first time. He got intrigued as to why someone would risk everything to help his fellow man. He was equally struck by how little was known about Witold’s mission to warn the Western Allies of the Nazi’s crimes. Following Jack’s writing on The Volunteer, he was nominated for Costa Book Award 2019 and shortlisted for biography Award. The book “The Volunteer” is both a historical and biological book that was written by Jack Fairweather and published by HarperCollins Publishers, New York in 2019. It tells the history of the holocaust and gives an account of the untold sacrifice how Witold Pilecki, an average man with no great record of military service, staked his life to reveal Nazi’s greatest crimes when others would rather choose to hide. The book is somewhat provocative, suggesting the tragic defeat of Pilecki’s mission had been caused not in Auschwitz or Berlin, but in London and Washington. The book consists of four parts. Includes acknowledgments, short biography people mentioned in the book, notes, select bibliography and index. The publication is enriched by sixteen maps and a large number of black and white photos.

Crime and Perceived Neighborhood Safety Across Racial-Ethnic Groups

Crime often increases safety concerns for residents, and safety concerns are generally associated with worse health. Despite that marginalized racial/ethnic groups are more likely than non-Hispanic Whites to live in areas with more crime, prior studies have documented that these groups differentially view crime as a threat to safety. Furthermore, older adults are more likely to report safety concerns than younger adults, despite a lesser chance of being victimized. Using multiple waves of data from the Health and Retirement Study, a representative sample of US adults aged 51 years and older (n= 11,161, mean age of 66 years), we conducted weighted repeated cross-sectional linear regressions to examine whether the association between crime and perceived neighborhood safety varies by racial/ethnic group, by age, or by wave of data collection. Study results indicated that higher crime rates consistently predicted more safety concerns among non-Hispanic Whites, Hispanics, and “Others,” but were inconsistently associated with safety concerns among non-Hispanic Blacks, adjusting for age, household wealth, and census tract-level concentrated disadvantage, population density, and racial/ethnic heterogeneity. Furthermore, among non-Hispanic Whites, greater crime predicted more safety concerns before, but not after including a measure of racial/ethnic heterogeneity. These patterns persisted across the full age span. Racial/ethnic differences in the crime-safety link could be explained by additional sociopolitical and environmental variables including diversity that vary over time. Follow-up analysis is needed to determine if the racial/ethnic differences in crime-safety links extend to health.

A robbery is a robbery is a robbery? Exploring crime specificity in official police incident data

ABSTRACT Police crime data guide police operations, direct funding, underpin theory testing and policy evaluation, aide private sector decisions, and inform the public. Those applications would benefit from greater crime specificity. The National Incident-Based Reporting System (NIBRS) should improve police crime data specificity. Using robbery incident data (n = 1,341) with NIBRS variables and narrative reports from the Cincinnati Police Department and qualitative analysis, this study identified thirteen robbery subtypes in the data. Tables and data visualizations demonstrate the same thirteen robbery subtypes cannot be identified using just NIBRS variables. Rather the qualitative narrative reports are most informative. While an improvement, NIBRS data are unlikely to increase the crime specificity police crime data users need. Police crime data users are urged to think carefully about what official crime data measures are used when testing theory, conducting crime analysis, evaluating policy, and so on. Recommendations for improving police data recording practices are also offered.

Intertextuality and Tradition

Intertextuality and Tradition

Federal sex offender registration and notification act (SORNA) offenders: sexual versatility, criminal careers and supervision outcomes

Purpose Sex offender registration and notification act (SORNA) offenders are a source of scholarly study across the social, behavioral, forensic and legal sciences with the bulk of literature focusing on the legal standing and deterrent value of sexual offender registries. Less research focuses on the offending careers of current SORNA offenders relative to other types of sexual offenders whose current offense is not SORNA. The purpose of the current study is to examine this issue empirically. Design/methodology/approach Using cross-sectional data from a census of male federal offenders who ever perpetrated a sexual offense from the central USA between 2016 and 2020, the current study used t-tests, logistic regression and negative binomial regression to compare current SORNA offenders to other federal correctional clients in terms of their lifetime offending history, sexual violence and compliance on federal supervision. Findings Current SORNA offenders are significantly more severe and versatile in their sexual offending, have more extensive criminal careers and criminal justice system involvement, and exhibit significantly increased odds of revocation on supervised release despite controls for age, race and ethnicity. However, sensitivity models that specified the federal Post-Conviction Risk Assessment reduced the effects of SORNA status to non-significance in all models. Originality/value SORNA offenders are potentially a significant offender group with evidence of both and given their versatile and specialized lifetime offending and noncompliance on federal supervision. However, current SORNA status is rendered spurious once a risk assessment is controlled suggesting more research is needed to evaluate whether sex offender registries posit greater crime control benefit.

Can Precision Policing Reduce Gun Violence? Evidence from “Gang Takedowns” in New York City

AbstractDuring the last decade, while national homicide rates have remained flat, New York City has experienced a second great crime decline, with gun violence declining by more than 50 percent since 2011. In this paper, we investigate one potential explanation for this dramatic and unexpected improvement in public safety—the New York Police Department's shift to a more surgical form of “precision policing,” in which law enforcement focuses resources on a small number of individuals who are thought to be the primary drivers of violence. We study New York City's campaign of “gang takedowns” in which suspected members of criminal gangs were arrested in highly coordinated raids and prosecuted on conspiracy charges. We show that gun violence in and around public housing communities fell by approximately one third in the first year after a gang takedown. Our estimates imply that gang takedowns explain nearly one quarter of the decline in gun violence in New York City's public housing communities over the last eight years.

The great crime recovery: Crimes against women during, and after, the COVID-19 lockdown in Mexico

This paper considers whether the COVID-19 stay-at-home order affected crimes targeting women. To answer this question, we use national municipal-level crime data from Mexico's National Public Security System. The NPSS reports sexual crimes, lapses in alimony, domestic violence, and femicides. Using the NPSS, we track monthly changes in crimes targeting women using an event-study design. Our results show that lapses in alimony, sexual crimes, and domestic violence follow a U-shaped trend. Each crime declined during the stay-at-home order, and then rose back to pre-COVID levels by October. Then, we analyze potential mechanisms for the reduction in crimes against women. We find that infection risk, victim-criminal match, and banning the sale of alcohol are related to higher declines in crime.

PEMBUKTIAN TERBALIK KASUS TINDAK PIDANA KORUPSI DALAM PERSPEKTIF HAK ASASI MANUSIA

Corruption is considered a great crime and requires special handling. In handling corruption, special handling is needed by using the proof reversed or reversal of the burden of proof but in a balanced manner. The purpose of this study is to explain the reverse evidence of corruption from a human rights perspective. This research uses the empirical normative legal research method, namely the combination of normative legal provisions (laws) with practical elements (legal events in society/social elements). The study results state that the theory of reverse proof of corruption cases based on a human rights perspective does not violate the principles and respect for the rights of the defendants in the general principles of criminal law.

AZERBAYCAN'DA KIZIL KIRGIN KURBANI SEYİD HÜSEYİN VE EDEBİ FAALİYETLERİ

In the Soviet Union, mainly due to the ongoing destruction of the politics between the years 1937-1939, belonging to the Turkic world and journalist, idea man, and tens of thousands of other professions party “panturkist”, “pan-Islamist”, “counter-revolutionary”, “the opponents of the regime”, “nationalist”, “public enemies” were executed on charges such as. This practice has been taken so far that even commemorating the names of the murdered wises has been considered a great crime. The wife and children of the victims of the Red Cross have been sentenced to similar sentences on the grounds that they are “relatives of the enemy of the regime.” This genocide, in which all persons who did not adopt Soviet ideology were destroyed, is called “red terror”, “red resentment” and “representation”. The ban, arrests, deportations, and massacres that emerged as a result of the most strict policies of persecution and intimidation in the 1930s completely eliminated the National Resistance in Azerbaijan. 20. Tenkitci, storyteller, pedagogue, and journalist Seyid Huseyin Sadiq, who became famous for his works written in the first half of the century, (Huseyin Mir Kazimoglu Sadiq) is one of the red offended victims of the Soviet era, also called representsiya. One of the notable representatives of literary criticism in the early twentieth century was again Sayyed Hussein. He valued the education of the people, the opening of new schools, the preparation of textbooks, and the training of teacher cadres, and made great efforts in this regard. As a meticulous critic, Seyid Hussein opposes prejudice and criticism with a hostile attitude when evaluating works. As the development line of Contemporary Azerbaijani storytelling is examined, it is seen that Seyid Hussein has a unique place. The author's stories, starting from the end of the 1920s and seeing the face of the printing press until the mid-1930s, bring a voice to the Azerbaijani literary world. His works, which still retain their value today, are instrumental in the commemoration of Seyid Hussein as the “story master” in the country. A total of 13 people from Seyid Hussein's family, including his wife, Azerbaijani independence poet Ummugulsum Sadiqzadeh, were victims of red resentment and died by being shot

Qadhiyyat al-Riddah fi al-Islam

Apostasy is one of the major sins and the greatest crimes in Islam. Rather, it is related to the principle of Islam, faith to the one God an the Prophet Muhammad. The apostate had previously believed and believed in Allah, then turned from truth to falsehood and became an unbeliever. This apostasy represents a major betrayal to the God and His Messenger. That is why God Almighty has promised to those who apostatize from his religion, the decline of deeds in this world and torment in the hereafter. The Messenger of God, may God bless him and grant him peace, promised to kill him when he said: (Whoever changes his religion, kill him). Apostasy is also measured by murder and adultery in its commentary. This article aims to explore the dialogue between ‘ulama about apostasy by describing and comparing all mazhab. Hence, the scholars differed in bringing rulings for the apostate from Islam. And every opinion has its inference, which we have mentioned for a long time. Among these different opinions regarding the punishment for apostasy between the proven and the defiant. The appointment of a person of apostasy is submitted to the judge in the court, as well as applying the punishment to him according to the judge’s judiciary after the conditions for that are met. The differences are expected to be able to bring a lot of dialogue on the table, so that in the future there will be no more tendency to commit violence against people who change their religions.