Great Compromise Research Articles

The Effects of the Great Compromise on the Constitutional Convention of 1787

The success of any constitutional convention can depend on its provisions for power sharing. We test three claims about the effects of the Great Compromise, a power sharing agreement, on the Constitutional Convention of 1787. First, we find that the convention was not more likely to pass proposals to strengthen the national government after the compromise than before, contrary to claims made by historians. Two small states increased their support, but other states did not. Second, Southern states (and large states) were more likely to support weakening the national government after the compromise. Third, large states were more likely to support proposals to strengthen the power of the House relative to the Senate after the compromise, and small states were more likely to resist. However, the opposite was not true for strengthening the Senate. Our results suggest a new narrative about the effects of Great Compromise on the Constitutional Convention.

A Self-Sustaining Antioxidant Strategy for Effective Treatment of Myocardial Infarction.

Myocardial infarction (MI) is the leading cause of death worldwide and can lead to the loss of cardiac function and heart failure. Reactive oxygen species (ROS) play a key role in the pathological progression of MI. The levels and effects of ROS are significantly different in three unique pathological stages of MI, and most antioxidants cannot make corresponding adjustments to eliminate ROS, which leads to a great compromise to treat MI with antioxidants. Herein, an innovative self-sustaining antioxidant strategy is developed to treat MI with self-sustaining selenium-embedded nanoparticles (SSSe NPs). SSSe NPs possess unique self-sustaining antioxidant effects at different pathological stages of MI. This strategy of on-demand ROS elimination during different pathological stages demonstrated excellent MI treatment efficacy and effectively reversed heart failure to normal heart function. The therapeutic mechanism of SSSe NPs is intensively investigated through a series of experiments and mainly involved five critical aspects of myocardial repair: protecting mitochondria, reducing cardiomyocyte apoptosis and ferroptosis, reducing inflammation and fibrosis, and promoting angiogenesis. This strategy not only provides a promising treatment option for MI but also offers inspiration for other ischemic diseases.

Effectiveness of antimicrobial photodynamic therapy mediated by butyl toluidine blue in preventing medication-related osteonecrosis of the jaws in rats

BackgroundMedication-related osteonecrosis of the jaws (MRONJ) is difficult to treat, therefore, prevention would be the ideal clinical approach. This study evaluated the effectiveness of antimicrobial photodynamic therapy (aPDT), mediated by butyl toluidine blue (BuTB) in the prevention of MRONJ-like lesions after tooth extraction in rats. MethodsTwenty-eight senescent female rats were distributed in groups: VEH and VEH-aPDT, treated with vehicle, ZOL and ZOL-aPDT, treated with 100 µg/Kg of zoledronate, both treatments every three days over seven weeks. After three weeks from the commencement of treatment, the mandibular first molar was extracted. For the VEH and ZOL groups, no local treatment was performed, while with the VEH-aPDT and ZOL-aPDT groups, photodynamic treatment was carried out at 0, 2, and 4 days after extraction. For aPDT, 500μl of BuTB solution was deposited on the dental extraction site (0.5 mg/ml; 60 s), followed by irradiation with low-level laser (InGaAIP; 660 nm; 35 mW; 74.2 J/cm²; 60 s). After 28 postoperative days, euthanasia was performed. The hemimandibles were processed to: (1) histological analysis of tissue repair; (2) histometric analysis of the percentage of newly formed bone tissue (PNFBT) and percentage of non-vital bone tissue (PNVBT); (3) immunohistochemical analysis for tartrate-resistant acid phosphatase (TRAP). ResultsThe ZOL and ZOL-aPDT groups showed less TRAP-positive cells when compared with VEH and VEH-aPDT. The ZOL group demonstrated great compromise in the tissue repair process, consistent with MRONJ-like lesions. VEH, VEH-aPDT and ZOL-aPDT presented a favorable tissue repair process. PNFBT in the ZOL group was lower than in the VEH, VEH-aPDT and ZOL-aPDT groups, whereas PNVBT in the ZOL group was higher than in the VEH, VEH-aPDT and ZOL-aPDT groups. Conclusion: aPDT mediated by BuTB prevented the occurrence of MRONJ-like lesions after tooth extraction in rats.

Measuring Social Acceptance of Resettlement Colonies for the Post COVID-affected Migrants in India

COVID across the world has created pandemic and a significant effect of these experiences is in the Global South. Within the Global South, the most affected are the most impoverished places in third-world countries. An unprecedented increase in the number of migrant workers has taken shelter in urban resettlement colonies in search of shelter and basic livelihood. In this scenario, India is no exception. The resettlement colonies among urban fringes have turned into large-scale urban settlements in the post COVID times. These resettlement colonies in India in post COVID times mostly display a sordid state of affairs where residents live in a state of great compromise. This article analyses the level of social acceptance in few of the resettled colonies that has been affected by addition of migrant workers during COVID. It tries to identify a methodology for measuring social acceptance in resettlement colonies and establish them through numerical analysis.

Automated multi-plug filtration cleanup method for analysis of 48 pesticide residues in green tea using liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry

An automated multi-plug filtration cleanup (m-PFC) method, based on QuEChERS extraction was developed for the analysis of 48 pesticides in green tea. The carboxyl functionalized multi-walled carbon nanotubes (MWCNTs-COOH) were firstly packed in m-PFC columns and functioned as promising sorbents with better clean-up capability. The different parameters of automated m-PFC equipment and extraction conditions were optimized. The automated method integrated cleanup and filtration (through filter membrane) procedure into a single run before injected to the detection instrument. Comparison to d-SPE and manual m-PFC method, the automated method could handle a batch of samples simultaneously with better purification effect. Acceptable recoveries at three concentration levels from 71% to 114% were obtained (except carbendazim and bifenazate) with relative standard deviations lower than 18%. The proposed automated m-PFC method offered a great compromise between rapidity, convenience and efficiency. It was successfully applied for market monitoring of pesticide residues with robust analyze data. • Automated m-PFC method for analysis of 48 pesticides in green tea. • Functionalized MWCNTs were mixed with other sorbents to assess cleanup performance. • Extraction and automated m-PFC process were optimized by recovery and matrix effect. • Method validation showed superior purification efficiency and robust analysis data. • The automated method can handle a batch of real sample in routine pesticide analysis.

Multi-experts Joint Decision with Adaptive Model Updater for Robust Visual Tracking

Over these years, correlation filters based trackers have shown edges both in accuracy and speed. However, variations of target appearance caused by heavy occlusion, rotation, background clutters and target deformations are the major challenges for tracking. To solve these problems, many works put on exploiting the power of target representation, such as high-level convolutional features. Nonetheless, these methods make a great compromise between the speed and performance. At the same time, there are few researches on improving the performance of model updater and the ensemble methods. In this paper, a multi-experts joint decision strategy base on kernelized correlation filters is proposed to obtain robust and accurate visual tracking, two trackers with handcrafted features and deep convolutional neural network features are integrated in this framework. We also investigate the mechanism of tracking failure caused by occlusion and background clutters, and propose a novel criterion to evaluate the reliability of samples. Our work includes extending the kernelized correlation filter-based tracker with the capability of handling scale changes as well. The proposed tracker is extensively evaluated on the OTB-2013, OTB-2015 and VOT2015 benchmark datasets. Compared with the state-of-the-art trackers, the distinguished experimental results demonstrate the effectiveness of the proposed framework.

Simultaneous determination of multiple isomeric hydroxylated polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in urine by using ultra-high performance liquid chromatography tandem mass spectrometry

Monitoring the level of hydroxylated polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (OH-PAHs) in urine is the key to exploring human metabolic changes and comprehensive potential toxicity of PAHs. The OH-PAHs with isomeric structure have different biological functions, indicating that their quantification is indispensable. However, the quantitation method is still dissatisfactory due to the poor separation of these isomeric OH-PAHs. The current study established a ultra-high performance liquid chromatography (UHPLC) tandem mass spectrometry (MS) method to complete the simultaneous determination of 17 OH-PAHs, including two naphthalene metabolites (1-hydroxynaphthalene, 2-hydroxynaphthalene), two fluorene metabolites (2-hydroxyfluorene, 3-hydroxyfluorene), five phenanthrene metabolites (1-hydroxyphenanthrene, 2-hydroxyphenanthrene, 3-hydroxyphenanthrene, 4-hydroxyphenanthrene, 9-hydroxyphenanthrene), a pyrene metabolite (1-hydroxypyrene), five chrysene metabolites (1-hydroxychrysene, 2-hydroxychrysene, 3-hydroxychrysene, 4-hydroxychrysene, 6-hydroxychrysene) and two benzo[a]pyrene metabolites (3-hydroxybenzo[a]pyrene, 9-hydroxybenzo[a]pyrene). The method validation results showed good selectivity, linearity (r2 > 0.999), inter-day and intra-day precision (relative standard deviation (RSD) < 5.5% and RSD < 6.3%), stability (RSD < 19.3%), matrix effect (-8.3%-11.5%) and recovery (65.9%-116.2%). This method is convenient, sensitive and efficient, saving expensive materials and complicated derivatization procedures. The practical applicability of developed approach was also tested in urine samples to identify potential biomarkers of PAHs exposure in humans, and a great compromise was obtained between recoveries and extract convenience. The developed approach may be widely utilized for specific determination of OH-PAHs with isomer structure in urine samples. It is expected that the application of this method may provide powerful references for PAHs exposure assessment.

Exploring the Politics and Policy of the Great Plains

Exploring the Politics and Policy of the Great Plains Joe Blankenau and Brian Hanson From romantic musings to boorish mockery, analyses of the United States' Great Plains are often simplistic for a region that defies easy explanation. One persistent misconception about the Great Plains is its lack of relevance to the rest of the country. In the political realm, this is simply false. As a result of the Great Compromise, which was essential to the creation of the US Constitution, each state has two senators regardless of population size, so Wyoming (pop. 577,719), South Dakota (pop. 887,770), and North Dakota (pop.779,702) each has the same amount of power in the Senate as does California (pop. 39,576,757) (US Census Bureau 2021). The 10 states that are partially, or entirely, located in the Great Plains, are home to 20 Senate seats that can, among other activities, determine the flow of legislation in Congress, shape what the judiciary will look like, and provide their imprint on how America will interact with other countries through treaties. In modern times, the Senate has very narrow margins, so every Senate seat has enormous influence on politics and policy. The region's political relevance is not just found in the Senate but also in the House of Representatives, which allocates seats based upon population size, giving the Great Plains states 68 seats. These seats matter, as the House of Representatives also often has close margins and has gone through three changes of party control in the 21st century. Voting for the presidency through the Electoral College also gives significant power to the Great Plains, as the region has 88 electoral votes granted in winner-take-all fashion to the winner of the popular vote in each state (except Nebraska, which allocates an Electoral College vote to the winner in each House district). People argue over the fairness of so much weight given to a relatively little-populated region, but the reality is that the rules of the game do give this weight, so the region is relevant and needs more attention from those who study politics and policy. Toward this end, this special edition contains articles on the politics and policy of the Great Plains along with the transcripts of an interview for the annual Warner Lecture sponsored by the University of Nebraska at Kearney. The works here provide a unique contribution to our understanding of the interplay between culture, politics, and government in the Great Plains. They provide us with a deeper understanding of what defines this region on key issues such as COVID-19, changing demographics, guns, religion, language, health care, and education. We learn much about how people think about and act on these issues, and in the process we can garner significant insight into how these issues play out not only in the Great Plains but also in the country writ large. The edition begins with a transcript from the 2020 Warner Lecture that reveals insights about education in the Great Plains from two experienced and thoughtful school superintendents regarding their experience facing challenges and opportunities in areas such as diversity, the COVID-19 pandemic, changing demographics, and more. The work of educators in the Great Plains is laying the foundation for the future of life here, and their conversation could not be more relevant in revealing the dynamics of this process. Next is an examination of COVID-19 responses in Nebraska and Kansas. Middlewood and Joslyn show how social capital affected community responses, finding that Nebraska and Kansas counties with greater social capital performed better on social distancing, a key strategy to mitigate the pandemic. The history of the Great Plains is one of change, and Rodriguez adeptly describes how Latinos are increasingly becoming an [End Page ix] important part of the political landscape of Kansas. Rodriguez points out that Latinos make up 12% of the population in Kansas, a fact that has clearly played a role in recent elections. Middlewood illustrates how rural Great Plains gun owners are politically influential on gun policy, especially with the region's skewed representation in national political institutions. Gun ownership has a greater effect on political participation in rural...

On the mechanics of composite sandwich plates with three-dimensional stress recovery

By using the variational-asymptotic method, a universal asymptotic model for composite sandwich plates is established to achieve a great compromise between efficiency and accuracy through the synthesis of two competing theories: equivalent single-layer theories and layer-wise theories. When each layer of a sandwich structure can be individually considered as an elastic plate, and all material constitutive constants of such plates can be assumed to be of the same order, an equivalent plate model can be constructed from the equivalent single-layer perspective. It has an asymptotically correct energy functional, capable of capturing the transverse deformations, but still limited to the zeroth-order approximation. Then, by taking into account mismatched constituent material properties, a universal model for predicting mechanical behavior of composite sandwich plates is then systematically derived from the layer-wise perspective. It has another asymptotically correct energy functional with respect to the core-layer’s plate variables and implements into a single unified representation for subsequent application to sandwich plate problems with any face-to-core-stiffness and length-to-thickness ratios. In particular, to resolve theoretical shortcomings found in published works, complementary theoretical procedures are incorporated and used into the present approach by considering the interlaminar transverse stress continuity conditions as essential conditions in conventional layer-wise theories and by providing three-dimensional recovery relations as necessary ingredients for theories based on various dimensional reduction processes. Finally, as a preliminary validation, several examples available in the literature are presented and investigated. Together with critical comparisons of the three-dimensional exact solutions, the close agreement demonstrates the capability and accuracy of this present approach.

Mesh-based scale-invariant feature transform-like method for three-dimensional face recognition under expressions and missing data

Biometric identification from three-dimensional (3-D) face surface characteristics has become popular. Traditional face recognition methods have achieved very high recognition accuracy under controlled environments. However, 3-D face recognition technology still faces a great challenge for facial expressions and missing data caused by pose variations or occlusions. The mesh-based scale-invariant feature transform (SIFT)-like method is one of the most effective methods to deal with these issues. However, eliminating edge response has not been considered in this kind of method, which affects recognition performance and computation cost. To address this problem, a mesh edge point filter is proposed to remove edge keypoints. For feature description, a local descriptor that is composed of the histogram of geometric shapes and the histogram of shape index is designed to describe local shapes of keypoints. A complete mesh-based SIFT-like framework for 3-D face recognition is also presented. Results from experiments based on the Bosphorus and face recognition grand challenge v2.0 databases show that the proposed method is effective for expression variations, occlusions, and pose variations. Compared with several state-of-the-art methods, the proposed method has obtained a great compromise between computational complexity and recognition performance.

The state and domestic capitalists in China’s economic transition: from great compromise to strained alliance

ABSTRACTThis article contributes to the debate on the role of the Chinese state in economic transition by shedding light on the relationship between the state and a Chinese domestic capitalist class. The formation of this new class has been a two-way movement between the state and new elites’ forces. This two-way movement remains a prominent feature of the relationship between the state and the new class. This relationship has evolved with the dynamics of capital-labor conflicts and contradictions within a regime of accumulation and transitioned from a stage of “great compromise” to a stage of “strained alliance.”

Encarcelamiento intestinal en forame epiplóico: Relato de caso en equino

The epiplastic foramen is a natural opening in the thoracic cavity that communicates with the abdominal cavity, located dorsally to the cleft of the liver, contacting the caudal vena cava, portal vein, pancreas, hepatoduodenal ligament and with the small intestine loops. Horses diagnosed with intestinal loop incarceration in the epiplastic foramen require surgical treatment, with a prognosis of being reserved to unfavorable, and the ileum is the intestinal segment most affected in this disease. In addition, because of a strangulative process, the animal shows signs of abdominal discomfort called colic and enterogastric reflux, but clinical signs are variable. Some animals in the palpation present palpable small intestine or not and abdominal discomfort varying from mild to severe. The objective of this work is to report a case of a 5-year-old female Quarter Horse, weighing 430 kg, with a history of abdominal discomfort two days ago and with intermittent pains, from the municipality of Batatais, Veterinary Hospital of Batatais, addressing the animal clinic, diagnosis and treatment. In the rectal palpation he identified slightly distended loops and palpable small intestine and puncture of the peritoneal fluid through the abdominocentesis showed a reddish coloration. The animal was under observation, but even with all the clinical interventions, the pain picture increased and with that it was submitted to exploratory laparotomy, where the incarceration was diagnosed in the epiplastic foramen. In view of the clinical case, it was concluded that the incarceration of the epiplastic foramen may lead to significant intestinal loops involvement, progressing to destabilization of the general state of the animal, being aggravating factors for the surgical procedure, becoming a case of risk of the patient. The animal in this report was submitted to euthanasia due to the great compromise of the intestinal loops. It is concluded that the diagnosis should be performed as early as possible, increasing the chance of resolution with favorable prognosis.

Comparison of Hyperspectral Techniques for Urban Tree Diversity Classification

This research aims to assess the capabilities of Very High Spatial Resolution (VHSR) hyperspectral satellite data in order to discriminate urban tree diversity. Four dimension reduction methods and two classifiers are tested, using two learning methods and applied with four in situ sample datasets. An airborne HySpex image (408 bands/2 m) was acquired in July 2015 from which prototypal spaceborne hyperspectral images (named HYPXIM) at 4 m and 8 m and a multispectral Sentinel2 image at 10 m have been simulated for the purpose of this study. A comparison is made using these methods and datasets. The influence of dimension reduction methods is assessed on hyperspectral (HySpex and HYPXIM) and Sentinel2 datasets. The influence of conventional classifiers (Support Vector Machine –SVM– and Random Forest –RF–) and learning methods is evaluated on all image datasets (reduced and non-reduced hyperspectral and Sentinel2 datasets). Results show that HYPXIM 4 m and HySpex 2 m reduced by Minimum Noise Fraction (MNF) provide the greatest classification of 14 species using the SVM with an overall accuracy of 78.4% (±1.5) and a kappa index of agreement of 0.7. More generally, the learning methods have a stronger influence than classifiers, or even than dimensional reduction methods, on urban tree diversity classification. Prototypal HYPXIM images appear to present a great compromise (192 spectral bands/4 m resolution) for urban vegetation applications compared to HySpex or Sentinel2 images.

Borders vs. Numbers: Albanian National Minority in the South Serbia between Nation Building in Kosovo and EU Member State Building

Serbia and Kosovo are two countries that want to join the EU as the ultimate goal. However, in order for this process to start, Kosovo, still not recognized by five EU member states, should be recognized by many countries including Serbia and these two former enemies have to solve the problems seriously to become allies. While the independence of Kosovo remains unacceptable for Serbia, today one of the main problems facing the parties is the border issues. Despite the fact that Serbia insists there is no state border between Serbia and its former province, the EU-mediated talks on the normalisation of relations between Serbia and Kosovo which includes the option of a border correction namely, land swap is taking place behind closed doors. The land swap solution suggests that Kosovo take control of the Albanian-inhabited Presevo Valley of South Serbia while the Serb-inhabited four northern municipalities of Kosovo would be associated with Serbia. But this controversial step, depending on whom you ask, is a historical matter that can lead to a war or a great compromise. This paper aims to take a comprehensive look at the solution of the land swap between Kosovo and Serbia on the side of Albanian minority in the South Serbia, considering that the balances in this region are very dynamic and to examine the importance of the EU membership motivation for solving such disputes. The analysis in this study has been conducted based on (a) interviews with political decision-makers in the Presevo Valley involved in talks about swapping land and journalists from the region, (b) observations and field research of author (c) objectives and priorities identified in the Brussels Agreement in 2013, Stabilisation and Association Agreement and instruments concerned with minority rights and the recognition of local autonomy (e.g. Framework Convention for the Protection of National Minorities and European Charter of Local Self-Government) compared to comments from the latest country-specific monitoring works by the EU and Council of Europe on the framework of the EU-facilitated Dialogue for the normalisation of relations between two countries.

Revisión narrativa de la evidencia actual acerca de las alternativas hormonales y no hormonales en el manejo de los síntomas vasomotores y urogenitales de la menopausia

La menopausia es el periodo de transición en que la mujer culmina su edad reproductiva y trae consigo cambios anatómicos y fisiológicos, manifestados principalmente por síntomas vasomotores y urogenitales, con gran afectación de la calidad de vida de las pacientes. Es de gran importancia conocer las alternativas terapéuticas que existen, la evidencia que las respalda, y así ofrecer la mejor alternativa según indicaciones, eficacia, perfil de efectos adversos y contraindicaciones de cada una. Métodos: Se realizó una búsqueda y selección de la literatura en las bases de datos Cochrane, Pubmed, SciELO, JAMA, en idiomas español e inglés, sin restricción de fecha. Conclusiones: Las terapias actuales no son satisfactorias, bien sea por la baja eficacia en el control de los síntomas o por su asociación con efectos adversos de importancia. Es necesario evaluar acuciosamente el riesgo-beneficio de cada intervención.&#x0D;

Coalitional Instability and the Three‐Fifths Compromise

AbstractWere the initial apportionments of the U.S. House of Representatives and the U.S. Senate inevitable? This article determines the coalitional stability of apportionment rules considered at the Constitutional Convention assuming the Convention limited itself to the rules proposed. Using each state's vote share as a measure of state preference, we find that the stability of legislative apportionment depended upon the states making decisions. Equal apportionment was in equilibrium with 13 states present, as in the Continental Congress, but when Rhode Island and New Hampshire were absent during the first third of the Convention, all rules were in a top cycle. With New York departing near the middle of the Convention, equal apportionment and the Three‐Fifths Clause both became stable, and the Great Compromise was reached. We conclude that the Great Compromise was partly the result of historical contingency (i.e., which states participated), rather than necessity.

The (Questionable) Importance of New York at the Constitutional Convention

The u.s. Constitution was first developed at the 1787 Convention, where each state’s vote was determined by the majority preference of its delegates. Two of the delegates from New York, John Lansing and Robert Yates, both strident anti-Federalists, left the Convention early due to disagreement with the proceedings. Their departure cost New York its vote for the rest of the Convention, and has been considered by some scholars to be an important event. We investigate how often New York’s vote was critical to proposals passing or failing, both when present and counter-factually when absent. We find New York’s vote could have been critical on only 28 of 578 (roughly 5%) votes. Most of the 28 votes were on nominal issues. However, paradoxically, it appears that a more favorable outcome for Lansing and Yates might have occurred had New York also missed the very first vote of the Convention and the last vote on apportionment prior to “The Great Compromise”.

Urticaria crónica espontánea: revisión de la literatura

La urticaria crónica espontánea es una enfermedad que produce gran compromiso en la calidad de vida del paciente y de la que aún se desconocen, en gran parte, los mecanismos fisiopatológicos asociados, ya que no son generalizables en todos los individuos. Existen factores intrínsecos y extrínsecos implicados en el desarrollo y persistencia de la enfermedad, los cuales pueden actuar de forma individual o coexistente. En esta revisión se proponen algunos cambios en la clasificación actual de la enfermedad, donde se incluye una subdivisión dentro de la urticaria crónica denominada urticaria crónica mixta, la cual hace referencia a los casos donde coexisten factores intrínsecos y extrínsecos para la aparición de la enfermedad en el mismo individuo. Algunos procesos infecciosos virales, bacterianos y parasitarios se han asociado en el desarrollo o severidad de los síntomas de la urticaria crónica en un subgrupo de pacientes, por lo tanto, son incluidos como factores extrínsecos del individuo dentro de las urticarias crónicas inducibles no físicas. Estas modificaciones son propuestas con el fin de optimizar el diagnóstico y manejo de los pacientes con urticaria crónica mixta.

Lynne Cheney. James Madison: A Life Reconsidered. New York: Viking, 2014. Pp. x+563. $36.00.David O. Stewart. Madison’s Gift: Five Partnerships That Built America. New York: Simon & Schuster, 2015. Pp. vii+419. $28.00.Joseph J. Ellis. The Quartet: Orchestrating the Second American Revolution, 1783–1789. New York: Knopf, 2015. Pp. xx+290. $27.95.

Lynne Cheney. James Madison: A Life Reconsidered. New York: Viking, 2014. Pp. x+563. $36.00.David O. Stewart. Madison’s Gift: Five Partnerships That Built America. New York: Simon & Schuster, 2015. Pp. vii+419. $28.00.Joseph J. Ellis. The Quartet: Orchestrating the Second American Revolution, 1783–1789. New York: Knopf, 2015. Pp. xx+290. $27.95.

ANALYSIS OF HETEROJUNCTION TUNNELING ARCHITECTURES FOR ULTRA LOW POWER APPLICATIONS

Ponte Academic JournalOct 2017, Volume 73, Issue 10 ANALYSIS OF HETEROJUNCTION TUNNELING ARCHITECTURES FOR ULTRA LOW POWER APPLICATIONSAuthor(s): B V V SATYANARAYANA ,M.Durga PrakashJ. Ponte - Oct 2017 - Volume 73 - Issue 10 doi: 10.21506/j.ponte.2017.10.9 Abstract:Tremendous revolutionary changes lead the electronic industry from the past eight decades. Nowadays, portable electronic systems play a major role in the human life. These systems consist of adders, multiplexers, registers, memories etc. But memories are more power consuming components in embedded applications. In general, embedded systems are equipped with large battery sources in order to avoid frequent charging of batteries. The capacity of the battery depends on the power consumption of the system. Higher the power consumption can higher the battery capacity and hence the size which is unacceptable for portable embedded systems. So we need effective low power VLSI techniques for better performance of integrated systems. Many authors propose low power techniques for design and implementation of systems; the most effective energy saving method is low voltage operation. Heterojunction tunneling structures operated in the low subthreshold region of the transistor. This work presents the analysis of different types of heterojunction tunneling architectures for low power as well as ultra low power applications. A comparative analysis of heterojunction architectures can be done with reference to ION / IOFF ratio, leakage current, subthreshold swing (SS) and materials used for manufacturing and it needs a trade-off among these parameters. So, we proposed an architecture that addresses High ION / IOFF ratio, steeper subthreshold swing and improved Miller capacitance with less leakage current. These structures give a great compromise between power consumption and performance (speed and power trade-off) and hence improving the performance of heterojunction architectures. Download full text:Check if you have access through your login credentials or your institution Username Password