Gravity Of Injury Research Articles

ANATOMICAL ELUCIDATION OF DAMAGE INDUCED BY Tetranychus neocaledonicus ANDRE (ACARI: TETRANYCHIDAE) ON CASSAVA LEAVES

Ultra-structural elucidation of feeding injury inflicted by the vegetable mite, Tetranychus neocaledonicus Andre on the leaves of cassava was done following TEM technique to elucidate anatomical damage and for a detailed investigation into the fine structural changes to Manihot esculenta Crantz leaves following spider mite feeding. The gravity of injury caused to the host leaves was found to increase proportionately with the progressive feeding of the vegetable mites. Leaves with high infestation had marked reduction in thickness following disruption of epidermis and reduction of palisade and spongy mesophyll tissues. Further, there was decline in numerical abundance of cells and organelles like chloroplasts, coagulated protoplasts, structural aberrations at the cellular level, increased space in the mesophyll layers, extensive disruption of the palisade coupled with damage to adjacent cells that were not directly attacked by the mites.

Do risk perception and safety of sites influence rock climbing destination choices?

The risk of incurring an injury may affect climbers' destination choices for rock climbing, depending on their perceptions about the associated risk and the likely gravity of injuries, and the extent to which they regard the level of protection as a key feature in determining the climbing site's attractiveness. In this study, we conducted a discrete choice experiment and employed a hybrid discrete choice econometric model to investigate whether climbers correctly perceive climbing risks; whether the perceived probability of incurring a slight, severe, or fatal injury affects their choice of climbing site; and whether their preferences for a destination and their risk perceptions are heterogeneous. Further, we estimated monetary preferences for marginal changes in the protection level and when subjective risks equal objective risks. The results indicate a difference between perceived and actual risks in cases of slight or severe injury and a negative relationship between willingness to climb and perceived risk, such that individuals prefer to avoid climbing when perceived risks are high and are willing to pay a reasonable amount for marginal increases in the level of protection of sites. Further, their preferences for site safety are heterogeneous. This study highlights critical aspects that need to be considered by natural site managers to prevent accidents and ensure the safety management of outdoor climbing recreation. The main findings are as follows: • Actual and perceived risks in rock climbing generally diverge, but with a modality that depends on the type of injury anticipated (i.e., slight, severe, or fatal). On average, climbers underestimate the risk of incurring slight injuries and overestimate the risk of incurring severe injuries. • The choice of site at which to climb depends on risk perception, and this relationship (on average) is negative. Further, attitudes to risk decrease with increased stated risks of being slightly, severely, or fatally injured. • Across climbers, preferences and risk perception are heterogeneous. Heterogeneity depends on the gender, age, and experience of the climbers. • Climbers are willing to take risks. However, they also are willing to pay to reduce risk.

Bus mathematical model of acceleration threshold limit estimation in lateral rollover test

Vehicle safety is a major concerns for researchers, governments and vehicle manufacturers, and therefore a special attention is paid to it. Particularly, rollover is one of the types of accidents where researchers have focused due to the gravity of injuries and the social impact it generates. One of the parameters that define bus lateral behaviour is the acceleration threshold limit, which is defined as the lateral acceleration from which the rollover process begins to take place. This parameter can be obtained by means of a lateral rollover platform test or estimated by means of mathematical models. In this paper, the differences between these methods are deeply analysed, and a new mathematical model is proposed to estimate the acceleration threshold limit in the lateral rollover test. The proposed model simulates the lateral rollover test, and, for the first time, it includes the effect of a variable position of the centre of gravity. Finally, the maximum speed at which the bus can travel in a bend without rolling over is computed.

Gravity of injury and analgesia in patients who suffered traffic accidents

OBJECTIVE: Identifying the frequency and gravity of injuries in patients who suffered accidents in traffic and the analgesic drugs utilized. METHODS: Retrospective study, with a sample of 200 medical records of patients admitted to the emergency services of a reference hospital for trauma care. The gravity of the injuries was characterized by anatomic gravity rates and the analgesic therapy was based on the World Health Organization's Analgesic Ladder. RESULTS: The main findings pointed to injuries in limbs, head, face and outer surface as the most frequent, and, in 85% of the cases, gravity was equal or lower than 3; As for analgesia, it was verified that 46;6% of the patients received dipyrone and paracetamol. Among the opioids, meperidine was used in 10.4% of the cases. CONCLUSION: The gravity of most injuries was equal or lower to 3, indicating injuries of light, moderate and serious gravity, located especially in four body regions; regarding analgesia, dipyrone was shown to be the most commonly-used drug and a low use of opioids was verified.

The thoracic member under side impact: an Experimental Approach

The aim of this work is to understand the behaviour of the thoracic member (shoulder + arm) in the case of side impact in motor vehicle accidents and to determine the tolerance of this body region loaded in lateral sense, if the gravity of injuries has to be reduced. This experimental approach (subsystem tests) presented herein is divided into two main parts: Under static tests, displacement study of the bones (humerus, scapula, clavicle) and description of the scapular girdle behaviour. Under dynamic tests, a direct impact of PMHS shoulder in driving position was carried out. The research study helped in identifying the global kinematics of a human body during side impact, more precisely shoulder behaviour. Accelerometers sensors were placed on different bones of the subject (scapula, humerus, cervical vertebra pelvis). A necropsy was also performed.

Untersuchungen zum Aktivierungs- und Habituationsverhalten hirntraumatisch geschädigter Kinder und Jugendlicher unterschiedlichen Schweregrades

The aim of this study was to analyse the pattern of activation and habituation of youngsters with head injuries depending on the injury's gravity. Nine patients were examined with decerebration after an apallic syndrome; the control group contained ten patients with slight cerebral contusion. The complex test stimulus (optical and acoustical stimulation requiring a reaction) was a phase of a daily, continuous 4-min load with the 'Wiener Determinationsgerät' (Schuhfried). The frequency of heartbeat was registered for 4 (8) days. We analysed the physiological and psychosubjective estimation as well as the psychophysical level of measuring to obtain concrete steps for rehabilitation, depending on the possible interactions. All variables demonstrated a definite distinction between the two groups of patients. Analysis of heartbeat frequency showed that, in spite of similar initial levels of activity, 'initial sensitization' appeared only in the control group; it diminished with habituation and repetition of the stimulus. The descriptive analysis of the HR development in the form of a mathematical exponential function showed that there were three relatively consistent types of reaction: sensitization, habituation, and indifference (nonresponder). The habituation reaction was found only in the control group, indifference only in the group of apallic patients. The analysis of reciprocal action of different levels of measurings shows a certain disorder in the functional systems of the apallic patients, as described by Luria (1976). After the test stimulus the sensomotor and physiological systems do not interact optimally in comparison with patients with slight head injuries. The resulting steps for rehabilitation are discussed.