Gravity Modulation Research Articles

Jeffrey fluid saturating a heated porous layer: Dynamical and microcontroller execution probing

In this paper, a dynamical investigation and microcontroller execution on a Jeffrey fluid saturating a porous layer with bottom heating and periodic modulation of gravity is carried out. The continuity equation, the energy conservation equation and the Boussinesq-Darcy approximation are used to describe the Jeffrey fluid saturating a porous layer with bottom heating and periodic gravity modulation. Thanks to the truncated Galerkin expansion method, the partial differential equations obtained from the modelling is reduced to four first order ordinary differential equations. This four-dimensional system without gravity modulation has three or one steady states depending on the scaled thermal Rayleigh number and the non-dimensional ratio of relaxation time to the retardation time of the fluid. From the stability analysis of the obtained equilibrium points in the four-dimensional system without gravity modulation, it is revealed that the steady states are stable or unstable depending on the non-dimensional ratio of relaxation time to retardation time of the fluid. Without gravity modulation, the four-dimensional system experiences Hopf bifurcation, steady convection, periodic convections, seven different shapes of chaotic convections, bistable period-1-convection, bistable period-3-convections and coexisting convections. With the sinusoidal periodic gravity modulation, the four-dimensional system displays Hopf bifurcation, steady convections, periodic convections, bursting convections, quasiperiodic convections and three different shapes of chaotic convections. A microcontroller execution of the four-dimensional system is used to establish the convection characteristics spotted in the four-dimensional system without and with sinusoidal periodic gravity modulation during the numerical simulations.

The influence of gravity modulation on double-diffusive convection of Jeffrey fluids in an isotropic porous media

This article explores the double-diffusive convection of Jeffrey fluids under the gravity modulation. The primary objective is to investigate the impact of time-periodic gravitational variations on Darcy-Brinkman convection of Jeffrey fluids within a porous layer. A weak nonlinear analysis is employed, utilizing a power series expansion method, where disturbances are expressed as power series. Nusselt and Sherwood numbers are employed to measure heat and mass transport, respectively. The study analyzes the influence of various parameters, including the Jeffrey parameter, Darcy number, Vadasz number, Lewis number, Rayleigh-Darcy number, and solutal Rayleigh-Darcy number, on heat and mass transfer. Graphical representations of the results illustrate that an increase in the Jeffrey parameter, modulation amplitude, Lewis number, Vadasz number, and solutal Rayleigh-Darcy number enhances heat and mass transport, thereby promoting instability. Conversely, an increase in the Darcy number and modulation frequency leads to a decrease in heat transfer and mass transport. Comparisons between unmodulated and modulated cases highlight that the modulated case has a more significant effect on stability compared to the unmodulated case. This underscores the crucial role of external parameters, such as gravity modulation, in controlling heat and mass transfer within the system.

Effects of vibration on natural convection in a square inclined porous enclosure filled with Cu-water nanofluid

PurposeThe purpose of this paper is to investigate the effects of gravitational modulation on natural convection in a square inclined porous cavity filled by a fluid containing copper nanoparticles.Design/methodology/approachThe present study uses a system of equations that couple hydrodynamics to heat transfer, representing the governing equations of fluid flow in a square domain. The Boussinesq–Darcy flow with Cu-water nanofluid is considered. The dimensionless partial differential equations are solved numerically using finite difference method based on alternating direction implicit scheme. The cavity is differentially heated by constant heat flux, while the top and bottom walls are insulated. The authors examined the effects of gravity amplitude (λ), vibration frequency (σ), tilt angle (α) and Rayleigh number (Ra) on flow and temperature.FindingsThe numerical simulations, in the form of streamlines, isotherms, Nusselt number and maximum stream function for different values of amplitude, frequency, tilt angle and Rayleigh number, have revealed an oscillatory behavior in the development of flow and temperature under gravity modulation. An increase of amplitude from 0.5 to 1 intensifies the flow stream (from |ψmax| = 21.415 to |ψmax| = 25.262) and improves heat transfer (from Nu¯ = 17.592 to Nu¯ = 20.421). Low-frequency vibration below 50 has a significant impact on the flow and thermal distributions. However, once this threshold is exceeded, the flow weakens, leading to a gradual decrease in heat transfer rate. The inclination angle is an effective parameter for controlling the flow and temperature characteristics. Thus, transitioning the tilt angle from 30° to 60° can increase the flow velocity (from 22.283 to 23.288) while reducing the Nusselt number (from 16.603 to 13.874). Therefore, by manipulating the combination of vibration and inclination, it is founded that for a fixed frequency value of σ = 100 and for increased amplitude (from 0.5 to 1), the flow intensity at inclination of 60° is boosted, and an increase of the heat transfer rate at inclination of 30° is also observed. Convective thermal instabilities may arise depending on the different key factors.Originality/valueTo the best of the authors’ knowledge, this study is original in its examination of the combined effects of modulated gravity and cavity inclination on free convection in nanofluid porous media. It highlights the crucial roles of these two important factors in influencing flow and heat transfer properties.

Effects of gravity and anisotropy on the convective instability in a nanofluid porous medium

Controlling thermal loads in heat transfer systems that produce high heat flux is a real mechanical challenge. Various cooling/heating techniques are available to achieve the reliability requirements of electronic devices. Among them, the use of nanofluids is one of the important techniques that provide long term stability, higher cooling rates, decreased pumping power needs, and cost-effectiveness. Instability in fluids typically occurs when a disturbance affects the equilibrium of forces of external, inertial, or viscous origin acting on a system. The disturbances may arise from the surroundings due to small changes in the boundary conditions, surface roughness, free stream turbulence, noise, etc. In several circumstances, these disturbances are very small and hence cannot be measured with the available instruments but can be observed after the instability sets in. In this study, we focus on examining the effect of time-periodic vertical gravity modulation on the initiation of natural convection in a porous medium saturated with a nanofluid. The porous medium is characterized by being heated at the bottom and possessing anisotropic properties in terms of permeability and thermal diffusivity. Specifically, we investigate the onset of convection in water-based nanofluids that contain metallic (Cu) and metal oxide ( A l 2 O 3 ) particles. The Khanafer-Vafai-Lightstone (KVL) nanofluid model is employed to describe the behavior of the nanofluids, and the thresholds for convective instability are determined using the Mathieu functions. In addition, we study the instabilities of synchronous and subharmonic modes and explore their transitions along with practical applications.

Effects of throughflow and gravity modulation on triple-diffusive convection in a sparsely packed porous medium

This article investigates the impact of four different gravity modulations on triple-diffusive convection in a porous layer with throughflow. The study conducts a weakly nonlinear stability analysis. Additionally, cubic Ginzburg–Landau equation is derived to observe the effects of throughflow, gravity modulation, and concentration. The solution of Ginzburg–Landau equation is used to calculate heat transfer and mass transport in terms of the Nusselt and Sherwood numbers, respectively. Furthermore, the mean Nusselt and Sherwood numbers are calculated. The study investigates the influence of Lewis numbers, solutal Rayleigh numbers, and Peclet numbers on the stability and instability of the system graphically for the four types of gravity modulations. The results show that the Sawtooth modulation destabilizes the system, while the square waveform modulation stabilizes it. The mean Nusselt number decreases with both the first Lewis number Le 1 and the second Lewis number Le 2, as well as the mean Sherwood number, which decreases with the first solutal Rayleigh number Rs 1 and the second solutal Rayleigh number Rs 2. This indicates system stability. Furthermore, it is noted that the heat and mass transport for triangular modulation fall between those of sawtooth modulation and square modulation.

Effects of viscous dissipation, gravity modulation and Joule heating on MHD Casson fluid flow over a vertically moving plate with second-order slip velocity

The study of magnetohydrodynamic flow problems for non-Newtonian fluids is significant in many engineering problems. The current inquiry is concerned with a time-dependent, incompressible magnetohydrodynamic Casson fluid flow in a vertically moving plate. The aim of this study is to analyse the effect of viscous dissipation, gravity modulation, heat source and Joule heating with second-order slip velocity. Governing equations are converted to non-dimensional ones using appropriate similarity transformations. To solve the altered equations, the perturbation method is applied, together with MATLAB software. The important physical outcome of this research is that the gravity modulation parameter increases the temperature and velocity of fluid inside the boundary layer. The Eckert number enhances the fluid velocity, concentration boundary layer, skin friction and Nusselt number, whereas the temperature boundary layer reduces for heat sink parameter. The permeability of the porous parameter raises the fluid’s concentration. The work of Kodi et al. [2021. “Investigation of MHD Casson Fluid Flow Past a Vertical Porous Plate Under the Influence of Thermal Diffusion and Chemical Reaction.” Heat Transfer 51 (1): 377–394] has been expanded in this study by adding the novel effects of gravity modulation, Joule heating and viscous dissipation. In addition, the boundary condition includes second-order slip velocity. The obtained results are compared with Kodi et al. [2021. “Investigation of MHD Casson Fluid Flow Past a Vertical Porous Plate Under the Influence of Thermal Diffusion and Chemical Reaction.” Heat Transfer 51 (1): 377–394] and it shows an excellent agreement when added effects are neglected.

Weakly Nonlinear Bio-Thermal Convection in a Porous Media Layer Under Rotation, Gravity Modulation, and Heat Source

Weakly Nonlinear Bio-Thermal Convection in a Porous Media Layer Under Rotation, Gravity Modulation, and Heat Source

Oscillatory nonlinear thermal instability in nanoliquid under gravity modulation within Hele-Shaw cell

Abstract The effect of gravity-field modulation is investigated in a nano liquid-confined Hele-Shaw cell. This study aims to finish the work described in (S. N. Rai, B. S. Bhadauria, K. Anish, and B. K. Singh, “Thermal instability in nanoliquid under four types of magnetic-field modulation within Hele-Shaw cell,” Int. J. Heat Mass Transfer, vol. 145, no. 7, p. 072501, 2023) for oscillatory convection. The existence of the complex Ginzburg-Landau equation (CGLE) model is constrained by the requirement ω 2 > 0. The magnetic fluxes in the Hele-shaw cell are governed by CGLE with g-jitter. The quantity of heat-mass transfer is examined in the presence of a g-jitter. In addition, the findings of our research on transport analysis indicate that oscillatory mode is preferable to stationary mode. It is also found that the gravity-driven Hele-Shaw layer has lower transport properties. Further, the transport analysis is compared to previous research and shown to have improved results.

Amplitude and oscillating frequency of chemically reactive flow along inclined gravity-driven surface in the presence of thermal conductivity

The main goal of current research is to elaborate wave oscillations and amplitude of heat mass transfer across gravity-driven surface. The heat and mass transfer through inclined gravity driven shapes is very useful in aeronautical technologies and airspace devices. In low gravitational pressure, the concentrated particles move faster with maximum heating rate. The novelty of present mechanism is to estimate the gravity and primitive modulation of chemically reactive flow of periodic and oscillatory heat and mass transfer across the inclined gravity-driven plate under viscosity and thermal conductivity effects. The viscosity, gravity and conductivity are assumed as temperature dependent. The non-dimensional model is converted into algebraic system using finite difference and primitive approach. The Gaussian elimination technique is used to explore velocity, temperature and concentration profiles for different governing variables. The amplitude of shear stress, oscillatory heat and oscillatory mass transfer is examined numerically and graphically. The oscillatory stokes conditions are used to evaluate oscillatory behavior of physical properties. It is found that the mass concentration increases as viscosity of fluid increases under low gravitational pressure. It is seen that the enhancement in velocity of fluid grows as viscosity of fluid reduces. The increasing amplitude and frequency of heat transmission is drafted at π/6 angle under maximum buoyancy forces. The oscillations in mass and shearing stress enhances as buoyancy force increases under minimum gravity.

GRAVITY MODULATION AND ITS IMPACT ON WEAKLY NONLINEAR BIOTHERMAL CONVECTION IN A POROUS LAYER UNDER ROTATION: A GINZBURG-LANDAU MODEL APPROACH

The effect of gravity modulation on weakly nonlinear biothermal convection in a porous rotating layer has been investigated in this study. The system under consideration is a porous medium layer saturated with a Newtonian fluid containing gyrotactic microorganisms, and it is subjected to both gravity modulation and rotation. Through a weakly nonlinear analysis, the behavior of the system at finite amplitudes is studied. The Ginzburg-Landau equation, obtained from perturbation analysis, provides insights into the system's behavior in the presence of gravity modulation. The amplitude of convection in the unmodulated case is determined analytically, serving as a reference for comparison. The research explores the influence of various parameters on the system, including the Vadasz number, modified Rayleigh-Darcy number, Taylor number, cell eccentricity, and modulation parameters such as amplitude and frequency. By varying these parameters, the heat transfer, quantified by the Nusselt number, is analyzed and compared in different cases. The modulation amplitude is found to have a significant effect on enhancing heat transfer, while the modulation frequency has a diminishing effect.

COMBINED EFFECT OF LOCAL THERMAL NONEQUILIBRIUM AND GRAVITY MODULATION ON THERMAL INSTABILITY IN MICROPOLAR NANOFLUID SATURATED POROUS MEDIA

In the present paper an effect of gravity modulation in a horizontal parallel flat plate having micropolar nanofluid saturated by a porous medium is examined. Local thermal nonequilibrium (LTNE) has been observed for the problem, i.e., the fluid, particle, and solid matrix are at different temperatures. Onset of convection and heat and mass transfer for both the cases, i.e., linear stability and nonlinear stability, is analyzed. We conclude that rate of convection in the LTNE case is faster than in the LTE case. Effect of porosity is observed in the LTNE region, which is opposite to the effect observed in the LTE region. Increase in value of A, K<sub>1</sub>, and δ delay the rate of convection. Small value of frequency of gravity modulation forms a greater number of small periods which delay the rate of convection. On increasing the value, heat transfer increases. At higher frequency of modulation we obtain the case similar to unmodulated case.

Effect of Gravity Modulation on the Onset of Heat Transfer by Buoyancy Induced Convection in Boussinesq- Stokes Suspension with Temperature

The current paper considers the Boussinesq-Stokes suspensions and the temperature-dependent viscosity with the influence of gravity modulation to analyze a weak non-linear stability problem of Rayleigh Benard magnetoconvection. In the study of convective instability problems, the impact of time-periodic body force also known as gravity modulation or g-gitter is essential. In the problem of gravity modulation, the gravity field has two components: one is the constant part and another an externally imposed time periodic part, which can be produced by oscillating the fluid layer. The effect of varying frequency of gravitational oscillation on convection is examined. The truncated form of the Fourier series is used in the non-linear analysis. The effects of numerous factors on the onset of convection have been discussed in this paper. The thermal Nusselt number is computed and shown for slow time periods using non-linear theory. The impacts of gravity modulation frequency and amplitude have been investigated in order to study heat transport in the system, as well as other aspects that exist in the problem.

Analysis of weakly nonlinear Darcy–Brinkman bio-thermal convection in a porous medium under gravity modulation and internal heating effect

In this study, we consider Newtonian fluid with gyrotactic microorganisms flowing through a porous medium. The effects of gravity field and internal heating are investigated on Darcy–Brinkman bio-thermal convection. The threshold Rayleigh number expression in the form of stationary mode is derived to study the onset of bioconvection. Further, heat transfer is investigated using Nusselt number, which is governed by Ginzburg–Landau equation. The influence of internal Rayleigh number, Vadasz number, modified bioconvective Rayleigh–Darcy number, cell eccentricity, modulation frequency and modulation amplitude on heat transfer is explored by the research and depicted graphically. Also the effect of the above parameters on the threshold Rayleigh number against the wave number is studied graphically. These graphical study is called as marginal stability analysis. Also, a comparative graph is plotted to study modulated and unmodulated effect of gravity on Nusselt number. This highlights the effectiveness of the gravity modulation and internal heating effect in controlling heat transport within the system.

Primitive and gravity modulation of periodical heat transfer along magnetic-driven porous cone with thermal conductivity and surface heat flux

The significant goal of present problem is to evaluate oscillating frequency and amplitude in heat and magnetic flux with thermal conductivity and heat flux effects across magnetized porous cone under lower gravitational region. To maintain heat transport efficiency, the thermal conductivity of conducting fluid is assumed as temperature dependent. The magnetic-driven cone is placed in lower gravitational region. To improve the heating rate across the magnetic-driven porous cone, the convective heating conditions are applied. The implications of thermal conductivity, surface heat flux, and reduced gravity on the periodic behavior of convective heat transfer characteristics of conducting fluid across porous gravity-driven cone is the novelty of this research. Using the appropriate non-dimensional variables, the model's nonlinear governing partial differential has been converted into a dimensionless form. The proposed model is solved later with the help of finite difference approach. The dimensionless form of the equations is reduced to the convenient form for numerical algorithm. The influence of adjusting parameters, such as thermal conductivity parameter ζ, reduced gravity parameter Rg, Biot number Bi, Prandtl number Pr, mixed convection parameter λ, porosity parameter Ω, magnetic prandtl number γ and some others stationary parameters has been highlighted. By using FORTRAN tool, the numerical outcomes are explored in graphs and tabular form. It is depicted that magnetic field enhances as Biot number decreases because magnetic field insulates the excessive heating across the magnetic-driven porous cone. It is noticed that significant amplitude in fluid velocity is noticed with prominent changes as reduced gravity increases. It is concluded that fluctuations in heat transport increases as parameter γ decreases under thermal conductivity because magnetic material insulates the extreme heat across the porous cone. The recent thermal conductivity and lowered gravity problem is significant in the fields of radioactive waste, cooling electronic components, storing nuclear, catalysts, heat exchangers, the underground storage of radioactive or nonnuclear materials, aircrafts and space vehicles.

Effect of Three Types of Gravity Modulation on Rivlin Ericksen Nanofluid Saturated in Porous Medium with Internal Heating

In this paper, authors have studied the Rivlin-Ericksen elastico-viscous nanofluid thermal instability with internal heating under three types of gravity modulation in a horizontal layer of porous medium using both linear and nonlinear ways. Linear stability analysis is done using normal mode approach, whereas nonlinear stability analysis is done using truncated Fourier series method. The results demonstrate that the internal heating, modified diffusivity ratio, and concentration Rayleigh number advance the initiation of convective motion in the system. On the other hand, Darcy number stabilize the system. To understand the behaviour of mass/heat transfer in the system two different approaches viz Mathematica NDSolve and Runge-Kutta-Fehlberg method (RKF-45) are used, and it is found that the rate of heat/mass transfer is exactly the same in both cases. In comparison to other gravity modulation profiles, day-night gravity modulation profile accelerates mass/heat transfer more quickly than the other two types of gravity modulation profiles. Steady state graph has demonstrated, convection occurs earlier when internal heating and amplitude values are increased. Moreover, it is also observed that heat/mass transport is very much affected by the variation of kinematic viscoelasticity parameter.

Local Thermal Non-Equilibrium and Internal Heating Impact on Thermal Instability of Jeffrey Nanofluid Saturated Porous Media Under Different Gravity Modulations

In the present study, we have implied internal heating and different types of gravity modulation on a Jeffrey nanofluid saturating porous media under three field temperature models i.e., fluid, solid-matrix, and particle phases. Normal mode technique is applied for linear analysis and the truncated Fourier series method is used for non-linear analysis. Numerical values are obtained to compare the convection rate between LTNE and LTE models. Jeffrey parameter and internal heating enhance the stationary rate of convection. Analytically the effect of internal heating and the Jeffrey parameter is obtained and compared with graphical results. Effect of rate of convection at ɛp = 0.1 is observed more earlier than convection at ɛp = 0.4. Opposite impact of the Jeffrey parameter is obtained in the graph of interface heat transfer for particle phase (NHS) and critical wave number (ac). Three types of gravity modulation (day-night, saw-tooth, sinusoidal) are applied to investigate the earlier influence of modulation on the system for Nusselt number for concentration, fluid, solid-matrix, and particle phase and we obtain day-night profile has an earlier rate of heat and mass transfer than the other two profiles. No effect of frequency of modulation is observed for steady-state analysis. Comparison of heat transfer rate for Nusselt number was obtained using RKF-45 method and NDSolve Mathematica.

The Combined Effect of Gravity Modulation and Throughflow on Thermal Instability in the Hele-Shaw Cell Filled with Oldroyd-B Nanofluid

This paper shows the combined effect of throughflow and gravity modulation on the stability of Oldroyd-B nanofluid filled in Hele-Shaw cell. Nanofluid compared to the base fluid has higher thermal conduction. The thermal conductivity of nanofluid increased and thus increases the amount of energy transferred. The Oldroyd-B fluid model is important because of its numerous applications such as production of plastic sheet and extrusion of polymers through a slit die in polymer industry, biological solution pant tars glues, etc. In linear stability analysis, we found the expression of the critical Hele-Shaw Rayleigh number by using the normal mode method. Two-term Fourier series method is used for non-linear stability analysis and is also considered the Brinkman model for flow of nanofluid in Hele-Shaw cell. In linear stability analysis, we observed that there is no effect of Oldroyd-B nanofluid, which means that Deborah number (λ1) and retardation parameter (λ2) do not affect the stability analysis. Oldroyd-B nanofluid is similar to ordinary nanofluid in linear analysis. In non-linear analysis, Deborah number, retardation parameter, throughflow, gravity modulation, and Hele-Shaw number play a major role in heat/mass transfer. Enhancement in both heat/mass transfer in the system while increasing throughflow and Deborah number. An increment in Hele-Shaw number (Hs), decreases heat/mass transfer in the system.

Gravity modulation, thermal radiation and viscous dissipation impact on heat transfer and magnetic flux across gravity-driven magnetized circular cylinder

Heat transfer in burners, combustion engines and energy consumption through nuclear explosions is significantly influenced by radiations. In missile nozzles, nuclear power plants for aerospace uses, and gaseous-core nuclear rocket systems, the radiations are considered for evaluating heating significance. The significance of present study is to compute heat and magnetic flux behavior across various angles π/6, π/4, π/3, π/2, π and 3π/2 of gravity-driven magnetized cylinder under gravity modulation, thermal radiation and viscous dissipation. The aim of this research is to examine wave oscillations in heat and current density along magnetic-driven circular cylinder. The computational and mathematical model is evaluated in terms of coupled periodic partial differential equations (PDE). The appropriate dimensionless variables are used to convert governing periodic model into non-dimensional form. The dimensionless formulations are transformed into steady and oscillatory form. To explore physical and numerical findings, the finite difference method with primitive formulations is applied for smooth algorithm in FORTRAN language. The significant results are explored for various pertinent parameters. The oscillatory magnetic flux and heat transmission are plotted by using steady state temperature and magnetic boundary layers. It is found that the prominent amplitude in velocity increases as reduced gravity increases at each angle. The maximum oscillating amplitude in heat transfer enhances at each angle as viscous dissipations and solar radiation increases.

Effect of gravity modulation on weakly nonlinear bio-thermal convection in a porous medium layer

Investigating thermal convection within porous media permeated by fluids and micro-organisms stands as a significant inquiry with broad relevance across geophysical and engineering domains. Studying convection within porous media can aid in controlling temperature and nutrient distribution for cell growth and tissue regeneration, as well as the efficiency of biofuel fermentation and production processes. Hence, the primary objective of this study is to investigate the influence of time-periodic gravitational forces on Darcy–Brinkman bio-thermal convection within a porous medium layer. This medium is saturated with a Newtonian fluid that encompasses gyrotactic micro-organisms. The gravity modulation amplitude is assumed to be very small. A weak nonlinear stability analysis is performed to analyze the stationary mode of bioconvection. The heat transport, measured by the Nusselt number, is governed by a non-autonomous Ginzburg–Landau equation. The research explores the influence of several parameters on heat transport, including the Vadaszs number, the modified bioconvective Rayleigh–Darcy number, cell eccentricity, modulation frequency, and modulation amplitude. The results are presented graphically, illustrating the impact of these parameters on heat transfer. The findings reveal that both the Vadaszs number and the modulation amplitude have a positive effect on heat transfer, enhancing the process. On the other hand, an increase in the modified bioconvection Rayleigh–Darcy number and cell eccentricity leads to a decrease in heat transfer. Furthermore, a comparison between the modulated and unmodulated systems indicates that the modulated systems have a more significant influence on the stability problem compared to the unmodulated systems. This highlights the effectiveness of external modulation in controlling heat transport within the system.

Investigating the Effect of Gravity Modulation on Weakly Nonlinear Magnetoconvection in a Nonuniformly Rotating Nanofluid Layer

This paper investigates the impact of gravity modulation on weakly nonlinear magnetoconvection in a nanofluid layer that is nonuniformly rotating. The fundamental equations are obtained for the Cartesian approximation of the Couette flow using the Boussinesq approximation and gravitational modulation. The weakly nonlinear regime is analyzed using the method of perturbations with respect to the small supercritical parameter of the Rayleigh number, considering the effects of Brownian motion and thermophoresis in the nanofluid layer. Heat and mass transfer are evaluated in terms of finite amplitudes and calculated from the Nusselt numbers for the fluid and the volume concentration of nanoparticles. The findings demonstrate that gravitational modulation, nonuniform rotation, and differences in the volume concentration of nanoparticles at the layer boundaries can effectively control heat and mass transfer. Additionally, the negative rotation profile has a destabilizing effect. The study shows that the modulated system conveys more heat and mass than the unmodulated system.