Gravitational Shielding Research Articles

Review Research Paper of Feasibility study on Anti-Gravity Effect for Advance Propulsion system and technologies

The concept of anti-gravity, often portrayed in science fiction as a means to counteract or negate the effects of gravitational force, has intrigued scientists and enthusiasts alike for decades. This paper explores the feasibility of achieving anti-gravity effects through various theoretical and experimental perspectives. Firstly, theoretical frameworks such as general relativity and quantum mechanics are reviewed to understand gravity and its potential manipulation. While these theories provide foundational insights, they also highlight the immense challenges involved in directly counteracting gravitational forces due to their fundamental nature. Next, experimental efforts and hypothetical technologies proposed in scientific literature are examined. Concepts such as negative mass, exotic matter, and gravitational shielding are discussed in terms of their theoretical underpinnings and practical limitations. Experimental evidence, including anomalies in gravitational measurements and speculative engineering proposals, are scrutinized to evaluate their relevance to achieving anti-gravity effects. Furthermore, the paper addresses the technological and ethical implications of developing anti-gravity technology. Considerations such as energy requirements, environmental impact, and societal readiness are explored to provide a holistic perspective on the feasibility and desirability of pursuing anti-gravity research. Ultimately, while the idea of anti-gravity remains a captivating subject of scientific inquiry and fiction, current understanding and technological capabilities suggest significant hurdles that must be overcome before practical anti-gravity effects can be realized. This paper concludes by outlining potential avenues for future research and highlighting the interdisciplinary nature of addressing such a complex phenomenon.

Toy models of gravitational shielding in the framework of Newtonian theory of gravitation

In the framework of Newtonian theory of gravitation, three toy models of a hypothetical gravitational shield (GS) are developed. To satisfy the energy conservation law which is violated in the presence of GS, an existence of a special kind of energy (“G-energy”) responsible for shielding and stored in GS is postulated. The models differ from each other by the details of the spatial dependence of the net gravitational acceleration in the presence of GS as well as by the dependence of that acceleration on the amount of G-energy in GS. As an example, the rotation of a dumbbell like object located at the boundary between the regions of space where gravity is affected and not affected by GS is analyzed in details. The motivation to study gravitational shielding, the very existence of which is challenged, is the presence of steadily repeating attempts to observe this phenomenon. No doubt, such attempts will continue in the future. The results obtained in the present paper could be useful in designing such a research.

CAUSAL PHYSICS: CROSS-SECTIONAL AREA INSTEAD OF MASS

A review and analysis on the topic of mass and physical interaction within the framework of causal physics is presented. Mass is considered as a special case of a quantity that is proportional to the cross-sectional area of physical objects. Replacing the mass with this quantity allows further development of the kinetic theory of gravity by Le Sage. Physical interaction is considered as a result of mutual shielding of elementary mass–forming elements - nucleons and systems consisting of them - atomic nuclei in the path of movement of cosmic ether particles. It is shown that the applied approach makes it possible to create a visual and causal picture of physical interaction, both in the microcosm and in the macrocosm, leading to completely new results. The existence of gravitational shielding is substantiated, a visual picture of the mass defect is created, the presence of hidden mass in massive celestial bodies is revealed, the reason for the precession of the perihelion of Mercury and artificial Earth satellites is indicated, semi-daily behavior in the diurnal variation of gravity is described and interpreted, features in the manifestation of tidal processes are described. The applied approach allows to consider the issues of interaction in the micro and macrocosm from a single mechanism.

Dynamic gravitational excitation of structural resonances in the hertz regime using two rotating bars

With the planning of new ambitious gravitational wave observatories, fully controlled laboratory experiments on dynamic gravitation become more and more important. Such experiments can provide new insights in potential dynamic effects such as gravitational shielding or energy flow and might contribute to bringing light into the mystery still surrounding gravity. Here we present a laboratory-based transmitter-detector experiment using two rotating bars as transmitter and a 42 Hz, high-Q bending beam resonator as detector. Using a precise phase control to synchronize the rotating bars, a dynamic gravitational field emerges that excites the bending motion with amplitudes up to 100 nm/s or 370 pm, which is a factor of 500 above the thermal noise. The two-bar design enables the investigation of different transmitter configurations. The detector movement is measured optically, using three commercial interferometers. Acoustical, mechanical, and electrical isolation, a temperature-stable environment, and lock-in detection are central elements of the setup. The moving load response of the detector is numerically calculated based on Newton’s law of gravitation via discrete volume integration, showing excellent agreement between measurement and theory both in amplitude and phase. The near field gravitational energy transfer is 1025 times larger than the one of the propagating gravitational wave component.

On The Gravitational Shielding, Gravitational Permeability and Hidden Matter

The possibility of gravitational shielding from more massive objects than the Moon-planet Earth and the giant planets of the Solar System is considered. Within the framework of the Lesage concept, the mutual spatial shielding of mass-forming elements-atomic nuclei in ordinary matter-was evaluated. It is concluded that the size of the Moon is insufficient for tangible gravitational shielding and partial mutual shielding is about 50% for planet Earth. It is determined that there is a critical thickness of ordinary matter at which complete mutual shielding of atomic nuclei is observed. The estimated critical thickness is about dc=1.3 X 108m, which is typical for the sizes of giant planets. It is concluded that due to the presence of gravitational shielding, not the entire mass of massive celestial bodies participates in the act of gravitational interaction, which leads to the conclusion that there is a hidden mass of massive objects and to low values in the calculation of the density of the giant planets of the Solar System. It has been established that the true mass and true density of giant planets exceed their known values by 5 times. The presence of gravitational shielding from the planet Earth leads to a revision of the physical picture of nature and the consequences of tidal forces. The idea of P. Dirac concerning the accounting of the sizes of microparticles-nucleons, expressed for the further development of the physical theory, is realized. The gravitational size of the atomic nucleus is calculated on the order of 10-18 m.

Consideration of the Daily Variation of Gravity on the Manifestation of Gravitational Shielding

Consideration of the Daily Variation of Gravity on the Manifestation of Gravitational Shielding

The Process of Gravity

Fascinated people from the dawn of history, gravity is not understood, still. Here, we suggest that gravity is a result of a process in the material: (1) Gravitational photons are produced by all atoms that exist in nonzero temperature and or interact with radiation, similar to black body radiation. (2) Then, these photons move in the material. The electromagnetic properties of the gravitational photons and the structure of the object cause the photons’ trajectories to bend. (3) Such trajectories generate a force pointing to the center of mass of the object, due to the circular motion and the electromagnetic properties of the gravitational photons. These trajectories are radiated outwards, as in antennae, although at a much slower rate, due to that force. So basically gravity is a simple process (as black body radiation), just a sort of generalized radiation pressure due to the process of gravity in the material, resulting in antenna like radiation emission, of these unique electromagnetic waves that are pressed towards the radiating object center of mass during their circular motion in the object. Going beyond the dynamical model, we identify various possible forms of the gravitational photons, and their general invariant properties. With this theory, we (1) explain various unexplained phenomena that are related to gravity, yet also suggest (2) method and apparatus for gravity shielding, and (3) gravitational radiation energy cultivation. This theory can form the missing part for the “theory of everything”.

Shielding the Gravitational Field in Space

The study presents a model for screening gravitational waves. fields of protons of the cosmos. Gravity shielding is based on a principle. An elementary particle with a rest mass. In free fall. Shields the gravitational fields in which it is located. In the above work the intensity of the gravitational field from the infinite cosmic field is determined half-spaces. The cross section of the proton shielding the gravitational field is determined. The radius of action of gravitational forces in space is calculated. The formula is obtained, which determines the distance to the galaxy by its " red " shift. Time calculated the life of a photon in space. The size of the visibility horizon of the universe is determined.

Influence of Gravitational Shielding on Time Dilation

This research work investigates the possibility of shielding gravity. The ultimate purpose of this work is to understand the reality behind the concept of Gravitational Shielding (GS) and time dilation. Since the 19th century, scientists have tried to arrive at an understanding of GS via the use of various experiments. Unfortunately, some experiments failed to prove the existence of gravitational shielding, whereas some results proclaimed the possibility of attaining GS. The original phenomenon exhibited by nature cannot easily be understood, but some experiments have demonstrated that the answer may lie behind the mysterious GS. If GS is proved, then in the future, it would be possible to travel across black holes by defying gravity or through any bigger mass having high gravitational field. To unravel the mystery of GS, this work investigates the history of GS and considers the future vision of technologically advanced spacecraft or other warp drive mechanisms with appropriate gravitational shielding. Though the problem is very complex, this research work tries to come to a deeper understanding and explanation of the complexity involved in achieving gravitational shielding.

The Electrical Magnetism of Maxwell (1873) Is the “Crooked Mirror” of Physical Science

The concept of the electric magnetism Maxwell (1873) is a result of the superficial and exceptionally erroneous impression of Great Physicist from the well-known experience of Oersted. However the world scientific community adopted this erroneous impression as the ultimate truth and, following Maxwell, declared the moving electric charges to be direct sources of the magnetic field. At same time, the true sources of the magnetic field the magnetic poles (magnetic charges) which are the real structural components of atoms and substance, were “buried alive”. Such theoretical discoveries as the curvature of four-dimensional space-time, explaining the physics of gravity, the big bang, the journey through “Black holes” in space and time, and many others, are well known. All these discoveries were formed without taking into account the existence of real magnetic poles (magnetic charges) since were based on the provisions of Maxwell’s flawed electromagnetic concept. The main reason which for more than 100 years inhibits the detection and recognition of real magnetic charges, are the special conditions of their confinement in a substance that are radically in the substance different from confinement of electrons. The results the experiments of F. Ehrenhaft, the present author and others in which of real magnetic charges were observed in the structures of atoms and substance prove that the existing concept of electric magnetism is deeply erroneous, and the fundamental change in physical priorities is the most important task today. Physical science, freed from vicious EM-concept of Maxwell and the accompanying relativism will offer humanity innovations in the form of practically useful physical effects and manifestations. This article presents 11 such innovations discovered by the author when embedded into the representations of real magnetic charges including, example, the electromagnetic (vortex) nature of the gravitational field, as well as the effects of Gravitational levitation and Intra-atomic gravitational shielding (IAGS). The first effect allows, for example, a person to go out into space without the use of jet thrust. The IAGS effect largely determines the physics of such fundamental manifestations as the chemical bonding, nuclear forces, and radioactivity.

Intra-Atomic Gravitational Shielding (Lensing), Nuclear Forces and Radioactivity

The discovery by the author of real magnetic charges and true anti-electrons in the atomic structures allowed him to establish that the gravitational field (GF) in reality is the vortex electromagnetic field. Depending on the vector conditions the gravitational fields can be either paragravitational (PGF) or ferrogravitational (FGF). Masses (atoms, nucleons, etc.) emitting PGF manifest so-called attraction to each other. In fact, this process is the pressing of atoms or nucleons to each other by the forces of gravitational “Dark energy”. Namely the gravitational “Dark energy” which is formed between the masses emitting PGF and compressing of nucleons in atomic nuclei is the main force factor determining the formation of nuclear forces. Masses that emit FGF are repelled from PGF sources, for example, from the Earth. The last gravitational manifestation, discovered by the author, this is of the effect of the gravitational levitation. The atomic shell and atomic nucleus are autonomous sources of gravitational field in atomic compositions. The gravitational fields emitted these sources, by its physical parameters, are different gravitational fields, what associated with differences in the magnitudes charges of magnetic and electric particles in their compositions. The noted differences in the parameters of the GF are of reason that in atoms the process of extrusion of foreign gravitational field from the region of given gravitational source is realized. This effect should be called the effect of intra-atomic gravitational shielding (IAGS). Within the framework of this effect the shell of the atom is a kind of gravitational “insulator” that prevents the PGF of the nucleons from leaving beyond of the atom. As result of the IAGS effect, the concentration PGF of nucleons is realized only in the region of the nucleus, which leads to an increase in nuclear forces. However, the resistance of the marked “insulator” is finite and if the critical voltage PGF on the nucleus is exceeded, the complete shielding of the nucleon fields by the atomic shell is broken. As result of the leakage of a part of the PGF of nucleons beyond the atom, the density of this field in the region of the nucleus decreases significantly, which leads to a weakening of the nuclear forces and often leads to radioactivity. The effect of gravitational shielding is directly related to such a well-known concept as the mass defect of the nucleus. It is the exclusion of the gravitational field formed by the nucleons in the composition of the atomic nucleus as a result of the full IAGS effect that creates the illusion of atomic mass defect.

Alternative Reflections on Podkletnov's Gravity Experiments

In the 1990s Eugene Podkletnov published results of experiments which in his opinion proved the effect of gravity shielding. The present paper is concerned with the question, what results may be expected from such experiments on the basis of the "Alternative Reflections on Gravitation", (ARG). The results of these considerations are in excellent agreement with those experiments. There, however, appeared no gravity shielding, but the production of additional, highly focused repulsive forces. Such curious results can hardly be explained on the basis of classical gravitational theories, which deal with attractive forces and their strong decrease with distance.

Localizing solutions of the Einstein constraint equations

We perform an optimal localization of asymptotically flat initial data sets and construct data that have positive ADM mass but are exactly trivial outside a cone of arbitrarily small aperture. The gluing scheme that we develop allows to produce a new class of N-body solutions for the Einstein equation, which patently exhibit the phenomenon of gravitational shielding: for any large T we can engineer solutions where any two massive bodies do not interact at all for any time \(t\in (0,T)\), in striking contrast with the Newtonian gravity scenario.

The 5D Fully-Covariant Theory of Gravitation and Its Astrophysical Applications

In this paper, we comprehensively review the five-dimensional (5D) fully-covariant theory of gravitation developed by Zhang two decades ago and its recent applications in astrophysics and cosmology. This 5D gravity describes not only the fields, but also the matter and its motion in a 5D spacetime. The greatest advantage of this theory is that there does not exist any unknown parameter, so that we can apply it to explain astrophysical and cosmological issues by quantitatively comparing the results obtained from it with observations and to predict new effects that could not be derived from any other gravitational theories. First, the 5D covariant description of matter and its motion enabled Zhang to analytically derive the fifteenth component of the 5D energy-momentum tensor of matter ( T - 44 ), which significantly distinguishes this 5D gravity from other 5D gravitational theories that usually assumed a T - 44 with an unknown parameter, called the scalar charge s, and, thus, to split the 5D covariant field equation into (4 + 1) splitting form as the gravitational, electromagnetic, and scalar field equations. The gravitational field equation turns into the 4D Einstein’s field equation of general relativity if the scalar field is equal to unity. Then, Zhang solved the field equations and obtained an exact static spherically-symmetric external solution of the gravitational, electromagnetic and scalar fields, in which all integral constants were completely determined with a perfect set of simple numbers and parameters that only depend on the mass and electric charge of the matter, by comparing with the obtained weak internal solution of the fields at a large radial distance. In the Einstein frame, the exact field solution obtained from the 5D fully-covariant theory of gravitation reduces to the Schwarzschild solution when the matter is electrically neutral and the fields are weak in strength. This guarantees that the four fundamental tests (light deflection, gravitational redshift, perihelion advance and radar echo delay) of the 4D Einstein’s general relativity in the case of weak fields are also the tests of the 5D fully-covariant theory of gravitation. In the case of strong fields, especially when the matter is highly charged, however, the results from the 5D fully-covariant theory of gravitation are significantly different from the 4D Einstein’s general relativity. Applying this 5D gravity and its exact field solution, Zhang has recently developed a new redshift mechanism, called electric redshift, a new supernova explosion mechanism with gravitational field shielding, a new gravitationless black hole model, a modified neutron star mass-radius relation, a modified Friedmann equation for the accelerating universe, and so on. This paper provides an overview of this 5D fully-covariant theory of gravitation, including also its solution properties and astrophysical applications.

ENHANCED CAPILLARY RISE OF WETTING LIQUIDS IN REDUCED GRAVITATIONAL SHIELDING UNDER MICROGRAVITY CONDITIONS

We study the capillary rise of wetting in liquids by slightly modifying Ponomarenko’s result, a recently derived and observed t1/3 law, without omitting the corresponding gravity term and therefore we find hnew (t)≅0.9085hPon (t) instead, which corresponds to a 9% difference. Furthermore, in order to examine the effect of corrected gravity, we extend the result on the surface of a planetary body by correcting the gravitational acceleration for its oblateness coefficient and rotation. We find that experiments that take place on the equator result in highest capillary heights, than those at mid latitudes and the poles. Similarly, analyzing the effect of reduced gravitational shielding on the capillary rise under conditions of microgravity in experiments aboard orbiting spacecraft, we find that equatorial circular orbits exhibit the highest capillary heights, where equatorial elliptical orbits of large eccentricities exhibit the smallest capillary heights. Finally, we calculate the rate of change of the meniscus height in the time domain, for the different laboratory conditions on the surface of the Earth and in space and as example. As an example we say that laboratory sites at the equator will exhibit larges time rates of change for the meniscus height. Similarly, for experiments above a spacecraft we find that circular equatorial orbits exhibit the highest time rates of change, where elliptical orbits exhibit smaller time rates that reduce as the eccentricity increases.

Gravitational shielding and the equivalence principle

It is a review of recent experiments for the detection of gravitational shielding. A link of these studies with the experimental tests of the Equivalence Principle (EP) is discussed.

Asymptotic freedom of Yang–Mills theory with gravity

We study the behaviour of Yang–Mills theory under the inclusion of gravity. In the weak-gravity limit, the running gauge coupling receives no contribution from the gravitational sector, if all symmetries are preserved. This holds true with and without cosmological constant. We also show that asymptotic freedom persists in general field-theory-based gravity scenarios including gravitational shielding as well as asymptotically safe gravity.

GRAVITATIONAL FIELD SHIELDING AND SUPERNOVA EXPLOSIONS

A new mechanism for supernova explosions called gravitational field shielding is proposed, in accord with a five-dimensional fully covariant Kaluza-Klein theory with a scalar field that unifies the four-dimensional Einsteinian general relativity and Maxwellian electromagnetic theory. It is shown that a dense compact collapsing core of a star will suddenly turn off or completely shield its gravitational field when the core collapses to a critical density, which is inversely proportional to the square of mass of the core. As the core suddenly turns off its gravity, the extremely large pressure immediately stops the core collapse and pushes the mantle material of supernova moving outward. The work done by the pressure in the expansion can be the order of energy released in a supernova explosion. The gravity will resume and stop the core from a further expansion when the core density becomes less than the critical density. Therefore, the gravitational field shielding leads a supernova to impulsively explode and form a compact object such as a neutron star as a remnant. It works such that a compressed spring will shoot the oscillator out when the compressed force is suddenly removed.

Gravity, antigravity and gravitational shielding in (2+1) dimensions

Higher-derivative terms are introduced into three-dimensional gravity, thereby allowing for a dynamical theory. The resulting system, viewed as a classical field model, is endowed with a novel and peculiar feature: its nonrelativistic potential describes three gravitational regimes. Depending on the choice of the parameters in the action functional, one obtains gravity, antigravity or gravitational shielding. Interesting enough, this potential is very similar, mutatis mutandis, to the potential for the interaction of two superconducting vortices. Furthermore, the gravitational deflection angle of a light ray, unlike that of Einstein gravity in (2+1) dimensions, is dependent on the impact parameter.

Gravitational focusing and shielding of meteoroid streams

The gravitational attraction of planets can cause significant perturbation of the trajectories of meteoroids. The resulting deflection can result in significant enhancement of the flux of meteoric particles in the neighbourhood of the planet. We give an analytical method for calculating the relative flux of stream meteoroids in the vicinity of a planet. We include the effect of shielding of certain regions that are not accessible to the meteoroids that have impacted the planet. We compare our results with those of Divine et al. and although we confirm the accuracy of their trajectory equations, the fluxes predicted by their calculations are not consistent with integrated fluxes over a planet predicted by the classic work of Opik. Our method yields predictions for the integrated flux enhancement factor that are identical to Opik's. We present the results of these calculations and find that in all cases, tail-like regions of enhanced meteoroid flux appear downstream of the planet, with very large enhancements possible in the case of the giant planets for all probable stream velocities.