Gratitude Resentment Research Articles

Reliability and validity of the Greek version of the Short Gratitude Resentment and Appreciation Test (S-GRAT-GR)

Gratitude is a psychological notion that has been associated with numerous beneficial outcomes for individuals and communities. The Short Gratitude Resentment and Appreciation Test (S-GRAT), one of the most widely used measure to detect trait gratitude, comprises three subscales that assess lack of a sense of deprivation, appreciation for simple pleasures, and appreciation of others. The present study tested the psychometric properties of the Greek version of the S-GRAT scale. Using a sample of 681 adults from the general population and a smaller separate sample of fifty individuals we found that the scale demonstrated good internal consistency and high test-retest reliability. Explanatory and confirmatory factor analyses confirmed the original three-dimensional scale structure. Convergent and discriminant validity tests found S-GRAT-Gr total score was significantly correlated with Agreeableness, Intellect, Extraversion, Emotional Stability and Conscientiousness. S-GRAT-Gr also had positive correlations with the Gratitude Questionnaire (GQ-6), the Subjective Happiness Scale and the Satisfaction With Life Scale. S-GRAT-Gr score was found to have a unique impact on Life Satisfaction and Happiness beyond the basic taxonomies of personality and also beyond the GQ-6. Results indicate that the Greek version of the Revised Short Gratitude, Resentment, and Appreciation Test (S-GRAT-Gr) is a reliable and valid instrument for assessing dispositional gratitude in the Greek context.

Religious Commitment and Gratitude as a Strategy for Promoting Student Mental Health

Despite global students' mental health problems being prevalent, adequate attention and resources to treat mental health problems are still lacking. Meanwhile, several studies found that religious commitment and gratitude can play an essential role in addressing the issue of mental health problems. This study explored religious commitment to promote mental health and gratitude as moderating variables to address this gap. This study used the Brief Scale of Mental Health 12, the General Mental Health Questionnaire (GHQ-12), the Gratitude Resentment and Appreciation Test (GRAT), and the Religious Commitment Inventory (RCI–10) scales. Data were taken from 320 students of four state Islamic Universities in East Java, Indonesia. This study utilized descriptive and regression analysis techniques. The result of the data analysis demonstrated three main findings as follows. First, the students had a high level of mental health. Second, religious commitment positively affected mental health. Third, gratitude could become a variable that strengthens the relationship between religious commitment and mental health. Research implication in education is attempting to improve mental health among students not merely on the religious commitment but also on emphasizing systematic ways to develop gratitude in students' daily lives as a moderator that plays a role in maintaining the relationship between mental health and religious commitment. This study was based solely on a quantitative approach; therefore, a mixed-method model is recommended for further investigation to understand the process of improving mental health through religious commitment and students' gratitude better.

Validation of the Transpersonal Gratitude Scale (TGS) and the Relationship between Transpersonal Gratitude, Spiritual Well-Being and Distress in India.

This study explores the psychometric properties of the transpersonal gratitude scale (TGS) in the Indian context. It also examines the relationship between transpersonal gratitude, spiritual well-being, and distress. The psychometric properties (reliability and validity) of the TGS were evaluated with the help of two studies. In the first study, exploratory factor analysis (EFA) and confirmatory factor analysis (CFA) reported a four-factor solution. These four factors- expression of gratitude, value of gratitude, transcendent gratitude, and spiritual connection- explained 74.1% of the total variance. Further, CFA results indicated an excellent model fit of four-factor structure derived from EFA. These findings recommended appropriate factorial validity of TGS in the Indian context. In the second study, Cronbach's alpha and composite reliability values recommended reliability of TGS among Indians. Also, the average variance explained (AVE) values and the Fornell-Larcker test concluded convergent and discriminant validity of the scale. In addition, positive correlations were reported between TGS, GRAT-16 (gratitude resentment and appreciation scale), and spiritual well-being scale scores. Also, a negative linkage was reported between TGS and distress score. These associations established criterion validity of the scale. Overall, the scale reported acceptable psychometric properties in the Indian context.

The Gratitude Resentment and Appreciation Test-Revised Short (GRAT-RS): A Multidimensional Item Response Theory Analysis in Italian Workers

Gratitude is a promising resource from a healthy organizational perspective. It is related to many positive outcomes at work. The Gratitude Resentment and Appreciation Test-Revised Short (GRAT-RS) is the most widely used self-report questionnaire to detect gratitude. The present study examined GRAT-RS (the Italian version) by implementing multidimensional item response theory (MIRT) analyses to explore its psychometric properties. The participants were 537 Italian workers. Confirmatory factor analyses (CFA) of the GRAT-RS and MIRT analyses using the Grade Response Model were run. The MIRT discrimination and MIRT difficulty parameters were calculated. A test information function (TIF) and measure of reliability associated with (TIF) scores were also implemented. CFA highlighted that a bifactor model showed the best fit. Hence, MIRT analyses were carried out by implementing a bifactor model. The MIRT bifactor structure showed a good data fit with discrimination parameters ranging from good to excellent and adequate reliability. The good psychometric properties of GRAT-RS were confirmed, highlighting the questionnaire as a reliable tool to measure gratitude in Italian workers.

Gratitude in Organizations: Psychometric Properties of the Italian Version of the Gratitude Resentment and Appreciation Test-Revised Short (GRAT-RS) in Workers.

In a healthy organization’s framework and strength-based prevention perspectives, gratitude represents an important resource. Gratitude is a worthy construct able to promote the well-being of both workers and organizations. Gratitude is also an interesting variable in relation to success, efficiency and productivity in organizations that can be increased through specific training. Gratitude is, therefore, considered a promising resource for both individuals and organizations. This study aims at analyzing the psychometric properties of the Italian version of the Gratitude Resentment and Appreciation Test–Revised Short (GRAT–RS). Participants were 359 Italian workers from different public and private organizations. Factor structure, internal consistency, and concurrent validity were analyzed. Confirmatory factor analysis supported a multidimensional bifactor structure. Good internal consistency and concurrent validity were established. Results indicated that the Italian version of the Gratitude Resentment and Appreciation Test–Revised Short (GRAT–RS) is a valid instrument to detect gratitude in the Italian context with workers.

'Dirty foreigners' are to blame for COVID-19: impacts of COVID stress syndrome on quality of life and gratitude among Singaporean adults.

The outbreak of COVID-19 has caused widespread emotional distress. The current study sought to ascertain the impact of COVID stress syndrome on quality of life and gratitude. The COVID-19 Stress Scale, COVID-19 Quality of Life Scale, and Gratitude Resentment and Appreciation Scale were administered to 199 Singaporeans. Data were collected online using convenience sampling between December 2020 and March 2021. Pearson correlations and hierarchical regression analyses were used to test the research hypotheses. The results showed that fear of spreading SARSCoV2 by foreigners was the most stressful fear among Singaporeans (M = 2.59), while traumatic stress by COVID-19 was the least stressful fear (M = 0.16). COVID stress syndrome was positively correlated with negative quality of life (r ranged from .25 to .66) and negatively correlated with gratitude (r ranged from −.29 to −.14). Xenophobia was also found to be the most influential factor in reducing quality of life (β = .52) and gratitude (β = −.37) during the pandemic. Study findings demonstrate how COVID-19 increases Singaporeans’ xenophobic attitudes towards foreigners, making them more vulnerable to the pandemic.

The Development and Validation Of The Islamic Gratitude Scale (IGS-10)

There were not many adequate instruments to measure gratitude for the Indonesian people, especially the Muslim community. The purpose of this study is to develop the Islamic Gratitude Scale (IGS-10) by conducted an adequate set of tests. A total of 1218 respondents from students and workers participated on this study. This study found that the Islamic Gratitude Scale (IGS-10) has a good reliability (α= 0.863), good content validity and good factorial validity. The exploratory factor analysis found that IGS-10 has two factors, extrinsic gratitude (α= 0.845) and intrinsic gratitude (α= 0.761). Several sets of correlation tests found that IGS-10 has a good convergent validity, IGS-10 correlates with the Gratitude Questionerre (GQ-6), Gratitude Resentment and Appreciation Scale - Short Form (GRAT-SF), and gratitude toward God. Furthermore, IGS-10 correlated with Subjective Happiness Scale (SHS), Positive Affect and Negative Affect Schedule (PANAS), Multidimensional Body Self Relations Questionnaire - Appearance Scale (MBSRQ - US), and subjective well-being. This finding indicated that IGS-10 has a good cirterion-related validity. But unfortunately, IGS-10 did not correlate with Adolescents’ Self-concept Short Scale (ASCSS), optimism scale (LOT-R) and The Satisfaction with Life Scale (SWLS). IGS-10 was associated with Social Desirability Scale (SDS) with low correlation. To develop this scale the next process that can be done is norming, so that the IGS-10 will become a scale that can be used widely and more convincingly.

Gratitude resentment and appreciation scale (GRAT-16): analyzing psychometrics properties in the Indian context

Gratitude resentment and appreciation scale (GRAT-16): analyzing psychometrics properties in the Indian context

How to become more grateful? The mediating role of resilience between empathy and gratitude

The current study examined the relationship between empathy, resilience, and gratitude. Specifically, the study investigated the potential mediating role of resilience between empathy and gratitude. The study involved 214 participants who completed the Gratitude Resentment and Appreciation Test-Revised (GRAT-R), the Questionnaire of Cognitive and Affective Empathy (QCAE), and the Resilience Measurement Scale (SPP-25). The results showed significant positive correlations among resilience, empathy, and gratitude. Multiple regression analysis confirmed that resilience, gender, and affective empathy were direct predictors of the level of gratitude. Structural equation modeling (SEM) analysis supported the hypothesis that resilience played a mediating role between empathy and gratitude. Implications for research and the promotion of positive psychology programs for adults are discussed.

Gratitude and social support as predictors for fishermen's subjective well-being

Everybody aspires and deserves some personal well-being. This kind of well-being is subjective, and it is shaped by the way individuals perceive and feel the situations surrounding their lives. This study aimed to investigate the effect of gratitude and social support on fishermen's subjective well-being. This study's subjects were 299 fishermen living in the coastal area of Pelabuhan Ratu, who were chosen through an accidental sampling technique. In collecting data, subjective well-being was measured using Flourishing Scale (Diener et al., 2009) and Scale of Positive and Negative Experience (Diener & Biswas-Diener, 2008), Gratitude Scale, which was based on Gratitude Resentment and Appreciation Test (Watkins, Woodward, Stone, & Kolts, 2003), and Social Support Scale that was based on Multidimensional Scale of Perceived Social Support (Dahlem, et al., 1991). Multiple regression analysis showed that the entire independent variables significantly influenced subjective well-being. Meanwhile, each dimension's regressive coefficient on the independent variables showed four sub-variables that significantly influenced the dependent variables: sense of abundance, simple appreciation, appreciation to others, and family support.

Attitude of Gratitude: Evaluation of a Wellness Program to Improve Dispositional Gratitude Among Medical Students

Introduction: Medical students face significant mental health challenges as they matriculate through medical training. Research has emphasized the need for more interventions that promote physician trainee well-being and resilience during the early stages of training. Recent interventions have shown to be effective in promoting mental health and well-being; however, no interventions have examined the impact that daily gratitude practice, which is linked to increased well-being, may have on dispositional gratitude levels among medical students. Methods: In Spring 2019, medical students at the University of South Florida were invited to participate in a gratitude program. Participants logged three good things that happened to them each day, for a period of 30 days. Their dispositional gratitude levels were assessed using the short-form Gratitude Resentment and Application Test (GRAT) before and after the 30-day intervention. Participant demographics and changes in GRAT scores from baseline to follow-up were examined. Results: Forty-six medical students volunteered to participate in a short-term, gratitude-focused wellness program. Overall levels of dispositional gratitude increased significantly among medical students (p<.001). While a significant increase in GRAT score was found among the thirty-five female participants (p<.001), no significant change was found among the eleven male participants (p=.154). GRAT scores increased significantly among both first- and second-year medical students (p=.001). However, no significant increases were reported among third- and fourth-year students (p=.109). GRAT scores increased significantly regardless of whether students used a tool to practice gratitude at baseline. Conclusion: Our results demonstrate that a 30-day gratitude practice program can improve dispositional gratitude among medical students, particularly among female students and pre-clinical students in years one and two.

The Mediating Role of Interpretation Bias on the Relationship Between Trait Gratitude and Depressive Symptoms

High levels of trait gratitude are associated with lower levels of depressive symptoms, but the potential mechanisms underlying this relationship have not been extensively studied. One potential explanation for this relationship is that individuals with higher levels of trait gratitude may have a more positive cognitive style, such that they interpret, attend to, and remember events in a more positive rather than negative manner. This study aimed to explore whether one aspect of a positive cognitive style, a positive interpretation bias, is a mediator in the relationship between trait gratitude and depressive symptoms. During a single visit to the lab, we asked eighty-eight individuals (41 females) to complete a measure of trait gratitude (the Gratitude Resentment and Appreciation Test [GRAT]), two measures of interpretation bias (the Sentence Completion Test for Depression [SCD], and the Ambiguous Scenarios Test for Depression [ASTD]), and a measure of depressive symptoms (the Beck Depression Inventory [BDI-II]). The results of the mediation analyses indicated that a positive interpretation bias partially explained the relationship between trait gratitude and depressive symptoms. These findings suggest that trait gratitude may reduce depressive symptoms in part through its effects on positive thinking patterns. Future longitudinal studies will be needed to elucidate the causal relationship between these variables in greater detail.

Disentangling Gratitude: A Theoretical and Psychometric Examination of the Gratitude Resentment and Appreciation Test–Revised Short (GRAT–RS)

ABSTRACTThis study extended our theoretical and applied understanding of gratitude through a psychometric examination of the most popular multidimensional measure of gratitude, the Gratitude, Resentment, and Appreciation Test–Revised Short form (GRAT–RS). Namely, the dimensionality of the GRAT–RS, the model-based reliability of the GRAT–RS total score and 3 subscale scores, and the incremental evidence of validity for its latent factors were assessed. Dimensionality measures (e.g., explained common variance) and confirmatory factor analysis results with 426 community adults indicated that the GRAT–RS conformed to a multidimensional (bifactor) structure. Model-based reliability measures (e.g., omega hierarchical) provided support for the future use of the Lack of a Sense of Deprivation raw subscale score, but not for the raw GRAT–RS total score, Simple Appreciation subscale score, or Appreciation of Others subscale score. Structural equation modeling results indicated that only the general gratitude factor and the lack of a sense of deprivation specific factor accounted for significant variance in life satisfaction, positive affect, and distress. These findings support the 3 pillars of gratitude conceptualization of gratitude over competing conceptualizations, the position that the specific forms of gratitude are theoretically distinct, and the argument that appreciation is distinct from the superordinate construct of gratitude.

Attachment orientations and dispositional gratitude: The mediating roles of perceived social support and self-esteem

The present study seeks to examine the effect of attachment orientations on dispositional gratitude and whether it would be mediated by self-esteem and perceived social support. Nine-hundred-and-twenty-eight Chinese college students completed the Self-esteem Scale (SES), the Multidimensional Perceived Social Support Scale (MPSSS), the Experiences in Close Relationships Inventory (ECR), and the Gratitude Resentment and Appreciation Test (GRAT). It was revealed that both attachment avoidance and attachment anxiety were negatively associated with dispositional gratitude. Mediational analyses showed that attachment avoidance was indirectly related to dispositional gratitude through perceived social support and self-esteem, whereas attachment anxiety exerted effect on dispositional gratitude both directly and indirectly through self-esteem. These findings highlight the importance of attachment security for cultivating virtues such as dispositional gratitude and contribute to a more complete understanding of self- and other-representations.

The Association Between Trait Gratitude and Self-Reported Sleep Quality Is Mediated by Depressive Mood State

ABSTRACTBackground: It has been shown that higher levels of trait gratitude are associated with better self-reported sleep quality, possibly due to differences in presleep cognitions. However previous studies have not taken into account the role of depressive symptoms in this relationship. Participants and Methods: In this study, 88 nonclinical 18–29-year-olds completed the Gratitude Resentment and Appreciation Test (GRAT) as a measure of trait gratitude. The Glasgow Content of Thought Inventory (GCTI) was used to measure the intrusiveness of cognitions prior to sleep onset, the Motivation and Energy Inventory (MEI) assessed daytime fatigue, and the Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index (PSQI) was used to assess self-reported sleep quality. The BDI-II assessed self-reported depressive symptoms. Results: Consistent with previous work, GRAT scores were positively associated with higher daytime energy and greater number of hours of sleep per night. Importantly, however, we further observed that depressive symptoms mediated the relationships between gratitude scores and sleep metrics. Conclusions: Depressive mood state appears to mediate the association between gratitude and self-reported sleep quality metrics. We suggest, as one plausible model of these phenomena, that highly grateful individuals have lower symptoms of depression, which in turn leads to fewer presleep worries, resulting in better perceived sleep quality. Future work should aim to disentangle the causal nature of these relationships in order to better understand how these important variables interact.

Psychometric properties and factorial structure of the Chinese version of the Gratitude Resentment and Appreciation Test

ABSTRACTThe purpose of this study was to validate a Chinese version of the Gratitude Resentment and Appreciation Test (GRAT) with Taiwanese students. In Study 1, a total of 2511 Taiwanese students participated and completed the translated GRAT. Exploratory factor analysis, confirmatory factor analysis and reliability analysis were undertaken to assess the psychometric quality of the GRAT and its factor structure. In Study 2, a total of 1260 students were used to validate the revised questionnaire. Results supported the proposed factor structure of the measure and the scores of all subscales showed strong internal reliabilities. These findings therefore validate the psychometric properties of the proposed Chinese version of the GRAT.

Measuring gratitude in youth: Assessing the psychometric properties of adult gratitude scales in children and adolescents.

Before the developmental trajectory, outcomes, and related interventions of gratitude can be accurately and confidently studied among the youth, researchers must ensure that they have psychometrically sound measures of gratitude that are suitable for this population. Thus, considering that no known scales were specifically designed to measure gratitude in youth, this study aimed to answer an important question: Are the existing gratitude scales used with adults valid for use with youth? The present study is an empirical investigation, based on a large youth sample (N = 1,405) with ages ranging from 10 to 19 years old, of the psychometric properties of scores of the Gratitude Questionnaire-6 (GQ-6; M. E. McCullough, R. A. Emmons, & J.-A. Tsang, 2002), the Gratitude Adjective Checklist (GAC; M. E. McCullough, R. A. Emmons, & J.-A. Tsang, 2002), and the Gratitude Resentment and Appreciation Test (GRAT)-short form (M. Thomas & P. Watkins, 2003). Single-group and multiple-group confirmatory factor analyses indicated that the factor structures of these gratitude scales resemble those found with adults and were invariant across age groups. Scores of all three gratitude scales revealed acceptable internal consistency estimates (i.e., >.70) across age groups. Results showed that whereas scores of all three gratitude scales were positively correlated with each other for 14- to 19-year-olds, GRAT-short form scores tended to display relatively low correlations with scores of the other two measures for younger children (10-13 years old). Furthermore, the nomological network analysis showed that scores of all three gratitude scales were positively correlated with positive affect and life satisfaction scores across the age groups. The relationships with negative affect and depression scores, however, seemed dependent on the child's age. Pending results from subsequent research recommendations for researchers interested in studying gratitude in youth are offered.

GRATITUDE AND HAPPINESS: DEVELOPMENT OF A MEASURE OF GRATITUDE, AND RELATIONSHIPS WITH SUBJECTIVE WELL-BEING

The purpose of these studies was to develop a valid measure of trait gratitude, and to evaluate the relationship of gratitude to subjective well-being (SWB). Four studies were conducted evaluating the reliability and validity of the Gratitude Resentment and Appreciation Test (GRAT), a measure of dispositional gratitude. This measure was shown to have good internal consistency and temporal stability. The GRAT was shown to relate positively to various measures of SWB. In two experiments, it was shown that grateful thinking improved mood, and results also supported the predictive validity of the GRAT. These studies support the theory that gratitude is an affective trait important to SWB.