Grass Field Research Articles

VARIASI PAKAN DALAM MENDUKUNG PRODUKTIVITAS SAPI ACEH DAN SAPI BALI DI INDONESIA

The survival of Acehnese and Balinese cattle is affected by feed that contains nutrients to support the growth and productivity of livestock. Feed quality, quantity and continuity are problems that affect the productivity of local cattle in Indonesia. The most commonly used forages in feeding Aceh and Bali cattle are elephant grass dan field grass, while the most commonly used concentrates are palm fronds and corn. A combination of 80% forage and 20% concentrate tends to be better for increasing daily weight gain of Aceh and Bali cattle.

The effect of crop insurance on the financial risk of smallholder rice farmers in Cameroon

This study examined the effect of crop insurance on the financial risk of smallholder rice farmers in the grass field of Cameroon. Panel data from 76 Smallholder rice farming groups from 2019-2022 was used, while the Panel-corrected standard error technique was used for estimation. The results revealed that crop insurance captured using inputs (fertilizers, herbicides, and treated seeds) and land preparation had a positive and statistically significant effect on financial risk. These results validate the risk balancing hypothesis for smallholder rice farmers. Control variables like Farm size and labour had a positive and statistically significant effect, while training cost and buying price had a negative and statistically significant effect on financial risk. The results therefore, indicate that smallholder rice farmers need to adopt crop insurance practices such as use of quality farm inputs and better land preparation techniques in order to manage financial risk.

Grass fields play a greater role in maintaining avian biodiversity in urban landscapes than roadsides

Grass fields play a greater role in maintaining avian biodiversity in urban landscapes than roadsides

Evaluating UAV-Based Remote Sensing for Hay Yield Estimation.

(1) Background: Yield-monitoring systems are widely used in grain crops but are less advanced for hay and forage. Current commercial systems are generally limited to weighing individual bales, limiting the spatial resolution of maps of hay yield. This study evaluated an Uncrewed Aerial Vehicle (UAV)-based imaging system to estimate hay yield. (2) Methods: Data were collected from three 0.4 ha plots and a 35 ha hay field of red clover and timothy grass in September 2020. A multispectral camera on the UAV captured images at 30 m (20 mm pixel-1) and 50 m (35 mm pixel-1) heights. Eleven Vegetation Indices (VIs) and five texture features were calculated from the images to estimate biomass yield. Multivariate regression models (VIs and texture features vs. biomass) were evaluated. (3) Results: Model R2 values ranged from 0.31 to 0.68. (4) Conclusions: Despite strong correlations between standard VIs and biomass, challenges such as variable image resolution and clarity affected accuracy. Further research is needed before UAV-based yield estimation can provide accurate, high-resolution hay yield maps.

Peer review of the pesticide risk assessment of the active substance mepiquat (evaluated variant mepiquat chloride).

The conclusions of the EFSA following the peer review of the initial risk assessments carried out by the competent authorities of the rapporteur Member State, Finland, and co-rapporteur Member State, Estonia, for the pesticide active substance mepiquat (evaluated variant mepiquat chloride) are reported. The context of the peer review was that required by Commission Implementing Regulation (EU) No 844/2012, as amended by Commission Implementing Regulation (EU) No 2018/1659. The conclusions were reached on the basis of the evaluation of the representative uses of mepiquat chloride as a plant growth regulator on cereals and grass (field uses). The reliable end points, appropriate for use in regulatory risk assessment, are presented. Missing information identified as being required by the regulatory framework is listed. Concerns are identified.

How the Management and Environmental Conditions Affect the Weed Vegetation in Canary Grass (Phalaris canariensis L.) Fields

Canary grass (Phalaris canariensis L.) is a versatile crop with global significance; it is primarily cultivated for its small elliptical seeds, which are used as bird feed and for human consumption. This crop is adapted to various climates and soils, so it can be grown successfully in Hungary. However, challenges such as weed control, climate change impacts, and soil factors require strategic management for sustained success in canary grass cultivation. Our study investigated the impact of management and environmental (as seasonal and soil) factors on pre-harvest weed vegetation in canary grass fields in Southeast Hungary between 2017 and 2020. In addition to showing the weed vegetation of the canary grass, the aim of our work was to promote more effective weed management of canary grass by revealing correlations between soil, seasonality, and management variables, influencing weed diversity and coverage. Using the analysis of covariance (ANCOVA) and correlation tests, we tested significant variables, providing insights into the complex interactions affecting weed composition. A redundancy analysis (RDA) further unveiled the relationships between explanatory variables and weed species’ composition. The findings offer valuable information for effective weed management strategies in canary grass cultivation. Our comprehensive study on canary grass fields in Southeast Hungary sheds light on significant factors influencing weed composition and abundance. The average weed coverage was 10.8%, with summer annuals and creeping perennials being the most prevalent life forms. Echinochloa crus-galli, Cirsium arvense, Xanthium italicum, and Setaria viridis were among the dominant species. ANCOVAs revealed the impact of soil, management, and seasonal factors on weed cover, species richness, diversity, and yield levels. Soil properties like texture, pH, and nitrogen content showed varying effects on weed parameters. The vintage effect, tillage systems, and farming practices also played crucial roles. The redundancy analysis highlighted the influence of the year, soil sulfur content, and winter preceding crops on weed composition. In conclusion, the herbaceous vegetation in the studied area is dominated by summer germinating and creeping perennial species. Despite slight differences in average coverage and occurrence, a well-defined set of significant species is evident. Multicollinearity among variables suggests limitations to further increase the number of variables that can be included in the analysis. The ANCOVAs showed that the soil, seasonal, and farming variables significantly influence overall weed vegetation and crop yield, with a lesser impact on species richness and diversity. The reduced RDA model highlights the strong influence of the year on species’ composition, emphasizing the inherent factors during canary grass cultivation that are challenging to modify through farming practices.

Deer in the agriculture-forest matrix: Interacting effects of land uses on browsing pressure on trees

Cervids inhabit mosaic landscapes that are strongly influenced by human land use and actions. Forestry and agriculture influence both the foodscape and the risk landscape, thus influencing how cervids respond to resource-risk trade-offs. Furthermore, these land use types interact to shape cervid use of the landscape. For example, cervids can forage in open agricultural fields providing high quality forage during the night, while using nearby forest patches to reduce risk during the day. Hence, actions conducted in one of these land use types will likely influence the use of the other by cervids. In this study, we investigate how agricultural and silvicultural practices interact to shape cervid use of the forest and their impact on commercially valuable trees. More specifically, we investigate the effect of growing nutrient dense crops in mixed forest-agriculture landscapes. We hypothesized that the sowing of such crops may not only attract cervids to the agricultural parts of the landscape, but also lead to increased browsing levels in adjacent forest areas where cervids seek cover. Moreover, such high quality crops may not only influence the number of animals, but also increase the intake rate of fibrous tree saplings of individual cervids to nutritionally balance the high input of easily-digestible macronutrients from the crops. We tested these ideas by conducting a large landscape-scale experiment where we manipulated the foodscape by growing two crop types on 28 fields (14 fields with high-quality oat versus 14 fields with lower-quality grass) and measuring cervid use of tree saplings in the forest patches adjacent these fields. We also investigated how forage availability in the forest patches and the distance from field edge affected browsing on tree saplings. Finally, we compared the effects of crop type and forest forage availability on the browsing pressure on coniferous versus deciduous tree species. We studied this in a multispecies ungulate system, where four cervid species occur sympatrically. We show that the type of crop sown influenced browsing pressure on tree saplings in nearby forests, with higher browsing levels in forests surrounding oat compared to grass fields. Moreover, browsing pressure in these forests was influenced by the availability of young trees in the forest stands, where more young trees led to reduced browsing pressure on individual saplings. Our study emphasizes that human practices that shape features of the foodscape in one land use type will influence the impact cervids have in another land use type. Hence, our study highlights the importance of considering the actions and impacts of different land uses simultaneously for predicting cervid foraging patterns in mixed forest-agriculture landscapes.

Increasing The Ability And Adoption Of Goat Breeding Technology In Mitra Sepakat Farmer Group Kabupaten Sijunjung

Goat rearing in Kenagarian Palaluar Kecamatan Koto VII Kabupaten Sijunjung is carried out extensively with field grass feed. This causes the potency of goat kacang is not optimal. There are no practical and health-qualified livestock cages, forage cultivation gardens, feed preservation, handling of sick livestock, or untapped livestock waste to reduce pollution. If the potential of kacang goat farming can be optimized, it can improve the economy of farmers. The purpose of this activity is to improve the ability of goat farming Mitra Sepakat farmer group through the adoption of technology and goat farming management. This activity began in 2020 starting with: the selection and cultivation of forage animal feed, demonstration plots of effective goat cages and selection breed goats; in 2021, feed management, fermentation feed manufacturing, concentrate manufacturing, reproduction management, and business analysis; in 2022, this was continued by the activity of making fermented feed, managing goat livestock waste into manure and evaluating the application of goat breeding science and technology that had been given. Based on the evaluation of the implementation of service activities that have been carried out from two years ago have been: a) changes in goat breeding patterns from (15 people) 100% extensive to 8 people (53) % intensive and intensive breeding patterns have been able to implement 100% transfer of Science and technology provided. The results of the evaluation conducted still found some problems faced by farmers such as the calf mortality rate being quite high, which became the plan for the next service for the next service activities.

The Effects of Different Nitrogenous Fertilizer Sources and Doses on Football Field Grass Performances

Nitrogen has a huge importance in terms of ensuring the development of roots and shoots in grass and giving plants resistance to diseases. Using the right fertilizer in appropriate doses in the maintenance and repair of football fields is one of the maintenance procedures that increase grass performance. This study was carried out on the football field grass established at Iğdır University Sehit Bulent Yurtseven Campus during the 2020 vegetation period in Iğdır conditions. The research aimed to determine the most suitable fertilizer type and dose for football fields. The experiment was designed with three replications according to the randomized blocks factorial trial design. In the application area, a grass mixture of Festuca arundinacea Jaguar 4G 30%, Festuca arundinacea Apache 20%, Festuca arundinacea Arid III 20%, Lolium perenne Belida 15% and Lolium perenne Esquire 15% was used. As nitrogenous fertilizer sources, 20-10-10 7SO3, 15-5-20 + 2 CaO + MgO, ammonium sulfate (21% N) and urea (46% N) fertilizers are 0, 2, 4, 6 and 8 g/m 2/ It was administered in monthly doses. In the study, the effects of nitrogen use in fertilization on grass plant height, quality, fresh grass amount, and leaf green tone and leaf texture were observed. As a result of the study, it was determined that the most ideal fertilizer type and dose were 6 and 8 g m-2 doses of urea and ammonium sulfate fertilizers.

Differences of waterlogging tolerance in winter pulse crop between emergence and vegetative stages

AbstractPulse production is decreased when grown on waterlogged soil in rice‐based cropping. This study evaluated four pulse crops—grass pea, field pea, cowpea and lentil—to find out their responses to waterlogging (WL) stress at emergence and vegetative stages. The treatment levels at emergence were drained control, 4‐, 7‐ and 10‐day WL, while in the vegetative stage they were drained control, 6‐, 10‐ and 14‐day WL. In the emergence stage, %emergence was significantly reduced as WL duration increased. After 10‐day WL, emergence was reduced to 65% for grass pea, 30% for field pea, 5% for lentil and 7% for cowpea. At the vegetative stage, in both the WL and recovery phases, the WL treatment reduced plant height, tap root length, shoot and root dry mass compared to those in drained control with a significant difference in crops. In recovery as compared to the WL phase at 14‐day WL, the chlorophyll content was increased 15% in cowpea and 14% in grass pea but decreased in field pea (26%) and lentil (35%). Similarly, in the recovery phase at 14‐day WL, shoot relative growth rates (RGRs) of cowpea, grass pea, field pea and lentil were 20, 66, 10 and 5 mg plant−1 d−1; which were 66%, 70%, 8% and 14% of drained control, respectively. The RGR of root at 14‐day WL was also higher in cowpea and grass pea with the rate of 13.8 and 16 mg−1 plant−1 d−1, respectively; in sharp contrast to a reduction of −4.3 mg−1 plant−1 d−1 in field pea and −3.9 mg−1 plant−1 d−1 for lentil than drained control. Furthermore, the higher number of adventitious roots was found in cowpea (14) and grass (9) pea than in field pea (6) and lentil (4). Comparison between growth stages, grass pea was tolerant to WL in both stages. Cowpea was WL sensitive at emergence, but tolerant to vegetative stage. Field pea was moderately tolerant to emergence but was sensitive at vegetative stage. Lentil was sensitive at WL at both stages. These novel insights will allow the fitting of winter pulses to various cropping systems according to the perceived risk of WL at various growth stages.

Epidemiology of the Nutritional Status of School Aged Children (2-10 years) Affected by Malaria in Bamenda

The objective of this study was therefore to assess the nutritional status of school aged children affected by malaria in Bamenda. This was conducted using a population of 397 for children whose parents consented. The data collected was analysed using SPSS version 23 and findings revealed that majority (52.4%) were females, 26.4% aged between 8-9years, 40.8% had occupations not specified, 64% were Christians, 70.8% were of the grass field, 65.2% earned less than 50.000frs per month and 49.9% had attained secondary education. For the BMI classification, majority (19.1%) and (11.5) for girls and boys respectively, were classified as moderately malnourished. Clinical data revealed that majority (81.1%) had pallor nails, 58.9% had scaly skin, 50.6% had week extremities, 40.8% had pale eyes, 40.1% had pale and dry eyes, 51.4% had temperature >37.5 while a few (24.7%) had brittle hair and mouth sore (29.7%). Majority (70.5%) consumed cereals, 12.6% ate legumes, 5.5% ate meat/fish/eggs, 4.5% ate milk/dairy, 3.8% ate vegetables and 3% ate fruits. Majority (60.7%) did not sleep under mosquito net, 58.4% accepted there is stagnant water and bushes around their house, 65.7% had monthly incomes <50.000frs, 59.2% did not eat green leafy vegetables, bananas, apples, meat, beans, chicken, 75.8% did not eat okro, meat, poultry, guavas, mushroom, pumk in seeds, pork, beans, yoghurt. The study concluded that moderate malnutrition and little consumption of vegetables, legumes, fruits, meat/fish/egg, milk/dairy products were nutritional problems on the nutritional status of school aged children affected by malaria in Bamenda.

Intervention On Nutrition Education in The Management of School Aged Children (2-10 Years) Affected by Malaria in Bamenda

The objective of this study was therefore to manage the nutritional status of school aged children affected by malaria in Bamenda. This was conducted using a population of 397 for children whose parents consented. The data collected was analysed using SPSS version 23 and findings revealed that majority (52.4%) were females, 26.4% aged between 8-9years, 40.8% had occupations not specified, 64% were Christians, 70.8% were of the grass field, 65.2% earned less than 50.000frs per month and 49.9% had attained secondary education. And the BMI (Body Mass Index) classification, majority (19.1%) and (11.5%) for girls and boys respectively, were classified as moderately malnourished. Then, clinical data revealed that majority (81.1%) had pallor nails, 58.9% had scaly skin, 50.6% had week extremities, 40.8% had pale eyes, 40.1% had pale and dry eyes, 51.4% had temperature >37.5 while a few (24.7%) had brittle hair and mouth sore (29.7%). Majority (70.5%) consumed cereals, 12.6% ate legumes, 5.5% ate meat/fish/eggs, 4.5% ate milk/dairy, 3.8% ate vegetables and 3% ate fruits. Majority (60.7%) did not sleep under mosquito net, 58.4% accepted there is stagnant water and bushes around their house, 65.7% had monthly incomes <50.000frs, 59.2% did not eat green leafy vegetables, bananas, apples, meat, beans, chicken, 75.8% did not eat okro, meat, poultry, guavas, mushroom, pumkin seeds, pork, beans, yoghurt. For nutritional interventions, 87.9% accepted nutrition education, 92.4% accepted advice be given to pupils to consume food containing vitamin A, iron, zinc and 90.2% accepted gardening be encouraged. The study concluded shown that nutritional interventions made has improve the nutritional status of school aged children affected by malaria in Bamenda.

Observations and Estimates of Wet-Bulb Globe Temperature in Varied Microclimates

Abstract Wet-bulb globe temperature (WBGT) is used to assess environmental heat stress and accounts for the influences of air temperature, humidity, wind speed, and radiation on heat stress. Measurements of WBGT are highly sensitive to slight changes in environmental conditions and can vary several degrees Celsius across small distances (tens to hundreds of meters). Relative to observations with an International Organization for Standardization (ISO)-compliant WBGT meter, this work assesses the accuracy of WBGT measurements made with a popular handheld meter (the Kestrel 5400 Heat Stress Tracker) and WBGT estimates. Measurements were made during the summers of 2019–21 in a variety of suburban and urban environments in North Carolina, including three high school campuses. WBGT can be estimated from standard weather station variables, and many of these stations report cloud cover in lieu of solar radiation. Therefore, this work also evaluates the accuracy of clear-sky radiation estimates and adjustments to those estimates based on cloud cover. WBGT estimated with the method from Liljegren et al. from a weather station were on average 0.2°C warmer than Observed WBGT, while the Kestrel 5400 WBGT was 0.7°C warmer. Large variations in WBGT were observed across surfaces and shade conditions, with differences of 0.9°C (0.3°–1.4°C) between a tennis court and a neighboring grass field. The method for estimating clear-sky radiation in Ryan and Stolzenbach was most accurate and the clear-sky radiation modified by percentage cloud cover was found to be within 75 W m−2of observations on average. Significance Statement Wet-bulb globe temperature (WBGT) is a heat stress index that accounts for the effects of air temperature, humidity, wind, and radiation on humans. However, WBGT is not routinely measured at weather stations. This work demonstrated the accuracy of estimating WBGT with methods from Liljegren et al. (2008), finding it to be more accurate than measurements from a popular handheld meter, the Kestrel 5400 Heat Stress Tracker. Variations in WBGT that result in different danger levels were found between measurements over a tennis court and a neighboring grass field, and between sun and shade conditions. Understanding the magnitude of these differences and the biases with WBGT estimates and measurements can inform the planning of outdoor activity to robustly safeguard health.

Enhancing Sheep Rations: Optimal Ammoniated Palm Fronds Utilization with Lerak Fruit (Sapindus Rarak) and Probiotic Supplementation

This study aimed to assess the impact of lerak fruit and probiotic supplementation on varying levels of ammoniated palm fronds in sheep rations, as well as to determine the optimal inclusion rate of ammoniated palm fronds in the presence of lerak fruit and probiotics. Employing an experimental approach, a Latin Square Design was utilized, with four sheep as rows, four periods as columns, and four rations as treatments. Treatments included: A) 50% field grass + concentrate, B) 20% field grass + 30% ammoniated palm fronds + 50% concentrate + lerak fruit + probiotics, C) 10% field grass + 40% ammoniated palm fronds + 50% concentrate + lerak fruit + probiotics, and D) 0% field grass + 50% ammoniated palm fronds + 50% concentrate + lerak fruit + probiotics. Results indicated significant differences (P<0.05) between dry and organic matter intake treatments and body weight gain. However, no significant differences (P>0.05) were observed in the digestibility of dry and organic matter. These findings suggest that supplementation with up to 40% ammoniated palm fronds in sheep rations, probiotics, and lerak fruit yielded comparable digestibility and livestock performance as the control. This study provides valuable insights into optimizing sheep rations with alternative feed ingredients, contributing to enhanced animal nutrition practices.

Exploration of the intermolecular isoproturon–bovine serum albumin combination: Biophysical and computational prospects

Isoproturon (IPU), a selective systemic herbicide that is frequently applied to eradicate large-leaved weeds and annual grasses in agricultural fields. However, the accumulation of IPU residues during food production might negatively affect on human and animal health. To comprehend the impact of IPU on the mankind and environment, the interaction analysis of IPU with plasma protein is crucial. This work used a variety of techniques, including fluorescence, UV–vis absorption, computational docking and dynamics simulation to extensively examine the combination of IPU with bovine serum albumin (BSA) under typical physiological settings. IPU quenched the BSA fluorescence and form the IPU–BSA complex through a static process. A weak binding affinity was anticipated (binding constant = 4.68–2.48 × 103 M−1) for IPU–BSA interaction. Thermodynamic results revealed that the IPU–BSA binding reaction was a spontaneous process, predominantly governed by hydrogen bonds, van der Waals and hydrophobic forces, which was well supported by molecular docking analysis. Synchronous and three-dimensional fluorescence spectral results exhibited microenvironmental fluctuations near the protein’s Trp and Tyr residues with added IPU, but inclusion of IPU to BSA was observed to enhance the protein’s thermal constancy. Site marker displacement results demonstrated that IPU desirably binds to BSA at site II. An in silico findings also unveiled the primary binding arrangement of IPU was placed at site II of BSA and surrounded by hydrophobic and polar residues. Molecular dynamics simulation results suggested the IPU–BSA complex persisted compact and stable.

Optimizing Performance of Madura Cattle in Smallholder Farms in Bangkalan Madura

Bangkalan Regency is located on Madura Island, which is one of the districts that has a population of 1,047,783 Madura cattle or around 21.7% and 5.99% of the national cattle population. Madura cattle are evenly distributed on Madura Island. Forages that are often used as feed are field grass and agricultural waste. In Vivo research uses concentrate to support the growth of beef cattle in Bangkalan Regency. The concentrate feed ingredients used consist of cassava waste, palm kernel cake, copra meal and tofu waste. The treatment given to Madura cattle consisted of four treatments.The feed treatments consisted of T1 (cassava waste 40% + copra meal 28% + palm kernel cake 30% + tofu waste 2%), T2 (cassava waste 42% + copra meal 36% + palm kernel cake 19% + tofu waste 3%), T3 (cassava waste 38% + copra meal 31% + palm kernel cake 27% + tofu waste 4%), and T4 (cassava waste 41% + copra meal 33% + palm kernel cake 21% + tofu waste 5%). Data on nutrient content and nutrients feed intake were analyzed using a randomized block design (RBD). The results show that local feed ingredients in Bangkalan Regency can influence nutrient content and nutrients feed intake.

Impact Deceleration Differences on Natural Grass Versus Synthetic Turf High School Football Fields

American football has the highest rate of concussions in United States high school sports. Within American football, impact against the playing surface is the second-most common mechanism of injury. The objective of this study was to determine if there is a difference in impact deceleration between natural grass and synthetic turf high school football fields. A Century Body Opponent Bag (BOB) manikin was equipped with a Riddell football helmet and 3 accelerometers were placed on the forehead, apex of the head, and right ear. The manikin was dropped from a stationary position onto its front, back, and left side onto natural grass (n = 10) and synthetic turf (n = 9) outdoor football fields owned and maintained by public and private institutions on O‘ahu, Hawai‘i. Data was collected on 1,710 total drops. All accelerometers in forward and backward falls, and 1 accelerometer in side falls showed significantly greater impact deceleration on synthetic turf compared to the natural grass surfaces (P < .05). The results of this study provide evidence-based rationale to inform youth sports policies, particularly those aimed at injury prevention through safer playing environments and equipment.

ВЛИЯНИЕ КУЛЬТУР ТРАВОПОЛЬНОГО СЕВООБОРОТА НА ПЛОДОРОДИЕ ПОЧВЫ

The development of effective, highly productive crop rotations in modern agricultural production is an urgent task. The purpose of the research is to study the influence of grass–field crop rotation crops on agrophysical, biological indicators of soil fertility and crop yields. The research was carried out at the experimental site of the Department of Adaptive Landscape Agriculture of the National Research Institute of Agriculture of the VNC RAS in 2021-2022. The soil of the experimental site is represented by leached chernozems on pebbles. The experiments, phenological observations, and statistical processing of the obtained data were carried out according to generally accepted methods. Under various crops, the lumpy structure (at the beginning of the growing season) accounted for from 13.46 to 49.56%, the macrostructure – from 48.53 to 81.88%, aggregates less than 0.25 mm – from 1.88 to 8.01%. By the end of the growing season, the proportion of the dusty fraction under winter wheat decreased from 8.01% to 1.09%. The structural coefficient varied between 2.48 (corn) and 2.79 (oats + clover). The highest indicators of total porosity at the beginning of the growing season were noted under crops: oats + clover (57.5%), clover (57.6%) and potatoes (58.8%), and at the end of the growing season under clover (57.1%) and potatoes (59.6%). The highest yield of feed units was noted for the following variants: oats + clover – 9.83 t/ha, clover – 9.49 t/ha, corn – 9.49 t/ha. More digestible protein was contained in the clover crop, the rest of the crops were at about the same level. The best indicators of energy value were obtained for corn for grain – 101.0 GJ/ha, for perennial grasses of 1 and 2 years of use – 57.3-65.0 GJ/ha, winter wheat – 81.4 GJ/ha and potatoes – 69.9 GJ/ha.

Doğal çim yüzeyli futbol sahalarının hibrit halı tabanlı yöntem ile yenilenmesi: Atatürk Olimpiyat Stadı örneği

Since the playability and performance of hybrid turf pitches reflect natural grass pitch standards, they have been used in Europe for more than 20 years and have been frequently preferred in Turkey recently. Although hybrid turf systems are installed on football fields by various methods, the most popular one is the carpet-based hybrid method. These types of fields can be built from scratch or by renewing natural grass fields. When renovating natural grass fields, it should be considered that the processes and applications have a complex structure and the works should be carried out within a certain system. In this study, the renovation of the playing surface of the Atatürk Olympic Stadium, which is expected to host the UEFA Champions League Final in 2020, from natural grass to carpet-based hybrid grass has been examined. All renovation works were meticulously observed on site and the experiences gained were tried to be conveyed. In this way, it is aimed that the study will serve as a guide for future renovation work. Due to the complex nature of the renovation process, it is important to have the necessary knowledge when carrying out these operations. Since the renovation of these areas is expensive, it is important to ensure the necessary conditions are provided. The correct materials, essential technical equipment, and skilled personnel must be provided for the operations to be carried out, and measures must be taken to prevent any potential problems that may arise during the renovation phase.

HYPERSPECTRAL UAS IMAGERY FOR GRASS SWARDS BIOMASS AND NITROGEN ESTIMATION

Abstract. Monitoring agricultural grass fields is particularly important for meat and milk production in Northern Europe, where three harvests occur during a growing season to maximize yields. Reliable data on forage, including biomass and nitrogen concentration, are essential for making informed decisions regarding seed mixtures, fertilizer rates, and harvest timing. Miniaturized hyperspectral cameras mounted on unmanned aerial systems (UAS) have become increasingly accessible and efficient. These cameras, operating in the visible to near-infrared (VNIR) range, have shown potential in estimating grass sward quantity and feeding quality. Additional advancements in hyperspectral technology have emerged the short-wave infrared (SWIR) range for UAS applications, previously utilized mainly in laboratory and aircraft-based systems. This study aims to explore the potential of VNIR and SWIR hyperspectral UAS-based remote sensing in biomass and nitrogen estimation during primary and re-growth stages. Grass fresh yield and nitrogen concentration prediction models were built after selecting the most significant features from the cameras to cope with the high dimensionality of the data. Using best features and machine learning, both fresh yield and nitrogen concentration were estimated with normalized root mean square error better than 10%. This work contributes to the development of accurate remote sensing techniques, supporting sustainable agricultural practices and climate change studies.