Grapholita Molesta Busck Research Articles

Automatic Pest Monitoring Systems in Apple Production under Changing Climatic Conditions

Apple is one of the most important economic fruit crops in the world. Despite all the strategies of integrated pest management (IPM), insecticides are still frequently used in its cultivation. In addition, pest phenology is extremely influenced by changing climatic conditions. The frequent spread of invasive species, unexpected pest outbreaks, and the development of additional generations are some of the problems posed by climate change. The adopted strategies of IPM therefore need to be changed as do the current monitoring techniques, which are increasingly unreliable and outdated. The need for more sophisticated, accurate, and efficient monitoring techniques is leading to increasing development of automated pest monitoring systems. In this paper, we summarize the automatic methods (image analysis systems, smart traps, sensors, decision support systems, etc.) used to monitor the major pest in apple production (Cydia pomonella L.) and other important apple pests (Leucoptera maifoliella Costa, Grapholita molesta Busck, Halyomorpha halys Stål, and fruit flies—Tephritidae and Drosophilidae) to improve sustainable pest management under frequently changing climatic conditions.

Puncturing apple fruits increases survival of Grapholita molesta (Lepidoptera: Tortricidae) in laboratory rearing.

Grapholita molesta (Busck) is a major pest in orchards of apple, peach, and plum. For better rearing in the laboratory, we compared the life history characteristics of G. molesta by providing larvae with either punctured or unpunctured apple fruits. The development time of immatures and the fecundity of adult females were similar between punctured and unpunctured apples. However, the overall survival rate of G. molesta (larvae to adult emergence) was 1.7 times higher on punctured apples than unpunctured ones, resulting in a higher intrinsic rate of population increase. Therefore, punctured apples would be a better food source for rearing of G. molesta.

Farklı Meyve Türlerinde ve Lokasyonlarda Grapholita molesta (Busck 1916) (Lepidoptera: Tortricidae) ‘nın Ergin Popülasyon Gelişmesi

Oriental fruit moth, Grapholita molesta Busck (Lepidoptera: Tortricidae) is an important fruit pest with a wide range of host in many fruit producing countries. This study was conducted with the purpose of determining the adult population development of G. molesta on different fruit species in different locations in Çanakkale province of Turkey. With this purpose pheromone traps were placed in peach, cherry and apricot orchards in Central, Biga, Lapseki and Bayramiç districts of Çanakkale province. The traps were checked weekly and the number of adult G. molesta in traps were recorded. At the end of the study, the pest is confirmed to exist in all fruit producing areas of Çanakkale province. First adult emergence was at early May with the adult population continuing until October. The pest has 2-3 generations throughout production season, which may change with relation to fruit species and location. According to the statistical analysis of the data, both location and fruit species have significant effects on adult population development of the pest with the highest population occuring in peach as the fruit species and Lapseki disrict as the location. It is thought that, the differences in adult population density and development between orchards with the same fruit species is caused by different fruit cultivars used in orchards, different treatments by farmers and climate differences.

MATING DISRUPTION OF GRAPHOLITA MOLESTA BUSCK. TO IMPROVE QUALITY AND HEALTHY OF PEACH FRUITS

In Bulgarian fruit growing agriculture mainly chemical plant protection is applied. Applications with organophosphates and pyrethroids are carried out to control the economically most important peach pest - the oriental fruit moth (Grapholita molesta Busck.). Annually during the vegetation season 7-8 insecticide treatments are applied. This leads to contamination of fruit products and the environment, which is a prerequisite for seeking other approaches. Regarding to fruit moth, sex pheromones are one of the most widely used environmental control methods, but they are most commonly used in apples. Their introduction in the monitoring of the main peach pest can lead to a reduction of chemical treatments and production with less pesticide residues. A promising direction is the use of pheromones to control the pests through sexual disorientation of males. The trial of mating disruption in the present study were carried out with ISOMATE® OFM TT dispensers in 0.9 ha peach orchard in 2020 and 2021. Pheromone traps type "Delta" of the Hungarian company CSALOMON® were used. The ISOMATE OFM TT dispensers, installed before the first flight of OFM at the rate of 250 units per ha, efficiently reduced fruit damages - down to 0.1-0.2% at harvest. In the reference orchard with 6 insecticide treatment against OFM, the damages reached 3.0-3.6%. The results indicate that mating disruption for control of Grapholita molesta Busck. can be used in production of quality and healthy peach fruits.

English

In this study, the impact of insecticides on the chlorophyll and carotenoid contents in peach leaves was assessed. Applied insecticides are registered in Republic of Serbia and some EU countries for the control of the oriental fruit moth (Grapholita molesta Busck) in peach orchards. The experiments were set up in peach orchards (variety “Royal gem”) at the localities of Čelarevo and Šišatovac (northern region of the Republic of Serbia). The applied spray liquids from different chemical groups based on cyantraniliprole (a.i. 100 g/l), chlorantraniliprole (a.i. 200 g/l), spinetoram (a.i. 250 g/l), indoxacarb (a.i. 150 g/l), acetamiprid (a.i. 200 g/kg), deltamethrin (a.i. 25 g/l), pyriproxyfen (a.i. 100 g/l) and chlorpyrifos (a.i. 250 g/l), were foliar applied at a concentrations of 0.06, 0.02, 0.02, 0.05, 0.025, 0.05, 0.1 and 0.25%, respectively. Leaves were sampled 3 and 7 days after treatment and analysed for the contents of photosynthetic pigments. Results showed the most adverse impact on the total chlorophyll; their content decreased after application of chlorantraniliprole (32.6-52.7%), indoxacarb (31.1-47.5%), chlorpyrifos (32.4-36.9%), pyriproxyfen (19.5-37.7%) and cyantraniliprole (22.8-33.4%). However, the carotenoid content was increased (16.3 to 117.1%) in the analyzed samples three and seven days after the treatment at both localities, except spinetoram which reduced carotenoids content by 2%. In general, the tested pigments in peach leaves showed a different biochemical reaction depending on the applied insecticides.

Comparison of Sex Pheromone and Kairomone-Enhanced Pheromone Lures for Monitoring Oriental Fruit Moth (Lepidoptera: Tortricidae) in Mating Disruption and Non-Disruption Tree Fruit Orchards.

Oriental fruit moth, Grapholita molesta (Busck), populations were monitored using standard sex pheromone lures (OFM L2) and kairomone-enhanced lures to aid the interpretation of trap captures with enhanced relative to conventional lures. Initially, comparison of 10 different lures showed that a10X load of OFM pheromone, codlemone, terpinyl acetate, and acetic acid were key components of the most attractive lures (TRE11034 and 1123). Subsequent trapping studies in mating disruption and non-disrupted orchards in the United States and Spain compared trap captures with TRE1123 and OFM L2 lures. Compared to the OFM L2 lure, the TRE1123 lure captured more moths in mating disruption and non-disrupted orchards, caught female moths, improved the precision of mean population estimates, and led to greater resolution of generational flights. Suppression of trap captures in mating disruption versus non-disrupted orchards was similar with both lures. There were significant linear correlations between weekly trap captures with the two lures in the majority of mating disruption and non-disrupted orchards across locations and years. Furthermore, regression of the slopes of trap capture regressions (i.e., attractiveness of enhanced lures relative to sex pheromone lures alone) versus moth density (as measured by mean cumulative moth capture with TRE1123 and OFM L2 lures) exhibited a significant positive relationship in non-disrupted orchards, indicating enhanced lures were relatively more attractive under high population densities. This relationship was not significant in mating disruption orchards, likely due to the density independent, non-competitive mechanism of mating disruption for oriental fruit moth when using high-dose reservoir dispensers.

Dynamics of heat shock protein responses to thermal stress changes after metamorphosis in a lepidopteran insect.

In the last decade, unexpected high temperatures have been frequent in spring and early summer. Numerous studies have shown that such thermal stress has substantial effects on life-history traits that influence fitness of insects, but few have examined expression dynamics of heat shock proteins (Hsps) across developmental stages, especially as regards potential carry-over effects at the transcriptional level across metamorphosis. We exposed pupae of the oriental fruit moth ("OFM,"Grapholita molesta Busck) to mild heat stress (38°C, 6 h) and then quantified expression patterns of six Hsps (Hsp90, 70, 60, 40, 21, and 11) from pupal through adult stages. Almost all Hsps showed a higher expression immediately after pupae were heat-stressed, but later dropped to normal levels after metamorphosis. Although upregulation of Hsps is transient and the effects carry over longer to early adult stage, upregulation will nonetheless have positive effects on adult fitness. The fitness of some insects may benefit from higher expression of chaperon genes after mild stress, in the form of higher fecundity and longer lifespan, as a carry-over effect. These results suggest that mild thermal stress can change genetic expression that later boosts adult fitness through a cascade effect.

Developmental stages of peach, plum, and apple fruit influence development and fecundity of Grapholita molesta (Lepidoptera: Tortricidae)

Host plant attributes are essential factors determining the population dynamics of herbivorous insects. The developmental stage of host plants, in particular, may affect the biology of Grapholita molesta (Busck), a possibility that has rarely been examined. Here we assessed the effect of developmental stage of plum, peach, and apple fruits on the development and fecundity performance of G. molesta, along with an examination of the firmness and sugar content of the fruits. Among the fruits collected earliest (May 31), plum and apple were better food sources for G. molesta compared to peach in terms of development, reproduction, and life table parameters. However, despite the higher sugar content in peach, G. molesta larvae showed a lower rate of fruit penetration in peach, probably due to fruit firmness. In the later-collected fruit (June 25), both peach and apple were better than plum, as peach and apple were softer and had higher sugar content. Nevertheless, the penetration rate of larva was still low in peach probably due to pubescence on the fruit surface. Although the plum fruits in the later collection date were softer with higher sugar content, there was a negative impact on the development and reproduction because fruits started to liquefy earlier. In conclusion, the developmental stage of fruits with changes in fruit firmness or sugar content affected the development and reproduction of G. molesta, and apple would be the best food source.

Improved Monitoring of Grapholita molesta (Lepidoptera: Tortricidae) in Stone Fruit Orchards with a Pheromone-Kairomone Combination Lure.

Monitoring oriental fruit moth Grapholita molesta Busck (Lepidoptera: Tortricidae), populations based on counts in sex pheromone-baited traps within sex pheromone-treated orchards for mating disruption (MD) is challenging since male orientation to traps is disrupted. In this study, we evaluated a new commercial pheromone–kairomone combination lure for G. molesta (Pherocon® OFM Combo™ Dual™), which combines the G. molesta and Cydia pomonella L. sex pheromones with a blend of acetic acid and terpinyl acetate. Trap comparisons were performed in 33 trials in peach and nectarine orchards under MD (24) or non-MD (9) during the 2018–2019 period in Italy. Male and total moth captures in traps baited with the combination lure were significantly greater than in traps with G. molesta pheromone in both years and across both pheromone treatments. The proportion of females in the total moth captures using the combination lure averaged ca. 7% across all trials. The by-catch of non-targets, i.e., Apis mellifera L., was low in traps baited either with the combination and the sex pheromone lure, while trap color (white) affected the capture of beneficials but not of the target pest. Our study proves that this combination lure can improve the monitoring and management for G. molesta in stone fruits. New studies are needed to define action thresholds to trigger supplemental control methods to MD. Secondly, female-based monitoring lures should be further developed to improve management strategies.

Cadherin fragments of Lepidopteran and Coleopteran species do not enhance toxicity of Cry1Ca and Vip3Aa proteins to Spodoptera exigua (Hübner) (Lepidoptera:Noctuidae)

ABSTRACT Bacillus thuringiensis Berliner 1915 (Bt) is an entomopathogenic bacterium used to control insect pest worldwide. During its life cycle, Bt produces different insecticidal proteins, among which Vegetative Insecticidal Proteins (Vip) and Crystal proteins (Cry) are the most commercially used. Although large number of Bt toxins have been reported, only few of them (such as Cry1Ca and Vip3Aa) showed toxicity to the cosmopolitan pest Spodoptera exigua (Hübner) (Lepidoptera:Noctuidae). Diverse strategies have been developed to enhance the toxicity of Bt toxins and to delay the onset of resistance, including the addition of synergistic agents. Several synergistic compounds are based on Cry receptors. Especially cadherin receptor is one of the most widely studied and characterised across-taxa. In this regard, the insect cadherin fragments can enhance the toxicity of Cry insecticidal toxins, although less is known about the interaction between cadherin fragments and Vip toxins. The purpose of this work is to study the synergistic effect on toxicity of two different cadherin fragments (from Tenebrio molitor (Linnaeus) (Coleoptera: Tenebrionidae) and S. exigua) with two Bt toxins (Cry1Ca and Vip3Aa) on the lepidopteran pests S. exigua and Grapholita molesta (Busck) (Lepidoptera:Tortricidae). In our methodology, single dose response assays at different Bt protein:cadherin fragment ratios were performed. Upon potential synergistic results, the selected mixture was accurately analysed by dose–response bioassays to verify toxicity enhancement. However, no robust synergistic effect was observed after testing all the combinations of insect species-toxin-cadherin fragment, confirming that synergistic effects of cadherin fragments may not be generalised for all combinations.

Degradation of sex pheromone and plant volatile components by an antennal glutathione S-transferase in the oriental fruit moth,Grapholita molesta Busck (Lepidoptera: Tortricidae).

Insect antennae have a primary function of perceiving and discerning odorant molecules including sex pheromones and host plant volatiles. The assumption that genes highly expressed in the antennae may have an olfactory-related role associated with signal transduction. Here, one delta subfamily glutathione S-transferase (GST) gene (GmolGSTD1) was obtained from an antennal transcriptome of Grapholita molesta. Quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction results revealed that GmolGSTD1 was mainly expressed in antennae and the expression levels were significantly higher in female antennae than in male antennae. The recombinant GmolGSTD1 (rGmolGSTD1) showed glutathione-conjugating activity toward 1-chloro-2,4-dinitrobenzene (CDNB) as substrates. The pH range for optimal rGmolGSTD1 enzyme activity was 6.0-6.5, and rGmolGSTD1 enzyme activity had maximal peaks at 35-40°C. Spectrophotometric analysis indicated that insecticides had weak inhibitory effects on the activity of rGmolGSTD1 with the inhibitory rates of 28.82% for chlorpyrifos, 22.27% for lambda-cyhalothrin, 18.07% for bifenthrin, 20.42% for acetamiprid, 17.57% for thiamethoxam, 25.67% for metaflumizone, 27.43% for abamectin, and 7.24% for chlorbenzuron. rGmolGSTD1 exhibited high degradation activity to the sex pheromone component (Z)-8-dodecenyl alcohol and the host plant volatile butyl hexanoate with the degradation efficiency of 75.01% and 48.54%, respectively. We speculate that GmolGSTD1 works in inactivating odorant molecules and maintaining sensitivity to olfactory communication of G. molesta.

Ultrastructure of antennal sensilla of three fruit borers (Lepidoptera: Crambidae or Tortricidae).

Three fruit borers Conogethes punctiferalis (Guenée) (Crambidae), Grapholita molesta Busck (Tortricidae), and Spilonota albicana Motschulsky (Tortricidae) are serious pests of fruit trees. In this study, their antennal morphology, types of sensilla, and distributions were observed by using SEM (Scanning Electron Microscope). Nine types of sensilla were found on the antennae of C. punctiferalis, while eight types of sensilla were presented on each of G. molesta and S. albicana. The sensilla trichodea with two subtypes were the most abundant sensilla among three fruit borers. Two subtypes of sensillum coeloconica (type I with spines and type II without spines) were observed on the antennae of C. punctiferalis and G. molesta. However, sensilla coeloconica (type I) were only found in S. albicana. Although the sensilla campaniformia were only found on the antennae of C. punctiferalis, our observations confirm sensilla campaniformia presence in the moths. In addition, the functions of these sensilla were discussed based on previously reported lepidopteran insects. As a result, our study may provide useful information for advanced electrophysiological and behavioral experiments to better understand the mechanisms related to pests control.

Host range extension of Cydia pomonella granulovirus: adaptation to Oriental Fruit Moth, Grapholita molesta

Among various Cydia pomonella granulovirus (CpGV) isolates, the Mexican isolate (CpGV-M) has demonstrated a significant ability to reduce damage induced by the oriental fruit moth, Grapholita molesta (Busck) (=Cydia molesta) in peach crops. To obtain a more efficient virus for G. molesta control, an experimental virus population was constructed by mixing various CpGV isolates. This mixture was then selected for replication in a G. molesta laboratory colony. After 12 successive passages on this alternative host, the insecticidal efficacy of the virus population had improved. The concentration of virus occlusion bodies required to kill 90 % of neonate larvae was 450-fold lower than that of the original isolate mixture, and 120-fold lower than that of the CpGV-M isolate alone. Following adaptation to this alternative host, the efficacy against its natural host, the codling moth, C. pomonella, was conserved. This mixed isolate population can be produced on C. pomonella without loss of efficacy, which is useful from a commercial production perspective. This adapted virus isolate mixture is likely to prove more effective than individual component isolates at controlling G. molesta.

Simultaneous identification of Grapholita molesta Busck and Grapholita dimorpha Komai by PCR‐RFLP

AbstractAlthough several molecular diagnostic techniques are available for the identification of the apple‐feeding pests Grapholita molesta Busck and Grapholita dimorpha Komai, these pests are severely affecting apple orchards in Korea. These two pests may be misidentified or the available molecular diagnostic techniques may not facilitate the simultaneous identification of the morphological features of both species. In this study, we developed a multiplex assay for these two species using the polymerase chain reaction – restriction fragment length polymorphism (PCR‐RFLP) method. Sixty‐two specimens were collected from apples presumed infested with moth larvae and from pheromone traps from 2013 to 2014. Both species were identified morphologically, and a partial region of the cytochrome b gene was sequenced to design primers for PCR‐RFLP. Digestion profiles of G. molesta and G. dimorpha, using the Sau3A1 restriction enzyme, were characterized using three DNA fragments each for G. molesta (363 bp, 91 bp and 31 bp) and G. dimorpha (220 bp, 234 bp and 31 bp). The RFLP assay developed for both species in this study was more efficient and accurate than other currently used diagnostic assays and would be helpful to identify field‐collected specimens for pest control research.

Potential application of digital image-processing method and fitted logistic model to the control of oriental fruit moths (Grapholita molesta Busck).

Monitoring of oriental fruit moths (Grapholita molesta Busck) is a prerequisite for its control. This study introduced a digital image-processing method and logistic model for the control of oriental fruit moths. First, five triangular sex pheromone traps were installed separately within each area of 667 m2 in a peach orchard to monitor oriental fruit moths consecutively for 3 years. Next, full view images of oriental fruit moths were collected via a digital camera and then subjected to graying, separation and morphological analysis for automatic counting using MATLAB software. Afterwards, the results of automatic counting were used for fitting a logistic model to forecast the control threshold and key control period. There was a high consistency between automatic counting and manual counting (0.99, P < 0.05). According to the logistic model, oriental fruit moths had four occurrence peaks during a year, with a time-lag of 15-18 days between adult occurrence peak and the larval damage peak. Additionally, the key control period was from 28 June to 3 July each year, when the wormy fruit rate reached up to 5% and the trapping volume was approximately 10.2 per day per trap. Additionally, the key control period for the overwintering generation was 25 April. This study provides an automatic counting method and fitted logistic model with a great potential for application to the control of oriental fruit moths.

Overwintering Sites and Winter Mortality of Tetranychus urticae in an Apple Orchard in Korea

The two-spotted spider mite Tetranychus urticae Koch, overwinters in apple culture areas of apple orchards. The mite overwinters in various places on the apple trees, usually in groups of 5-15 females. Overwintering females were mostly found in bark crevices with the hibernation cocoons of the oriental fruit moth, Grapholita molesta Busck. They were also found in small crevices of the bark, and in pedicels left after fruit harvesting. Furthermore, overwintering females were found on rough bark at the bases of buds and spurs, on small limbs and twigs, and in limb crevices and forks. Empty scales of dead diaspidids and coccids, as well as cocoons of lacewings and mummies of parasitized aphids sporadically found on trees, were found to be less common overwintering sites for females of the two-spotted spider mite. In two successive years, the mortality of overwintering females was very high, reaching approximately 72 and 80%. This could be due to the low temperature of winter season in Korea and the low cold tolerance of the mite.

Attraction of Encyrtid wasps (Hymenoptera, Chalcidoidea: Encyrtidae) to a peach orchard agrocenosis in the Republic of Moldova

A total of 26 species from 19 genera of Encyrtidae were recorded in peach orchards in the environs of Chisinau, Moldova. The species affecting the numbers of such peach pests as the Oriental fruit moth Grapholita molesta Busck, the peach twig borer Anarsia lineatella Z., the San Jose scale Diaspidiotus perniciosus Comst., and the gooseberry scale Eulecanium coryli L., are listed. The encyrtid parasites of the potential peach pests in Moldova, and also the hyperparasites and parasites of beneficial predatory insects, are considered. Proteincarbohydrate mixture (PCM) and methyl salicylate (MeSA) were most effective for attraction of encyrtid wasps in April and the first half of May, providing 7.0- and 3.2-fold increase in the parasite numbers as compared with the control. In the second decade of May and in June, the increase was 3.6 times on PCM, 1.8 times on MeSA, and 2.6 times on nectariferous plants. From the end of June the efficiency of PCM and MeSA only slightly exceeded the control level while nectariferous plants were most effective, yielding a more than twofold increase in the numbers of encyrtids.

Distinction of Grapholita molesta Busck and Grapholita dimorpha Komai larvae based on morphological feature of anal prolegs

Larvae of Grapholita molesta Busck and Grapholita dimorpha Komai, which are major moth pests that affect apples in Korea, are very difficult to identify because of their morphological similarities. In this study, we investigated how to distinguish the larvae of these two species by using specific morphological features. Between 2013 and 2014, a total of 84 specimens were collected from apples suspected of infestation in Gunwi-gun and Cheongsong-gun, Gyeongsangbuk-do, Korea, and they were observed using a stereo microscope, optical microscope, and scanning electron microscope. We found that the number of anal pro- leg crochets of the two species was different. PCR-RFLP results for the two species showed that G. molesta and G. dimorpha have 18-28 and 12-17 anal proleg crochets, respectively. Our findings suggest that the number of anal proleg crochets could be an excellent morphological character that could be used to identify the larvae of the two species without the need for any further experiments.

Gas chromatography column as an ambient‐temperature volatile trap

AbstractOpen‐tube volatile traps have largely been shunned in favor of solid adsorbent containing traps for the collection of volatile pheromones and attractants. Solid adsorbents require large solvent rinses and glass capillaries can be difficult to maneuver for the collection of volatiles from small or hard‐to‐reach odor sources. A gas chromatograph (GC) column (DB‐1), an open‐tube glass capillary, and a SuperQ®‐containing capillary were compared for their collection efficiencies from rubber septa and live calling insects. All three traps captured similar ratios of test compounds from septa at airflows &gt;10 ml per min. Eluting analytes from a packed adsorbent, SuperQ, required at least 30× more solvent than was required to collect all the pheromone from the open‐tube glass capillaries, and the GC column enjoyed an additional three‐fold reduced solvent volume compared to the glass capillary. Thus, analytes could be eluted from the GC‐column trap and directly analyzed on GC without solvent evaporation. We placed glass wool ‘plugs’ in both GC columns and glass capillaries and found no volatiles in these plugs, indicating that breakthrough did not occur during 1‐h collections at 25 ml per min. We demonstrate here that at ambient laboratory temperatures, a DB‐1 GC column effectively collects Oriental fruit moth sex pheromone volatiles from a rubber septum and live pheromone‐releasing moths. Release ratios of pheromone from rubber septa are consistent with earlier reports from static air systems, whereas the release ratio of the (Z)‐8‐dodecenyl alcohol (Z8‐12:OH) from female Grapholita molesta Busck (Lepidoptera: Tortricidae) differed from published results and is likely due to different collection methods or moth‐strain origin.

Postharvest grazing of hogs in organic fruit orchards for weed, fruit, and insect pest management

In many perennial fruit systems, unharvested fruit left on the orchard floor can exacerbate insect pest problems by harboring insect pest larvae. Apple, cherry, and pear growers in the northeastern USA must control a number of challenging insect pests, including plum curculio Conotrachelus nenuphar (Herbst), codling moth (Cydia pomonella (L.)), and oriental fruit moth Grapholita molesta (Busck). Integrating livestock into tree fruit systems for the purpose of consuming leftover fruit may provide insect and weed pest management services. We rotationally grazed pigs after harvest in certified organic apple, cherry, and pear orchards to determine the amount of fruit the hogs would consume from the orchard floor, the impact hogs would have on orchard ground cover, and what pest insects the hogs could potentially suppress by consuming leftover fruit. The pigs consumed 100 % of leftover fruit in all three orchard types. Pigs significantly increased the amount of bare ground and decreased the amount of grass in all three orchard types. Both codling moth and oriental fruit moth larvae were found to be present in leftover apples and pears collected from the ground, whereas no pest insects were found in leftover cherries. Plum curculio fruit damage was significantly lower in grazed cherry plots, and codling moth/oriental fruit moth fruit damage was significantly lower in grazed pear plots following the first year of the study. Fruit damage data could not be collected following the second year of the study due to total crop loss.