Graphite Furnace Atomic Spectrometry Technique Research Articles

Effects of age, gender, BMI, settlement and smoking on lead and cadmium accumulation in heart tissue

Cadmium (Cd) and lead (Pb) are well-known risk factors for peripheral arterial and some other cardiovascular diseases. The aim of the study was to determine the level of both toxic metals, in the human heart tissue and compare the accumulation to their age, gender, body mass index, living environment and smoking habit. Heart tissues of the 112 autopsy cases, representing a sample set of population living in capital city of Turkey: Ankara Province (both in city center and suburban), were collected from Turkey Ministry of Justice, Council of Forensic Medicine in Ankara Branch. Lead and cadmium analysis was carried out by Graphite Furnace Atomic Spectrometry technique. Cd/Pb results and individuals’ information were assessed by SPSS statistically. Average value of Pb was found as 1374.99±237.01ppb and Cd was found as 287.54±66.43ppb in all heart tissue samples. Consideration of metal levels in autopsy heart tissues by age, statistically significant positive correlation in Cd was observed (p

Determination of Er3+ Ion at Nano Level Based on Newly Synthesized Schiff Base As a Neutral Carrier By Coated Graphite Electrode

The rare earth elements (REEs) are mainly of two series Lanthanides and Actinides. Despite of their name REEs are not so rare in environment, they widely distributed in throughout the earth’s crust in low concentration. The REEs have significant industrial application as competitive to transition elements and wide application have been found in bioinorganic, inorganic chemistry. Erbium is mainly used as laser beams to resurfacing skin, transdermal drug delivery, transdermal peptide delivery, skin vaccination and enhances the RNA delivery. It is estimated that the erbium concentration of the earth’s crust reaches 24 ppm. The commercial sources of erbium are monazite and bastnasite. Even though the conclusion of the investigators, the rare earth elements are considered as low acute toxicity rating, these causes several problems to living species. Due to their enhanced discharge, toxic properties and other adverse effects, determination of erbium is essential in a variety of environmental samples.A number of instrumental techniques such as second order derivative spectrophotometry, third-derivative spectrophotometry, X-ray fluorescence, graphite furnace atomic spectrometry techniques, inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry, rutherford backscattering spectrometry and spectrophotometric determination are available for its estimation. These methods provide accurate determination of erbium content but involve large infrastructure backup and support of expertise. We found ion-selective electrode to overcome these problems. Ion-selective electrodes are electrochemical ideal sensors in many respects for use in the analysis of industrial and environmental samples.Plasticized membranes using N-(-3-((thiazol-2-ylimino)methyl)benzylidene)thiazol-2-amine (S1) and 5-((-3-((5-mercapto-1,3,4-thiadiazol-2-ylimino)methyl)-benzylidene)amino)-1,3,4-thiadiazole-2-thiol (S2) have been prepared and explored as Er3+ selective electrodes. Effect of various plasticizers viz. dibutylphthalate (DBP), tri-n-butylphosphate (TBP), dioctylphthalate (DOP), acetophenone (AP), 1-chloronapthalene (1-CN), o-nitrophenyloctylether (o-NPOE), and anion excluders viz. sodium tetraphenylborate (NaTPB) and potassium tetrakis-p-(chlorophenyl)borate (KTpClPB) was studied in detail and improved performance was observed. Optimum performance was observed for the membrane electrode having a composition of S2: PVC: o-NPOE: KTpClPB in the ratio of 4: 38: 55: 3 (w/w, mg). The performance of the polymeric membrane electrode (PME) based on S2 was compared with coated graphite electrode (CGE). The electrodes exhibit Nernstian slope for Er (III) ions with limit of detection of 5.4 × 10-8 mol L−1 for PME and 6.1 × 10-9 mol L−1 for CGE. The response time for PME and CGE was found to be 12 s and 9 s respectively. The potentiometric responses are independent of the pH of the test solution in the pH range 4.0-9.0 for PME and 3.0-9.5 for CGE. The CGE could be used for a period of 7 weeks. The practical utility of the CGE has been demonstrated by its usage as an indicator electrode in potentiometric titration of EDTA with Er (III) solution and determination of F- ion in mouthwash solution. The proposed electrode was also successfully applied to the determination of Er3+in water, binary mixtures. Table 1. Response characteristics of Er3+ ion selective electrodes based on PME and CGE. PropertiesElectrode ResponsePMECGEWorking concentration range (mol L-1)7.9 × 10-8 - 1.0 × 10-1 9.4 × 10-9 - 1.0 × 10-1 Detection limit (mol L-1)5.4 × 10-8 6.1 × 10-9 Slope (mV decade-1 of activity)19.8 ± 0.419.6 ± 0.3Response time (s)129pH range4.0-9.03.0-9.5Fig. 1. Structure of ligands N-(-3-((thiazol-2-ylimino)methyl)benzylidene)thiazol-2-amine (S1) and 5-((-3-((5-mercapto-1,3,4-thiadiazol-2-ylimino)methyl)-benzylidene)amino)-1,3,4-thiadiazole-2-thiol (S2)

Determination of erbium and neodymium dopants in bismuth tellurite optical crystals by graphite furnace atomic spectrometry techniques

Application of concentrated HCl as a solvent and triammonium citrate (TAC) as a chemical modifier is advantageous for the determination of Er and Nd dopants in bismuth tellurite (Bi2TeO5) single crystals by graphite furnace atomic absorption spectrometry (GFAAS). The use of mini-flow of the internal gas, instead of gas stop, results in better precision at a price of a relatively small decrease in sensitivity. By evaluating integrated absorbance (Aint) signals for the GFAAS measurements (in the presence of matrix and TAC additive), characteristic mass values of 42 and 320 pg, and a limit of detection (LOD) of 4.9 and 131 μg l−1 are found for Er and Nd, respectively. These LOD data correspond to 0.78 μg g−1 Er and 21 μg g−1 Nd in the solid samples. The calibration curves are linear up to 0.33 and 2.9 mg l−1 concentrations in the solutions of Er and Nd, respectively. The ratio of the Aint signals of Er and Nd under gas stop and mini-flow were found near constant (1.34) with and without the matrix plus TAC. According to the vaporisation studies by graphite furnace electrothermal vaporisation inductively coupled plasma atomic emission spectrometry (GF-ETV-ICP-AES), the vaporisation of Bi and Te components of the solid Bi2TeO5 can be completed at 1200°C in a relatively short time, ensuring a preconcentration for the Er and Nd dopants, which do not vaporise below 2200°C in an argon atmosphere. On the other hand, fast vaporisation can be performed for the analytes at 2200°C with the use of CCl4 vapour (∼0.5 v/v%) in the internal furnace gas (Ar). It was estimated for the Er analyte that by applying 10 mg of solid sample in the GF-ETV device (dispensed into a graphite sample boat) and using a two-step heating procedure (prevaporisation of the matrix in argon and vaporisation of the analyte in a chlorinating atmosphere), the lower limit of the quantitative determination with the ICP-AES method would be approximately one order of magnitude better than attainable with the GFAAS method based on dissolution.