Graphics Hardware Research Articles

Mesoscale explorer: Visual exploration of large-scale molecular models.

The advent of cryo-electron microscopy (cryo-EM) and cryo-electron tomography (cryo-ET), coupled with computational modeling, has enabled the creation of integrative 3D models of viruses, bacteria, and cellular organelles. These models, composed of thousands of macromolecules and billions of atoms, have historically posed significant challenges for manipulation and visualization without specialized molecular graphics tools and hardware. With the recent advancements in GPU rendering power and web browser capabilities, it is now feasible to render interactively large molecular scenes directly on the web. In this work, we introduce Mesoscale Explorer, a web application built using the Mol* framework, dedicated to the visualization of large-scale molecular models ranging from viruses to cell organelles. Mesoscale Explorer provides unprecedented access and insight into the molecular fabric of life, enhancing perception, streamlining exploration, and simplifying visualization of diverse data types, showcasing the intricate details of these models with unparalleled clarity.

Mesoscale Explorer - Visual Exploration of Large-Scale Molecular Models.

The advent of cryo-electron microscopy (cryo-EM) and cryo-electron tomography (cryo-ET), coupled with computational modeling, has enabled the creation of integrative 3D models of viruses, bacteria, and cellular organelles. These models, composed of thousands of macromolecules and billions of atoms, have historically posed significant challenges for manipulation and visualization without specialized molecular graphics tools and hardware. With the recent advancements in GPU rendering power and web browser capabilities, it is now feasible to render interactively large molecular scenes directly on the web. In this work, we introduce Mesoscale Explorer, a web application built using the Mol* framework, dedicated to the visualization of large-scale molecular models ranging from viruses to cell organelles. Mesoscale Explorer provides unprecedented access and insight into the molecular fabric of life, enhancing perception, streamlining exploration, and simplifying visualization of diverse data types, showcasing the intricate details of these models with unparalleled clarity.

GPU accelerated Staggered Update Procedure (SUP)

The advancement in programmable capability of graphics hardware has paved new opportunities in the domain of high performance computing (HPC). The computational fluid dynamics (CFD) community, being a significant user of HPC, has started exploiting the inherent data parallelism in the numerical solvers to be able to make efficient use of these many-core, high throughput accelerator based processors. In the present work, we examine the process of accelerating our CPU based Staggered Update Procedure (SUP) solver, i.e., a higher order accurate cell-centred finite volume solver by off-loading the computationally most expensive region of the code pertaining to the explicit residual computation. We have adopted OpenACC, a directive based programming model to expose parallelism in the code. The framework evolved for GPU porting in the context of SUP is also of value to those intending to port their CFD solvers based on classical finite volume methodology. The performance analysis is conducted using scalar convection–diffusion equations in both two- and three-dimensions. The findings demonstrate a speedup factor of 9 (in case of 2D) and 28 (in case of 3D) when considering the explicit residual alone, achieved with a single NVIDIA Tesla V100 GPU card. In addition, we could establish superior algorithmic scalability by the way of recovering near perfect serial performance, on the heterogeneous CPU+GPU architecture. Further, overall code acceleration can be achieved by porting other parts of the solver on GPU.

Integrating Artificial Intelligence Into the Visualization and Modeling of Three-Dimensional Anatomy in Pediatric Surgical Patients

BackgroundPediatric surgeons often treat patients with complex anatomical considerations due to congenital anomalies or distortion of normal structures by solid organ tumors. There are multiple applications for three-dimensional visualization of these structures based on cross-sectional imaging. Recently, advances in artificial intelligence (AI) applications and graphics hardware have made rapid 3D modelling of individual structures within the body accessible to surgeons without sophisticated and expensive hardware. In this report, we provide an overview of these applications and their uses in preoperative planning for pediatric surgeons. MethodsDeidentified DICOM files containing cross-sectional imaging of preoperative pediatric surgery patients were loaded from an institutional PACS database onto a secure PC with dedicated graphics and AI hardware (NVIDIA Geforce RTX 4070 laptop GPU). Visualization was obtained using an open-source imaging platform (3D Slicer). AI extensions to the platform were utilized to delineate the anatomy of interest. ResultsSegmentations of skeletal and visceral structures within a scan were obtained using the TotalSegmentator extension with an average processing time under 5 min. Additional AI modules were utilized for providing detailed mapping of the airways (AirwaySegmentation), lungs (Chest Imaging Platform), liver (SlicerLiver), or vasculature (SlicerVMTK). Other extensions were used for delineation of tumors within the hepatic parenchyma (MONAI Auto3DSeg) and hepatic vessels (RVesselX). ConclusionAI algorithms for image interpretation and processors dedicated to AI functions have significantly decreased the technical and financial requirements for obtaining detailed three-dimensional images of patient anatomy. Models obtained using AI algorithms have potential applications in preoperative planning, surgical simulation, patient education, and training. Level of EvidenceV, Case Series, Description of Technique.

Feature-based deformation for flow visualization

We present an approach that supports the analysis of flow dynamics in the neighborhood of curved line-type features, such as vortex core lines, attachment lines, and trajectories. We achieve this with continuous deformation to the flow field to straighten such features. This provides “deformed frames of reference”, within which qualitative flow dynamics are better observable with respect to the feature. Our approach operates at interactive rates on graphics hardware, and supports exploration of large and complex datasets by continuously navigating the additional degree of freedom of deformation. We demonstrate the properties and the utility of our approach using synthetic and simulated flow fields, with a focus on the application to vortex core lines.Graphical abstract

A Fast GPU Schedule For À-Trous Wavelet-Based Denoisers

Given limitations of contemporary graphics hardware, real-time ray-traced global illumination is only estimated using a few samples per pixel. This consequently causes stochastic noise in the resulting frame sequences which requires wide filter support during denoising for temporally stable estimates. The edge avoiding à-trous wavelet transform amortizes runtime cost by hierarchical filtering using a constant number of increasingly dilated taps in each iteration. While the number of taps stays constant, the runtime of each iteration increases in these usually memory-throughput bound shaders with increasing dilation, because the increasing non-locality negatively impacts cache hit rates. We present a scheduling approach that optimizes usage of the memory subsystem by permutating global invocation indices in such a way that each wavelet filter iteration is applied through undilated taps. In contrast to prior approaches, our method has identical performance characteristics in each iteration, effectively decreasing maintenance cost and improving performance predictability. Furthermore, we are able to leverage on-chip memory and hardware texture interpolation. Our permutation strategy is trivial to integrate into existing wavelet filters as a permutation before and after each level of the wavelet filter. We achieve speedups between 1.3 and 3.8 for usual wavelet configurations in Monte Carlo denoising and computational photography.

TECHNOLOGY OF THE DEVELOPMENT OF MACHINE-GRAPHICS PROFILE OF A PARTS AND ASSEMBLY UNITS IN TRAINING SKETCHES

The purpose of studying the discipline “Engineering Graphics” is to acquire skills in working with engineering and graphic information: mapping spatial objects to orthogonal planes in the form of a drawing (direct task), reading a drawing (inverse task), ultimately solving spatial and logical problems. The necessity to start performing graphic works with a pencil, paper, using drawing and graphic tools is shown and justified, and only then to involve modern computer technologies for these purposes. Not the ability to work with a pencil; it is not understood that the use of computer graphics hardware and software at the initial stage leads to the loss of graphic competence of the graduate, and ultimately to a decrease in the competitive ability of specialists.

V-Mail: 3D-Enabled Correspondence About Spatial Data on (Almost) All Your Devices.

We present V-Mail, a framework of cross-platform applications, interactive techniques, and communication protocols for improved multi-person correspondence about spatial 3D datasets. Inspired by the daily use of e-mail, V-Mail seeks to enable a similar style of rapid, multi-person communication accessible on any device; however, it aims to do this in the new context of spatial 3D communication, where limited access to 3D graphics hardware typically prevents such communication. The approach integrates visual data storytelling with data exploration, spatial annotations, and animated transitions. V-Mail "data stories" are exported in a standard video file format to establish a common baseline level of access on (almost) any device. The V-Mail framework also includes a series of complementary client applications and plugins that enable different degrees of story co-authoring and data exploration, adjusted automatically to match the capabilities of various devices. A lightweight, phone-based V-Mail app makes it possible to annotate data by adding captions to the video. These spatial annotations are then immediately accessible to team members running high-end 3D graphics visualization systems that also include a V-Mail client, implemented as a plugin. Results and evaluation from applying V-Mail to assist communication within an interdisciplinary science team studying Antarctic ice sheets confirm the utility of the asynchronous, cross-platform collaborative framework while also highlighting some current limitations and opportunities for future work.

Algorithms in Tomography and Related Inverse Problems—A Review

In the ever-evolving landscape of tomographic imaging algorithms, this literature review explores a diverse array of themes shaping the field’s progress. It encompasses foundational principles, special innovative approaches, tomographic implementation algorithms, and applications of tomography in medicine, natural sciences, remote sensing, and seismology. This choice is to show off the diversity of tomographic applications and simultaneously the new trends in tomography in recent years. Accordingly, the evaluation of backprojection methods for breast tomographic reconstruction is highlighted. After that, multi-slice fusion takes center stage, promising real-time insights into dynamic processes and advanced diagnosis. Computational efficiency, especially in methods for accelerating tomographic reconstruction algorithms on commodity PC graphics hardware, is also presented. In geophysics, a deep learning-based approach to ground-penetrating radar (GPR) data inversion propels us into the future of geological and environmental sciences. We venture into Earth sciences with global seismic tomography: the inverse problem and beyond, understanding the Earth’s subsurface through advanced inverse problem solutions and pushing boundaries. Lastly, optical coherence tomography is reviewed in basic applications for revealing tiny biological tissue structures. This review presents the main categories of applications of tomography, providing a deep insight into the methods and algorithms that have been developed so far so that the reader who wants to deal with the subject is fully informed.

Study of defects in PV generators using image analysis techniques with Matlab

It is evidence that the useful life of the photovoltaic generator, as its correct operation, define the production and the profitability of a photovoltaic installation. There are several aspects that cause descents in the level of production of the generator and therefore losses in the installation. Based on it, it has developed numerous of both corrective and preventive maintenance that avoid these circumstances. Along the document there are revised the possible defects that the photovoltaic generator can have and the techniques of detection of the same ones. Inside the techniques of analysis and examination [1] we will center on the very concrete one: the visual inspection and its development by image analysis tools with Matlab. The techniques used are part of the tool “Image processing toolbox” that provides a finished set of algorithms of standard reference and graphic hardware to the prosecution, the analysis and the visualization of images and the development of complementary algorithms. Across the employment and the adaptation of some of the included algorithms it will be claimed to approach a step more specializing in the conventional visual analysis used in the maintenance of the plants of photovoltaic solar energy.

Reexamination of the Schlick Approximation with Graphics Hardware in the Early 2020s

Reexamination of the Schlick Approximation with Graphics Hardware in the Early 2020s

Procedural Fish Modeling.

It is time- and man-power intensive to craft various fish species for underwater animations and games. Even professionals spend hours to days for one. Therefore, we propose Procedural Fish Generation, which presents an innovative and automatic approach to generate 3D fish models with one lateral image. The core lies in parameterizing the ray-finned fish with curves and optimizing them with textures to fit the input using differentiable rendering, greatly reducing the manual modeling work. It presents advantages over multi-image reconstruction in requiring single image, while state-of-the-art methods suffer from such a scenario to achieve informative reconstruction. Also, our method outputs a polygon mesh, widely compatible with modern graphics hardware and software, thus facilitating further editing. Furthermore, we fine tune the prompts for Stable Diffusion while users can type a name to find high-quality lateral images. Extensive ablation studies and comparisons have proved its effectiveness and efficiency for experts and non-experts.

Transformasi Pemantauan Energi: Kontrol Daya Listrik 3 Fasa Dengan Antarmuka Grafis Pengguna (GUI) Secara Langsung

Graphical user interface is a subset of HCI in the form of interaction between humans and machines through a graphical user interface. GUI is used by various fields of engineering, electronics, economics and even medicine. The development of graphic hardware has triggered various fields to visualize various models in order to increase knowledge. This systematic review aims to provide clear information about the influence of the graphical user interface on monitoring voltage, current, and frequency. Testing the ESP32 microcontroller that has been carried out shows that the output voltage at condition 1 averages a value of 3.5 V and when at condition 0, the output voltage is 0.38 V. Designing a 3-phase electricity monitoring system equipped with a power controller using a desktop application in real time, this is made for efficient use of electricity and control in electrical safety systems in an industry

Real‐time Terrain Enhancement with Controlled Procedural Patterns

AbstractAssisting the authoring of virtual terrains is a perennial challenge in the creation of convincing synthetic landscapes. Particularly, there is a need for augmenting artist‐controlled low‐resolution models with consistent relief details. We present a structured noise that procedurally enhances terrains in real time by adding spatially varying erosion patterns. The patterns can be cascaded, i.e. narrow ones are nested into large ones. Our model builds upon the Phasor noise, which we adapt to the specific characteristics of terrains (water flow, slope orientation). Relief details correspond to the underlying terrain characteristics and align with the slope to preserve the coherence of generated landforms. Moreover, our model allows for artist control, providing a palette of control maps, and can be efficiently implemented in graphics hardware, thus allowing for real‐time synthesis and rendering, therefore permitting effective and intuitive authoring.

DRR acceleration using inexpensive GPUs for model-image registration based joint kinematic measurements

Model-image registration methods are commonly used in research to measure three-dimensional joint kinematics from single-plane and bi-plane x-ray images. These methods have the potential to be beneficial if used clinically, but current techniques are too slow or expensive to be clinically practical. One technical element of these methods for measuring natural bone motion is the use of digitally reconstructed radiographs (DRRs). DRRs can be very expensive to compute, or require expensive and fast computer hardware. In this technical development, a numerically efficient Siddon-Jacobs algorithm for computing DRRs was implemented on a consumer-grade graphics card using a programming language for parallel architectures. Compared to traditional voxel projection algorithms with a central-processing-unit-only implementation, the parallel computation implementation on the graphics card provided speedups of 650–1546 times faster rendering, while retaining equivalent performance for joint kinematics measurements. The use of consumer grade graphics hardware may contribute to making model-image registration measurements of joint kinematics practical for clinical use.

Design of New LED Curtain Wall Controller and Its Effect in Architectural Decoration

In recent years, LED with high brightness or ultra-high brightness has appeared. Because of its low production cost, it has been widely used. Compared with other display media, LED has the advantages of rich display content, wide dynamic range, vivid picture, no pollution, long life, etc., so it is used in building curtain wall facade decoration. This research designs LED curtain wall control system, the use of SD600 chip dimming control of LED, the use of absorbing current mode LED drive, further design of single SD600 chip application circuit, multi-SD600 chip application circuit. LED curtain wall display text need to design the corresponding graphic processing hardware, the hardware is composed of ARM microprocessor LPC2210 and its related peripheral circuits. The core chip of the LPC2210 processor chip needs 1.8 V working voltage, and the I/O interface voltage is 3.3 V, so it is necessary to design the corresponding power circuit; The system clock is adjusted through the internal PLL circuit to make the system run faster and design its crystal oscillator circuit; The power monitoring chip CAT1025JI-30 is adopted to build reset circuit, 20-pin interface type JTAG interface circuit; It is considered that the UARTO interface can’t be directly connected with the RS232 interface of PC, the MAX3232 chip is introduced for level conversion, and the serial interface circuit based on LPC2210 is designed. In the experiment, the new technology is used for outdoor lighting LED curtain wall construction, and the development tool uses the ADS1.2 provided by ARM company. The μC/OS-II embedded operating system is introduced to control the graphic processing hardware resources, reading the file from the SD card, and writing the text file and BMP file into the three-dimensional array, the corresponding text and pattern effect are displayed in the LED curtain wall.

Colour-weighted rank transform and improved dynamic programming for fast and accurate stereo matching

ABSTRACT Real-time stereo matching with high accuracy is a dynamic research topic; it is attractive in diverse computer vision applications. This paper presents a stereo-matching algorithm that produces high-quality disparity map while maintaining real-time performance. The proposed stereo-matching method is based on three per-pixel difference measurements with adjustment elements. The absolute differences and the gradient matching are combined with a colour-weighted extension of complete rank transform to reduce the effect of radiometric distortion. The disparity calculation is realized using improved dynamic programming that optimizes along and across all scanlines. It solves the inter-scanline inconsistency problem and increases the matching accuracy. The proposed algorithm is implemented on parallel high-performance graphic hardware using the Compute Unified Device Architecture to reach over 240 million disparity evaluations per second. The processing speed of our algorithm reaches 98 frames per second on 240 × 320-pixel images and 32 disparity levels. Our method ranks fourth in terms of accuracy and runtime for quarter-resolution images in the Middlebury stereo benchmark.

Graphics Accelerators: A Review

The spreadability of large and diverse computer graphics applications, highly powerful and diversified programmable hardware platforms, rapid advances in their programing techniques have all permitted design different hardware accelerators for many applications. Whereas a rapid increase in graphics performance accelerators has made them a compelling platform for computational demands tasks in a wide variety of application domains. Therefore, graphics accelerators have attracted us because of their important applications in our daily life. This paper tries to achieve those goals through a regular review of similar studies within this field of research. The process started by intensely surfing the famous specialized digital libraries and, as a result, 40 related papers were collected and examined upon several important technical subjects: technical motivations that underlie the chosen graphics algorithm, software developments that have led to the interest in this graphics algorithm, hardware platform used, programming tool, and the design intended for 2D or 3D graphics. We believe that the software techniques presented in this paper will be helpful for researchers who plan to develop new graphics accelerators algorithms. Also, it gives the required introductions in developing hardware graphics accelerators and help select materials, techniques, and tools.

Implementation of Beeman's algorithm to calculate execution time on GPU using CUDA

Graphics processing units (GPUs) are microprocessors designed to the operation of display and manipulation of graphics data. . Currently, these graphics processor are found on all graphics hardware and have become very important instruments for parallel computing. GPUs are practical tools for the development of several fields like decoding and encoding, solving differential equations. Their advantages are increase in performance, faster data processing and reduced power consumption. It is simple to program a GPU with CUDA C to run parallel calculations. But it is necessary to have an understanding of the architectural aspects of the GPU and CUDA C. This paper, we will describe and implement Beeman's algorithm on GPU and CPU using CUDA C to solve the differential equation of charged particles in an electromagnetic field. Our goal is to evaluate the performances of the implementation on GPU and CPU processors and to deduce the efficiency of the use of GPUs.

LuisaRender

The advancements in hardware have drawn more attention than ever to high-quality offline rendering with modern stream processors, both in the industry and in research fields. However, the graphics APIs are fragmented and existing shading languages lack high-level constructs such as polymorphism, which adds complexity to developing and maintaining cross-platform high-performance renderers. We present LuisaRender 1 , a high-performance rendering framework for modern stream-architecture hardware. Our main contribution is an expressive C++-embedded DSL for kernel programming with JIT code generation and compilation. We also implement a unified runtime layer with resource wrappers and an optimized Monte Carlo renderer. Experiments on test scenes show that LuisaRender achieves much higher performance than existing research renderers on modern graphics hardware, e.g., 5--11× faster than PBRT-v4 and 4--16× faster than Mitsuba 3.