Graphical Items Research Articles

Tactile Graphics Literacy Expectations for Pre-Kindergarten Through 5th Grade Students

Introduction: The use of tactile graphics promotes the full inclusion of students with visual impairments in primary and secondary school classrooms. However, without real-life experiences and specialized training, students may not have the conceptual knowledge needed to successfully participate in academic instruction and standardized assessments. This research explored the tactile graphics used in the early grades, as well as the experiences and needs of teachers of students with visual impairments. Methods: During spring 2022, an online survey was open to teachers of students with visual impairments in the United States. Results: Sixty-eight teachers of students with visual impairments completed the survey. They identified graphical items that students are introduced to, at different grade level bands, with 35 of 45 items being introduced by the end of third grade. Discussion: Students should be taught how to systematically explore a variety of tactile graphics and learn about the different ways in which information can be presented. Teachers requested additional training and materials to promote student success. Implications for Practitioners: Tactile graphics literacy skills should be taught, beginning at an early age, so that students who read braille can access and engage with core curriculum content.

An exploratory study on eye-gaze patterns of experts and novices of science inference graph items

<abstract><p>Graphs are highly prevalent as a form of quantitative data in various science, technology, engineering and mathematics fields. Thus, graphical literacy is especially important in understanding today's world and being scientifically literate. However, students often face difficulties in graph interpretation and differ substantially in their graphical literacy. While many teachers are aware of students' difficulties in answering graph items, there is limited knowledge about how students go about attempting graph items. In this exploratory study, we investigated the eye-gaze patterns of experts and novices in graph interpretation of five science inference-based multiple-choice items requiring no prior content knowledge to problem-solve. Experts refer to science university faculty members who are currently teaching science content courses to undergraduate students. Novices refer to university undergraduates majoring in one of the science subjects. Participants' eye-gaze movements were recorded using the Dikablis eye-tracker, and their eye-gaze patterns and total glance time (s) were subsequently analyzed using the software D-Lab 3.0. Experts focused more on the question stem, whereas novices focused more on the graph. Additionally, experts tend to focus on contextual and graph data features initially, before moving to cues such as options. Conversely, novices demonstrated more sporadic search patterns. The findings contribute to the literature that compares how experts and novices' problem-solve graph items that are inference-based. An interesting future study on the eye gaze patterns and accuracy of answers is suggested from a finding. This study also provides a set of heuristics to be adopted in the teaching and learning of graph interpretation. The findings of this study have implications for teachers in the way they scaffold students' approach to answering graphical items. Additionally, students can employ heuristics to answer graphical items more effectively.</p></abstract>

Figure legends of scientific research articles: Rhetorical moves and phrase frames

Figure legends, descriptive statements accompanying a figure, are short yet important aspects of research articles, but they have almost escaped scrutiny in the literature. Drawing on a corpus of 1,190 figure legends in four science disciplines, this paper explores the structuring of figure legends in terms of rhetorical moves and the typical phrase frames that assist in realizing the communicative purposes of the moves. We identified two highly frequent moves in the figure legends that function to present titles of legends and define graphic items, two regular moves (i.e., account of statistical and experimental details) and three infrequent moves (i.e., result statement, reference of sources of data, and interpretation of results). We further found interesting variations in the use of phrase frames across moves, with the largest number in the move of defining graphic items. Additionally, each move was realized by varying structural and functional phrase frames, but overall, function-word and research-oriented types were the most common. This study adds to our understanding of figure legends and raises pedagogical implications for the teaching of science writing.

Lived and perceived space during lock-down in a sensitive map approach

Abstract. The first lock-down in France due to the Covid-19 pandemic happened during spring 2020. It meant restrictions for everyone regarding reachable space and possible time length outside home. The seminar of sensitive mapping taking place in École des hautes études en sciences sociales (EHESS) went online and proposed an exercise to investigate the consequences of these statutory restrictions on individual lived and perceived space. The defined protocol of the exercise was based on the framework of the sensitive map approach. This approach adapts the principles of conventional cartography so that to favour personal information selection and design. Each participant of the seminar had the task to map their space. Displayed information should concern meaningful elements from their spatial environment. Other targeted information was sensitive information including emotions, feelings, and opinions as well as perceived elements from the five senses. The resulted map corpus offers diverse mapping creations. Each map contains several graphic items. Items are mainly cartographical displays enriched with non-cartographical drawings, pictures, photos, records, charts. Techniques were mixed: pen, fabrics, computer-based. The themes of displayed elements are about spatially-stable features like the dwelling, buildings remained open, green spaces, and about ephemeral and sensitive information like social interactions, people, perceived sounds, smells and feelings about the lock-down situation and the pandemic. Some maps have used or were inspired by topographic maps. Though in most maps, distances and topology are subjective. Sensitive mapping appeared as an interesting approach to collect individual testimonies and might be complementary to statistical studies.

Data-Driven Recognition and Extraction of PDF Document Elements

In the age of digitalization, the collection and analysis of large amounts of data is becoming increasingly important for enterprises to improve their businesses and processes, such as the introduction of new services or the realization of resource-efficient production. Enterprises concentrate strongly on the integration, analysis and processing of their data. Unfortunately, the majority of data analysis focuses on structured and semi-structured data, although unstructured data such as text documents or images account for the largest share of all available enterprise data. One reason for this is that most of this data is not machine-readable and requires dedicated analysis methods, such as natural language processing for analyzing textual documents or object recognition for recognizing objects in images. Especially in the latter case, the analysis methods depend strongly on the application. However, there are also data formats, such as PDF documents, which are not machine-readable and consist of many different document elements such as tables, figures or text sections. Although the analysis of PDF documents is a major challenge, they are used in all enterprises and contain various information that may contribute to analysis use cases. In order to enable their efficient retrievability and analysis, it is necessary to identify the different types of document elements so that we are able to process them with tailor-made approaches. In this paper, we propose a system that forms the basis for structuring unstructured PDF documents, so that the identified document elements can subsequently be retrieved and analyzed with tailor-made approaches. Due to the high diversity of possible document elements and analysis methods, this paper focuses on the automatic identification and extraction of data visualizations, algorithms, other diagram-like objects and tables from a mixed document body. For that, we present two different approaches. The first approach uses methods from the area of deep learning and rule-based image processing whereas the second approach is purely based on deep learning. To train our neural networks, we manually annotated a large corpus of PDF documents with our own annotation tool, of which both are being published together with this paper. The results of our extraction pipeline show that we are able to automatically extract graphical items with a precision of 0.73 and a recall of 0.8. For tables, we reach a precision of 0.78 and a recall of 0.94.

Graphical Item Maps: providing clearer feedback on professional exam performance.

This article was migrated. The article was marked as recommended. Background: Structured feedback is an important component of learning and assessment and is highly valued by candidates. Unfortunately, item specific feedback is generally not feasible for high stakes professional assessments due to the high cost of item development and the need to maintain stable assessment performance characteristics. In a high stakes assessment of fetal surveillance knowledge, we sought to use graphical item mapping to allow informative candidate feedback without compromising the item bank. Methods: We developed Graphical Item Maps (GIMs) to display individual candidate performance in the Royal Australian and New Zealand College of Obstetricians and Gynaecologists (RANZCOG) Fetal Surveillance Education Program (FSEP) multiple-choice question assessment. GIMs use item and person parameter estimates from Item Response Theory (IRT) models to map the interaction between a test taker and assessment tasks of varying difficulty. Results: It is both feasible and relatively simple to provide GIMs for individual candidate feedback. Operational examples are presented from the RANZCOG FSEP assessment. This paper demonstrates how test takers and educators might use GIMs as a form of assessment feedback. Conclusions: Graphical Item Maps are a useful and insightful assessment feedback tool for clinical practitioners partaking in a high stakes professional education and assessment program. They might be usefully employed in similar healthcare professional assessments to inform directed learning.

Preliminary experience with a transcranial magnetic resonance-guided focused ultrasound surgery system integrated with a 1.5-T MRI unit in a series of patients with essential tremor and Parkinson's disease.

OBJECTIVE Transcranial magnetic resonance-guided focused ultrasound surgery (tcMRgFUS) is one of the emerging noninvasive technologies for the treatment of neurological disorders such as essential tremor (ET), idiopathic asymmetrical tremor-dominant Parkinson's disease (PD), and neuropathic pain. In this clinical series the authors present the preliminary results achieved with the world's first tcMRgFUS system integrated with a 1.5-T MRI unit. METHODS The authors describe the results of tcMRgFUS in a sample of patients with ET and with PD who underwent the procedure during the period from January 2015 to September 2017. A monolateral ventralis intermedius nucleus (VIM) thalamic ablation was performed in both ET and PD patients. In all the tcMRgFUS treatments, a 1.5-T MRI scanner was used for both planning and monitoring the procedure. RESULTS During the study period, a total of 26 patients underwent tcMRgFUS thalamic ablation for different movement disorders. Among these patients, 18 were diagnosed with ET and 4 were affected by PD. All patients with PD were treated using tcMRgFUS thalamic ablation and all completed the procedure. Among the 18 patients with ET, 13 successfully underwent tcMRgFUS, 4 aborted the procedure during ultrasound delivery, and 1 did not undergo the tcMRgFUS procedure after stereotactic frame placement. Two patients with ET were not included in the results because of the short follow-up duration at the time of this study. A monolateral VIM thalamic ablation in both ET and PD patients was performed. All the enrolled patients were evaluated before the treatment and 2 days after, with a clinical control of the treatment effectiveness using the graphic items of the Fahn-Tolosa-Marin tremor rating scale. A global reevaluation was performed 3 months (17/22 patients) and 6 months (11/22 patients) after the treatment; the reevaluation consisted of clinical questionnaires, neurological tests, and video recordings of the tests. All the ET and PD treated patients who completed the procedure showed an immediate amelioration of tremor severity, with no intra- or posttreatment severe permanent side effects. CONCLUSIONS Although this study reports on a small number of patients with a short follow-up duration, the tcMRgFUS procedure using a 1.5-T MRI unit resulted in a safe and effective treatment option for motor symptoms in patients with ET and PD. To the best of the authors' knowledge, this is the first clinical series in which thalamotomy was performed using tcMRgFUS integrated with a 1.5-T magnet.

Students’ understanding of the number line / Estudiantes pensando en la recta numérica

We studied the conceptions of students coming from secondary education and university regarding the number line as a representation of real numbers. In the context of a wider questionnaire, 307 students were presented with a task consisting of two verbal items and one graphic item related to the number line. The students were all at different levels in their study of mathematics (in the third, fourth or fifth year of secondary education, or at the beginning or advanced stage of a university degree in mathematics, biology or physical education). A gradient in the depth of the students’ conceptions, associated with the level of their studies in mathematics, was found. This gradient extends from the estrangement of facing the problem or a conception of a drawn or physical matter line, which was associated with students with a lower level of mathematical studies, passing through a vision centred around potential numeric density or a line containing points (discrete), up to an instrumental conception of the line as supportive of magnitudes in advanced students of biology and focusing on continuity sustained by advanced students of mathematics.

Stability and periphery in Graphic design

Graphic design art depends on changeable cognitive systems which their relation and items relying on the accumulation of humane knowledge and thong and the humane look to the venality and his explanation to the relation between him and the venality , then the graphic design art becomes an important item of this accumulation knowledge besides , it is on kind of knowledge kinds . The technological advancement in communication lauds to increasing in communication media and design methods , where the computer and its application in graphic design promotes the design process because of it's capalebities which lead to in creasing in production process , minimizing the cost and time and achieving creative and aesthetic aspect because of it's feat Wes in art program and it's technique in designer . This study which title (Stability and periphery in Graphic design ) sheds the light on this knowledge to understand this subject deeply through three chapters : first one about the problem of the study, the 2nd about the theoretical and previous studies which consists of three axes: The 1st on (The stability and periphery concept in art) , the 2nd on ( the stability and periphery in the structure of graphic item), and the 3rd on (the stability and periphery according to the modern techniques). Third chapter consists of the results of this paper and the scientific suggestions by the researcher which are as following : 1- The periphery in the Stability of graphic design is because it's direct connection in humane needs and the changing of scientific culture due to the age and culture changes . where the stability is stewing from experience , the designer depends on, while the periphery is building and using agents according new system and program. 2- The graphic peripheries connect to changing humane needs as those like functional and living ones which are basically changeable because of time and place. 3- The total periphery in design structure is the result of scientific advancement and productions technology leading to the emergence of electronic art creator and the application of digital technology in design press fields. As for stabilities, they are concepts and contents aiming by the design process which aims at achieving the goal which is attracting the attention of the receiver through every new and creative design.

IR and Multi Scale Retinex image Enhancement for Concealed Weapon Detection

A Concealed Weapon Detection (CWD) had been developed by a large number of researchers and technologies. As a result of the weakness of the infrared images in unique altogether graphic items, infrared and MMW images become inaccurate and insufficient to obviously detectand deal withweaponry objectsin an invisible setting. This article uses Multi Scale Retinex and contrast stretching image processing enhancement techniques to improve the recognition of weapons concealed below attire. Specifically, the focus of the study is on detecting weapons and ammos by enhancing the IR pictures based on image processing techniques. Evaluation techniques were empirically proved to be able to show the enhancement percentage progress.

Exploring students' computational practice, design and performance of problem-solving through a visual programming environment

This study aims to advocate that a visual programming environment offering graphical items and states of a computational problem could be helpful in supporting programming learning with computational problem-solving. A visual problem-solving environment for programming learning was developed, and 158 college students were conducted in a computational problem-solving activity. The students' activities of designing, composing, and testing solutions were recorded by log data for later analysis. To initially unveil the students' practice and strategies exhibited in the visual problem-solving environment, this study proposed several indicators to quantitatively represent students' computational practice (Sequence, Selection, Simple iteration, Nested iteration, and Testing), computational design (Problem decomposition, Abutment composition, and Nesting composition), and computational performance (Goal attainment and Program size). By the method of cluster analysis, some empirical patterns regarding the students' programming learning with computational problem-solving were identified. Furthermore, comparisons of computational design and computational performance among the different patterns of computational practice were conducted. Considering the relations of students' computational practice to computational design and performance, evidence-based suggestions on the design of supportive programming environments for novice programmers are discussed.

Designing and Implementation of Retina Image Drawing System and Automatic Report Generation from Retina Examinations.

Introduction:Electronic medical records as one of major parts of electronic health records is an important application of Medical Informatics. EMR includes different types of data, Graphical items being one of these data types. To this end, a standard structure for storing and recovering and finally exchanging this data type is required. In order to standardize information items in this research, UMLS standard is used. In this research, graphical information from fondues designing in retina surgery forms is used for the task of implementation.Implementation:Three-layer software architecture is used for implementation of this system, which includes user interface, data base access and business logic. XML database is used for storing and exchanging of data. User interface is designed by the means of Adobe Flash. Also in the user interface for eye examinations, appropriate icons compatible with current pathologies in retina examinations are considered and UMLS codes are used for standardizations purposes.Results:As this project is independently implemented in Adobe Flash, it can be run in most of electronic patient records software. For evaluation purposes of this research, an EMR system for eye clinics is used. Tree structure is used for data entry and finally a text report based on the entered data will be generated. By storing graphical items in this software editing and searching in medical concepts and also comparing features will be available.Conclusion:One of the data items that we encounter in various medical records is graphical data. In order to cover the patient’s complete electronic medical records, the Electronic Implementation of this information is important. For this purpose, graphical items in retina surgery forms were used and finally a software application for drawing retina picture was developed. Also, XML files were used for the purpose of storing valuable medical data from the pictures, and also UMLS were applied for the standardization purpose. The developed software is currently being used in some of eye clinics in Iran.

Local History Maps in Full Text Resources

In serving patron needs, it is the most detailed maps that pose the greatest challenge to find. Map librarians have strategies for locating detailed maps in their own paper collections and other nearby collections, but are increasingly utilizing major map-intensive Web sites and Web services. Major sites such as the Library of Congress American Memory Project, David Rumsey, Sanborn Fire Insurance Maps and many others bring major map collections to the Internet with interactive functionality appropriate for detailed graphical items. This article is meant to draw attention to an overlooked source of large-scale mapping—book-centered, full-text databases. Six of these resources will be examined for their map content, findability, and legibility.

State-Transition Diagrams for Biologists

It is clearly in the tradition of biologists to conceptualize the dynamical evolution of biological systems in terms of state-transitions of biological objects. This paper is mainly concerned with (but obviously not limited too) the immunological branch of biology and shows how the adoption of UML (Unified Modeling Language) state-transition diagrams can ease the modeling, the understanding, the coding, the manipulation or the documentation of population-based immune software model generally defined as a set of ordinary differential equations (ODE), describing the evolution in time of populations of various biological objects. Moreover, that same UML adoption naturally entails a far from negligible representational economy since one graphical item of the diagram might have to be repeated in various places of the mathematical model. First, the main graphical elements of the UML state-transition diagram and how they can be mapped onto a corresponding ODE mathematical model are presented. Then, two already published immune models of thymocyte behavior and time evolution in the thymus, the first one originally conceived as an ODE population-based model whereas the second one as an agent-based one, are refactored and expressed in a state-transition form so as to make them much easier to understand and their respective code easier to access, to modify and run. As an illustrative proof, for any immunologist, it should be possible to understand faithfully enough what the two software models are supposed to reproduce and how they execute with no need to plunge into the Java or Fortran lines.

The Civil War Collections at the Historical Society of Pennsylvania

The sesquicentennial commemoration of the American Civil War is drawing deserved attention to Pennsylvania’s and Pennsylvanians’ involvement in and connection to this tumultuous period, as academics and the general public explore the diverse contributions and experiences of the state and its residents from scholarly or familial perspectives. Of the twenty-one million manuscripts, seven hundred thousand publications, and over five hundred thousand graphic items housed at the Historical Society of Pennsylvania, a significant portion are primary and secondary sources pertaining to the Civil War.

A Web Based Clustering Analysis Toolbox (WBCA) design Using MATLAB

With the development technology, datas which are saved in databases are rising, useful methods and kind of algorithms for making employable data and are build up for processing. For the solution of this problem data mining tools come into existence, to which clustering algorithms belong. For the clustering area this paper supposed to aid education, the tool was designed for clustering algorithms used easy and effective, cut down of the time that is making programme by the students so with the using of data sets that belongs to students, results of the clustering that was supported graphical items shown with the help of user interface and clustering must be so effective and easy. Purpose of this paper, MATLAB software that is used common by the academic area, making web based toolbox using clustering algorithms for the user. This toolbox use kmeans, agnes, fuzzy cmeans algorithms that are exist in MATLAB software and available web interface for the evaluate clustering results with cluster validity criteria. By courtesy of the toolbox, web user that do not need to have MATLAB software and programming knowledge but only a web browser and they can load their own data into the web server then see the result by the chose of algorithm and download the results their own local computers. In this design MATLAB Web Server (MWS) was used that belong to MATLAB software. With the help of this tool web users can send the parameters to server via the internet and the computer that has on the MWS software, used this then working MWS that is developed in this paper, results can have seen with the web server

A Bibliography of Modern Arthuriana 1500-2000 by Ann F. Howey, Stephen R. Reimer

MLR, 103.2, 2oo8 493 thatGawain is particularly associated with geographical areas which relate him to theWelsh hero Owain Glyn D'wr. Both represent themarginalized, associated in the literary and historiographical recordwith nature, magic/prophecy, and women. Whereas romances-and histories-mostly imagine centralized tradition,Owain and Gawain are 'local heroes'. Martin Connolly reveals the promise-postponement theme in The Awntyrs of Arthur tobe a popular one, with an English version tobe found in fourteenth-century sources. Awntyrs therefore represents a sophisticated version of a 'known' narrative. This is obviously a device which contemporary writers on the conflict between the secular and the spiritual found very useful. Norris J.Lacy studies identities bymeans of the character of Gauvain in the French romance L'Atre Perilleux, detailing the erasure ofGauvain's identityand his quest to recover it, which isalso a 'resurrection'. This is followed by Fanni Bogdanow's article on the 'handsome coward' theme, dis cussing refusals ofGalahad to fight.Bogdanow links thiswith thehumility specified as a knightly quality by St Bernard ofClairvaux. The difference between the appar ent and the actual demonstrates that true courage is a function of the inner, rather than theoutward, self.Tony Grand's article, examining thepossibility of a laterdate for the gift of a Perlesvaus manuscript to Jean de Nesle, isvery interesting in that it illustrates theextraordinariness of 'lesser' characters inmedieval history.These were real-lifeArthurian knights, theowners and readers of the legend and itsvariants, and theywere to be found all across Europe. In the finalarticle Robert Gossedge notes the importance, seriousness, and quality ofArthurian material from Scotland, Wales, and Cornwall in the early nineteenth century. Thomas Love Peacock was well connected toWelsh literary circles, and The Misfortunes ofElphin was translated from Welsh. Peacock used his translation ofWelsh material to challenge contemporary, Anglocentric, historiography. Welsh historians liked it. The value of thisbook lies in its individual contributions. These are not arranged inas satisfactory away as theycould have been, with some obvious connectivity being missed. The foreword does not communicate these relationships effectively,but the volume contains a variety of small gems, waiting to interestand inspire the enquiring reader. UNIVERSITY OF HULL LESLEY COOTE A Bibliography of Modern Arthuriana 1500-2000. By ANN F. HOWEY and STEPHEN R. REIMER. Cambridge: Brewer. 2oo6. ii+774pp. ?I25;$i8o. ISBN 978-I 84384-o68-8. The scope of this bibliography is an excitingly and commendably wide one, which makes the volume extremely useful and very welcome. It brings together biblio graphical items fromSpenser's Faerie Queene toFuqua's KingArthur, byway ofVan Morrison and The Moody Blues, in a 'one-stop' bibliography ofArthurian influences, references, and reworkings, a book that isunique in its field. The compilers' rationale admits that the definitions with which theyhave had to deal are difficult and contested ones. 'Arthurian Fiction', the stated content, is de fined as 'imaginative re-workings of the legend' (p. ix), although this is extended to references in songs as well as to longer works. Only material stored and available in libraries or other retrievable forms is listed. This has a practical purpose for the user of a bibliography inbook form, which cannot be easily updated when material is withdrawn from thepublic domain. The definition of narratives with plot structures which are demonstrably Arthurian has to be a subjective decision. However, that is 494 Reviews a danger inherent in bibliographical productions of this kind, and the authors cover thisby thedescriptive material which accompanies each entry. The entries are arranged, conventionally, in alphabetic order of author's surname/ familyname (if this isknown), and are divided according to thenature of themedium employed; hence sections on literature,on film,television and radio, onmusic, on fine art and graphic design, and on digital gaming. In addition to conventional bibliogra phical entries, giving name, date, author, editions, and other publication information, each entry is fullyannotated. The notes give not only an indication of plotlines, but also,where this is judged tobe relevant to the subject, information about theauthor's other works, and the context of thework (i.e. if it isone of a series, part of a collec tion, or relates in some way to other works, which may ormay not be listed in the bibliography). It...

Measuring wellness among resident physicians

Requirements to include professionalism in residency curricula have generated a substantial body of literature concerning the environments that fail to nurture professionalism. Local and national surveys provide evidence that a high prevalence of depersonalization and emotional exhaustion exists among residents and that clinical practice is impaired as a result of these factors. A group of 34 residents from ten residency programmes participated in the psychometric testing of a resident wellness assessment instrument that can be rapidly administered, scored, and interpreted. The Brief Resident Wellness Profile is composed of a Mood faces graphical rating item and a six-question subscale. The six-item subscale had good reliability (alpha = 0.83; r = 0.84), convergent validity (r = 0.63), discriminant validity (r = −0.37), and concurrent validity ( p = 0.007). The Mood faces item had good convergent validity (r = 0.66), discriminant validity (r = −0.71), and concurrent validity ( p = 0.008). The Brief Resident Wellness Profile appears to be a reliable and valid instrument that measures residents’ sense of professional accomplishment and mood and can be rapidly administered, scored, and interpreted.

Edge-backpropagation for noisy logo recognition

In this paper, we propose a new approach to improve the performance of multilayer perceptrons operating as autoassociators to classify graphical items in presence of spot noise on the image. The improvement is obtained by introducing a weighed norm instead of using the Euclidean norm to measure the input–output accuracy of the neural network. The weights used in the computation depend on the gradient of the image so as to give less importance to uniform colour regions, like the spots. A modified learning algorithm (edge-backpropagation) is derived from the classical backpropagation by considering the new weighed error function. We report a set of experimental results on a database of 134 company logos corrupted by artificial noise which show the effectiveness of the proposed approach.

Overlap of Self, Ingroup, and Outgroup: Pictorial Measures of Self-Categorization

Everyday language suggests that spatial metaphors are used to describe one's relation to a group and the relation between two groups. Building on previous work in the domain of interpersonal relations, three graphical items for the overlap of self and ingroup, self and outgroup, and ingroup and outgroup are proposed. Three survey studies with different types of groups show the convergent validity of these items. Assessments of subjective interpretations of the graphical scales corroborate the correlational evidence. Finally, an experimental study confirms that the correlations between the three items are sensible indicators of self-categorization as determined by the intergroup context.