Graphic Rules Research Articles

The ability to interpret social signs by individuals with intellectual disturbance

The article is devoted to the specifics of adaptive navigation of individuals with intellectual impairments in the social environment. Characteristics of the cognitive sphere of intellectually impaired affect the perception and interpretation of public signs. The subject of the study is social navigation sign decoding. The object of the study is the ability to interpret social signs of young adolescents with intellectual impairments. The author considers such aspects as a social adaptation of persons with disabilities, navigation aids for people with special needs, features of visual perception of graphic images as elements of the public space sign environment of people with intellectual impairments. The main conclusion of the study is the confirmation of a lower ability of students with intellectual disabilities to decode public signs correctly compared with the control group. The general relevance of the navigation signs comprehension is highlighted, which is because of the studying the graphic navigation rules as a part of the educational process. The author's special contribution to the research field is the empirical validation of the fact that the combination of complex sign elements has a negative effect on the decoding of informative stimuli for orientation in the social environment. Effective sign navigation is conditioned by commonly accepted standards and considers cognitive limitations of persons with intellectual disturbances.

Yiyecek Fotoğrafçılığının Grafik Tasarım Bağlamında Değerlendirilmesi

Bir reklam yüzeyinde ürünün ya da hizmetin ne olduğu günümüzde genelde fotoğrafik görsellerle ifade edilmektedir. Bu bağlamla reklam fotoğrafçılığı işinin reklam tasarımının ana fikrinin belirlenmesinde önemli rolü vardır. Reklam fotoğrafçılığı, fotoğraf çekim yöntemlerinin ve teknolojilerinin tamamından yararlanılan bir alandır. Yiyecek fotoğrafçılığı da reklam fotoğraflarının bir kısmını oluşturur. Gıda ve gastronomi alanında faaliyet gösteren ister dünya çapında olsun, ister yerel olsun birçok marka ürünlerini öncelikle görsel materyallerle tanıtmaktadır. Dolayısıyla gıda fotoğrafçılığı gıda konusunda markalaşma için büyük öneme sahiptir. Fakat reklamı yapılan ürün sadece fotoğraf çekimiyle yeterli kalmamaktadır. Reklamın çekimleri; yapılan çekimin işlenmesinden, tasarım ve yayın sürecine kadar birçok grafik düzenlemeden geçmektedir. 
 Birçok reklam çekiminde olduğu gibi yiyecek konusunda yapılacak reklam çekimlerinde çekimin yayınlanacağı mecra önemlidir. Bu yüzden yiyecek çekimlerinde ürünün yayınlanacağı reklamın gösterim şekli değişmektedir. Dolayısıyla yiyecek fotoğraflarının içerik bağlamında niteliğini ve çekim şeklini yayınlanacak mecraya göre grafik anlatım kuralları şekillendirmektedir. Bu araştırmada gastronomi alanında çekilen bazı reklam fotoğraf örnekleriyle grafik tasarım öğelerinin birlikte değerlendirilmesi yapılmıştır. Değerlendirme kapsamında dünyanın değişik yerlerinden gıda temalı reklam çalışmaları seçilmiştir. Seçilen görsellerdeki grafik ve fotoğraf temaları ayrıştırılmak suretiyle elde edilen bilgiler reklam ve yiyecek fotoğrafçılığı arasındaki ilişkiyi açıklamayı amaçlamaktadır. Ayrıca bu araştırma yiyecek fotoğrafçılığı ve grafik alanındaki literatüre katkı sağlamak amacıyla hazırlanmıştır.

Graphical Notation for Document Database Modeling

Goals and objectives. Graphical models have proven to be a reliable, clear and convenient tool for creating sketch models of databases. Most of the existing notations are designed for the relational data model, the dominant data model for the last thirty years. However, the development of information technologies has led to an increase in the popularity of non-relational data models, primarily the document model. One of the problems of its application in practice is the lack of suitable tools that allow performing graphical modeling of the database, taking into account the features of the document model, at the stage of logical design. The development of appropriate tools is an important and actual task, since their application in practical research makes it possible to identify, classify and analyze typical modeling errors that allow the designer to reduce the risk of their occurrence in the future. The purpose of this article is to develop a graphical notation that, on the one hand, providing convenience for the designer, and on the other hand, taking into account the peculiarities of creating and functioning of the noSQL document storage model.Materials and methods. The materials for the study were numerous publications devoted to the development of graphical notations in problems and their application to database design for various information systems. The selected materials were analyzed and the main graphical notations used to describe the relational data model were identified. Three notations were selected from them, a set of graphic stereotypes, which were most different from each other, the analysis of which allowed us to identify the main image patterns of the components of the relational model.The resulting patterns were applied to the main elements of the document database, which were obtained by analyzing the documentation of the popular MongoDB DBMS.Results. The result of the research was the creation of a new tool for modeling document databases at the logical level, which consists of a set of graphic stereotypes and rules for their application. On the one hand, the development is well known to practitioners who have previously worked with relational data models, since its development took into account many years of experience in using graphical models in the field of relational database design, and on the other hand, it reflects the features of the structure of the document model.Conclusion. The practical application of the developed model has shown the convenience of its use both in the process of designing document databases and in the process of teaching students within this subject area. The use of graphical models constructed in the proposed graphical notation will allow researchers to create and illustrate typical patterns of document databases, which will undoubtedly have a positive impact on the dynamics of the development of promising data storage technologies.

Writing kinematics and graphic rules in children with ADHD

Introduction/Objective. The aim of this study was to coIntroduction/Objective. The aim of this study was to compare kinematic features and graphic rules of writing between children with attention deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) (with and without medical treatment) and typically developed children (TDC). Methods. In total, 55 children (26 with ADHD/ten subjects were on methylphenidate treatment and 29 TDC) completed a writing task on a digitizing board (in three repetitions; using non-inking stylus) which included a semicircle tracing, triangle, and letter copying. Kinematic features of movements in all tasks and graphic rules during a semicircle tracing were analyzed. Graphic rules were observed as expected movements (selecting the starting point and direction of tracing). Results. The values of kinematic parameter jerk were significantly larger in TDC group compared to all ADHD subjects (regardless of treatment) and increased constantly with semicircle task progression and repetition in both groups. Children with ADHD without methylphenidate treatment used overall slower movements compared to TDC. The tracing of children with ADHD taking methylphenidate was more automated (with less change in movement velocity and acceleration) compared to TDC. In ADHD group only, those with treatment traced faster and more automated compared to those without treatment. The majority of subjects used expected movements in semicircle tracing and this percentage increased with the task repetition (without difference between ADHD and TDC). Conclusion. Both children with ADHD and TDC used similar approach in the tracing task and were compliant with graphic rules. Methylphenidate treatment may positively influence writing kinematics in children with ADHD. Task repetition also influences writing.

Pictures, Content, and Normativity: The Semantic of Graphic Rules

In our daily lives, we can find that different kinds of representational media are employed in normative ways, to express different kinds of rules. Sometimes, this is overlooked by the primacy of discursive representations in our normative practices. However, a look into these practices often shows that they are more complex and richer, and particularly that they include more than one kind of representation. Regarding this, this paper will be focused on the capacity and limitations of different kinds of representational media to express normative contents, that is, to express the content of rules.

Does handedness matter? Writing and tracing kinematic analysis in healthy adults

Writing is a complex skill and it can be affected by many factors. One of the most obvious is handedness. The actual influence of handedness (especially left-handedness, since almost 10% of the population is left-handed) onto writing performance has not been fully studied in previous research. Digitalized kinematic analyses and assessments of writing strategies (i.e., graphic rules and principles) are two approaches to investigating writing characteristics poorly addressed in previous research. The aim of this study was to analyze the effects of handedness onto writing kinematics using the aforementioned approach. The study included 34 young healthy adults (of whom 11 were left-handed) performing three writing tasks on a digital board. The tasks included semicircle and figure tracing and cursive letter writing. Regarding kinematics, left-handers performed tracing movements with higher mean horizontal acceleration and lower mean horizontal jerk compared to right-handed subjects. In addition, the left-handed wrote less accurately (i.e., undershooting more writing borders) and made more pauses during the letter writing task. The obtained results suggest that handedness slightly affects writing performance, and since left- and right-handers use the same cognitive strategies to writing and tracing, the observed differences could be mainly due to biomechanical constraints, what needs further studies in more representative samples.

Graphic Communication of Scientific Research

Scientific communication is going through a new era, thus researchers have to revalue communication importance: not only divulgation, due to its social impact and implications, but even communication between scientists. Graphics is a language able to increase attention, understanding and memorization. It engage people to overcome noises of other communications. To know and to handle graphic language rules allows a higher quality communication.

Occupational safety and visual communication: User-centred design of safety training material for migrant farmworkers in Italy

Visual communication allows the transmission of ideas and information more easily than written communication. Therefore, visual communication is used in different sectors (education, health, machinery, marketing, politics, environmental studies, musicology, science) to overcome language barriers and to effectively convey useful information. Nevertheless, the use of visual material to improve the comprehensibility of safety training in the workplace has been under-investigated, which is particularly true in the agricultural sector, despite its hazardousness and the high number of migrant farmworkers who might benefit from training provided by means of visual communication due to their often scarce knowledge of the local language. Combining graphic composition rules with a user-centred design (UCD) approach, this study aimed to develop visual safety training material based on migrant farmworkers’ needs to increase migrant trainees’ satisfaction in the training process. Focus groups were conducted with both trainers and migrant farmworkers to identify critical issues in existing safety training material and to discuss and evaluate different prototypes of the visual material developed by the authors. Significantly higher satisfaction was reported by migrants trained with the new material compared to a control group in a final training session (U = 152.50, z = −2.165, p = 0.030). Implications for the improvement of safety training for migrant farmworkers are discussed.

Shifting spaces of contention

The development of contentious collective action in Egypt has encouraged the emergence of new spaces of protest, but also the development of new strategies of opposition. This article aims to investigate the mobilization of the Cairo Ultras groups by examining their use of space, first within the stadium grounds, and particularly through their use of graffiti art. Through an analysis primarily centred on their graffiti, we wish to account for the evolution in their mobilization, as well as understand the development and transformation of their messages. The present study is, for the most part, based on a thorough analysis of graffiti and street art collected during a series of field trips conducted between 2012 and the beginning of 2015. The majority of the data was gathered around Tahrir Square and Mohammed Mahmoud Street, as well as around the Ahly and Zamalek stadia. Graffiti are of particular interest in the Egyptian case, most notably because they allow for expression of a specific social and/or political reality using precise graphic and discursive rules.

2L-piRNA: A Two-Layer Ensemble Classifier for Identifying Piwi-Interacting RNAs and Their Function.

Involved with important cellular or gene functions and implicated with many kinds of cancers, piRNAs, or piwi-interacting RNAs, are of small non-coding RNA with around 19–33 nt in length. Given a small non-coding RNA molecule, can we predict whether it is of piRNA according to its sequence information alone? Furthermore, there are two types of piRNA: one has the function of instructing target mRNA deadenylation, and the other does not. Can we discriminate one from the other? With the avalanche of RNA sequences emerging in the postgenomic age, it is urgent to address the two problems for both basic research and drug development. Unfortunately, to the best of our knowledge, so far no computational methods whatsoever could be used to deal with the second problem, let alone deal with the two problems together. Here, by incorporating the physicochemical properties of nucleotides into the pseudo K-tuple nucleotide composition (PseKNC), we proposed a powerful predictor called 2L-piRNA. It is a two-layer ensemble classifier, in which the first layer is for identifying whether a query RNA molecule is piRNA or non-piRNA, and the second layer for identifying whether a piRNA is with or without the function of instructing target mRNA deadenylation. Rigorous cross-validations have indicated that the success rates achieved by the proposed predictor are quite high. For the convenience of most biologists and drug development scientists, the web server for 2L-piRNA has been established at http://bioinformatics.hitsz.edu.cn/2L-piRNA/, by which users can easily get their desired results without the need to go through the mathematical details.

BCJ numerators from reduced Pfaffian

By expanding the reduced Pfaffian in the tree level Cachazo-He-Yuan (CHY) integrands for Yang-Mills (YM) and nonlinear sigma model (NLSM), we can get the Bern-Carrasco-Johansson (BCJ) numerators in Del Duca-Dixon-Maltoni (DDM) form for arbitrary number of particles in any spacetime dimensions. In this work, we give a set of very straightforward graphic rules based on spanning trees for a direct evaluation of the BCJ numerators for YM and NLSM. Such rules can be derived from the Laplace expansion of the corresponding reduced Pfaffian. For YM, the each one of the (n − 2)! DDM form BCJ numerators contains exactly (n − 1)! terms, corresponding to the increasing trees with respect to the color order. For NLSM, the number of nonzero numerators is at most (n − 2)! − (n − 3)!, less than those of several previous constructions.

Graphic rules in planning: A critical exploration of normative drawings starting from zoning maps and form-based codes

This article is focused on the rules that we create using drawings (designs, pictures, paintings, etc.) which will be termed ‘graphic rules’. Its attention is therefore not simply on the use of images in normative documents but also ‘as law’. We will delve into one of these types of graphic rules: that is, graphic rules used in urban planning. The fact that graphic rules are widespread in planning practices, and indeed typical of them, makes rules of this kind a particularly significant field of interest for planning theory. An important point to stress is that while analysis of images used descriptively has been under way for some time (although in many respects it is anything but conclusive, despite what is generally thought), analysis of images used as rules is still in its infancy. To gain deeper understanding of these particular and widespread forms of (graphic) rules is therefore both theoretically and practically important.

Run-Length Encoding Graphic Rules Applied to DNA-Coded Images and Animation Editable by Polymerase Chain Reactions

We previously proposed novel designs for artificial genes as media for storing digitally compressed image data, specifically for biocomputing by analogy to natural genes mainly used to encode proteins. A run-length encoding (RLE) rule had been applied in DNA-based image data processing, to form coding regions, and noncoding regions were created as space for designing biochemical editing. In the present study, we apply the RLE-based image-coding rule to creation of DNAbased animation. This article consisted of three parts: (i) a theoretical review of RLE-based image coding by DNA, (ii) a technical proposal for biochemical editing of DNA-coded images using the polymerase chain reaction, and (iii) a minimal demonstration of DNAbased animation using simple model images encoded on short DNA molecules.

ReVeaLD: A user-driven domain-specific interactive search platform for biomedical research

Bioinformatics research relies heavily on the ability to discover and correlate data from various sources. The specialization of life sciences over the past decade, coupled with an increasing number of biomedical datasets available through standardized interfaces, has created opportunities towards new methods in biomedical discovery. Despite the popularity of semantic web technologies in tackling the integrative bioinformatics challenge, there are many obstacles towards its usage by non-technical research audiences. In particular, the ability to fully exploit integrated information needs using improved interactive methods intuitive to the biomedical experts. In this report we present ReVeaLD (a Real-time Visual Explorer and Aggregator of Linked Data), a user-centered visual analytics platform devised to increase intuitive interaction with data from distributed sources. ReVeaLD facilitates query formulation using a domain-specific language (DSL) identified by biomedical experts and mapped to a self-updated catalogue of elements from external sources. ReVeaLD was implemented in a cancer research setting; queries included retrieving data from in silico experiments, protein modeling and gene expression. ReVeaLD was developed using Scalable Vector Graphics and JavaScript and a demo with explanatory video is available at http://www.srvgal78.deri.ie:8080/explorer. A set of user-defined graphic rules controls the display of information through media-rich user interfaces. Evaluation of ReVeaLD was carried out as a game: biomedical researchers were asked to assemble a set of 5 challenge questions and time and interactions with the platform were recorded. Preliminary results indicate that complex queries could be formulated under less than two minutes by unskilled researchers. The results also indicate that supporting the identification of the elements of a DSL significantly increased intuitiveness of the platform and usability of semantic web technologies by domain users.

Theoretical and experimental biology in one<br>—A symposium in honour of Professor Kuo-Chen Chou’s 50th anniversary and Professor Richard Giegé’s 40th anniversary of their scientific careers

It has been a dream that theoretical biology can be extensively applied in experimental biology to accelerate the understanding of the sophiscated movements in living organisms. A brave assay and an excellent example were represented by enzymology, in which the well-established physico-chemistry is used to describe, to fit, to predict and to improve enzyme reactions. Before the modern bioinformatics, the developments of the combination of theoretical biology and experimental biology have been mainly limited to various classic formulations. The systematic use of graphic rules by Prof. Kuo-Chen Chou and his co-workers has significantly facilitated to deal with complicated enzyme systems. With the recent fast progress of bioinformatics, prediction of protein structures and various protein attributes have been well established by Chou and co-workers, stimulating the experimental biology. For example, their recent method for predicting protein subcellular localization (one of the important attributes of proteins) has been extensively applied by scientific colleagues, yielding many new results with thousands of citations. The research by Prof. Chou is characterized by introducing novel physical concepts as well as powerful and elegant mathematical methods into important biomedical problems, a focus throughout his career, even when facing enormous difficulties. His efforts in 50 years have greatly helped us to realize the dream to make “theoretical and experimental biology in one”. Prof. Richard Giege is well known for his multi-disciplinary research combining physics, chemistry, enzymology and molecular biology. His major focus of study is on the identity of tRNAs and their interactions with aminoacyl-tRNA synthetases (aaRS), which are of critical importance to the fidelity of protein biosynthesis. He and his colleagues have carried out the first crystallization of a tRNA/aaRS complex, that between tRNAAsp and AspRS from yeast. The determination of the complex structure contributed significantly to under- stand the interaction of protein and RNA. From his fine research, they have also found other biological function of these small RNAs. He has developed in parallel appropriate methods for his research, of which the protein crystallogenesis, a name he has coined, is an excellent example. Now macromolecular crystallogenesis has become a developed science. In fact, such contribution has accelerated the development of protein crystallography, stimulating the study of macromolecular structure and function.

The use of graphic rules in grade one to help identify children at risk of handwriting difficulties

Previous researches on elementary grade handwriting revealed that pupils employ certain strategy when writing or drawing. The relationship between this strategy and the use of graphic rules has been documented but very little research has been devoted to the connection between the use of graphic rules and handwriting proficiency. Thus, this study was conducted to investigate the relative contribution of the use of graphic rules to the writing ability. A sample of 105 first graders who were average printers and 65 first graders who might experience handwriting difficulty, as judged by their teachers, of a normal primary school were individually tested on their use of graphic rules. It has been found that pupils who are below average printers use more non-analytic strategy than average printers to reproduce the figures. The results also reveal that below average printers do not acquire the graphic principles that foster an analytic approach to production skills. Although the findings are not sufficient to allow definitive conclusions about handwriting ability, it can be considered as one of the screening measures in identifying pupils who are at risk of handwriting difficulties.

Graphic Rule for Drug Metabolism Systems

Using graphic rules to deal with kinetic systems is an elegant approach by combining the graph representation (schematic representation) and rigorous mathematical derivation. It bears the following advantages: (1) providing an intuitive picture or illuminative insights; (2) helping grasp the key points from complicated details; (3) greatly simplifying many tedious, laborious, and error-prone calculations; and (4) able to double-check the final results. In this mini review, the non-steady state graphic rule in enzyme-catalyzed kinetics and protein-folding kinetics was extended to cover drug-metabolic systems. As a demonstration, a step-by-step illustration is presented showing how to use the graphic rule to derive the concentrations of the parent drug and its metabolites vs. time for the seliciclib, vildagliptin, and cyclin-dependent kinase inhibitor (AG-024322) metabolic systems, respectively. It can be seen from these paradigms that the graphic rule is particularly useful to analyze complicated drug metabolic systems and ensure the correctness of the derived results. Meanwhile, the intuitive feature of graphic representation may facilitate analyzing and classifying drug metabolic systems; e.g., according to their directed graphs, the metabolism of seliciclib and the metabolism of vildagliptin can be categorized as 0-->5 mechanism while that of AG-024322 as 0-->4-->3 mechanism.

Performance characterization of screen printed radio frequency identification antennas with silver nanopaste

The era of wireless communication has come and it is going to flourish in the form of radio frequency identification (RFID) tags. The employment of RFID tags in daily commodities, however, is constrained due to the manufacturing cost. Therefore, industries in the field have sought for alternative manufacturing methods at an ultra low cost and various printing processes have been considered such as inkjet, gravure, flexo, off-set and screen. Although such printing processes are age-old, their applications have been mainly limited to graphic arts and design rules for electronic appliances have not been fully established yet. In this paper, the selection of ink and printing process to fabricate RFID antennas is discussed. The developed silver nanopaste in the range of 20 to 50 nm without the inclusion of microparticles and flakes was sintered at 120 °C for 1 min, which is lower than that of conventional silver paste with microparticles and flakes, and its resistivity was found to be approximately 3 μΩ cm. The radiation performances of various screen printed RFID antennas with silver nanopaste were found comparable to those of copper etched ones.

Psychomotor performance and sequence planning in anorexia nervosa before and after weight restoration

In the study of psychomotor performance in anorexia nervosa (AN), motor control has not been studied extensively. The present study explores sequence planning in a sample of AN patients. A group of 26 female restricting AN inpatients, aged 14 to 25, was compared with 24 healthy women matched for age and educational level. During the performance of a simple copying task, in which movement planning, but not working capacity, was challenged, the ease with which generally favored graphic production rules could be applied was manipulated. Computerized recordings of the drawing movements allowed detailed analyses of reaction and movement times and of drawing sequences. Fifteen patients were retested after weight restoration, as were 15 controls. Copying patterns that normally elicit a conflict between preferred graphic production rules induced significantly less slowing in the reaction times of the anorexia nervosa patients than in the controls, both before and after weight restoration. There were no group differences as regards the consistency with which the implicit production rules were applied. AN patients seem to show a fast response style combined with good sequence planning capacity.

Movement planning deficits in schizophrenia: Failure to inhibit automatic response tendencies

Introduction. Explicit planning deficits have been reported frequently in patients with schizophrenia. This study addressed the question whether these patients would already encounter difficulties in a more “implicit” process of planning an optimal sequence of movements in simple actions. Methods. Twenty patients with schizophrenia and 20 controls participated in the study. The motor tasks consisted of copying simple line drawings in which the planning of a movement sequence was taxed along various dimensions. In the first task the number of line elements varied between one and two, and the two-line figures differed with respect to the ease with which the so-called graphic production rules could be applied. In the second task the spatial position of the drawing varied between an easy centre position and a somewhat more difficult corner location. In the third task, subjects were asked to start copying either at a preferred or at a less preferred starting point. Results. The results showed that the patients did not encounter planning difficulties while copying the one- or two-segment patterns. However, the variations in the spatial conditions and starting point did affect the patients' performance more than that of the controls. Whereas the patients with higher negative symptom scores tended to be slower when they were forced to start drawing at a particular point, the patients predominantly exhibiting features of disorganisation proved to be faster in this condition. Conclusions. The findings suggest a fairly intact initiation of simple movement sequences in patients with schizophrenia, but difficulties in inhibiting automatic response tendencies. It is concluded that this inhibition failure may play an important role in the planning difficulties these patients experience.