Graphic Rating Research Articles

High school rugby coaches’ knowledge and opinions of concussion in KwaZulu Natal province in South Africa: an ecological cross-sectional study

BackgroundConcussions in Rugby Union are common with an increased risk to adolescent players. Coaches are key to injury prevention and a greater understanding of their knowledge and sentiments may guide future initiatives. There is a lack of data on rugby coaches, especially in South Africa. This study aimed to investigate the knowledge and opinions of high school rugby coaches regarding concussion management.MethodsThis cross-sectional study of 37 high school rugby coaches in South Africa, was conducted via a self-reported questionnaire. Concussion knowledge was scored for correct answers only with closed-question scaling methods to measure the importance of items of concussion management using a graphical rating scale. An attitude scale (Likert) was used to assess self-reported opinions and behaviours. Associations were calculated for participant characteristics and overall concussion injury knowledge.ResultsMore participants showed good overall knowledge of ≥ 75% (n = 22, 59% vs. n = 15, 40%), especially those with greater coaching experience (p = 0.021). Player welfare was perceived more important than player performance (185 vs. 164), with concussion prevention most important (184 of 185). Appealing characteristics of an injury prevention programme were the improvement of player skill (173, SD ± 0.75, mean 4.68), being adaptable (171, ± 0.86, 4.62), and being completed in the warm-up (167, ± 0.93, 4.51). The biggest perceived barriers were duration (138, ± 1.59, mean 3.73), effort (130, ± 1.56, 3.51), compliance and lack of knowledge (both 127, ± 1.68, 3.43).ConclusionThese results support the implementation of ongoing concussion education for rugby coaches and identify areas for promoting awareness and knowledge of concussion injury prevention, identification, and specific management of younger athletes. Appealing characteristics and barriers are highlighted and may allow for improved implementation and adherence to concussion prevention programmes.

Intradermal and Subcutaneous Lignocaine for Arterial Blood Gas Sampling: A Randomized Controlled Trial

Introduction: The use of local anesthesia (LA) prior to arterial blood gas sampling is recommended but is not widely used. We tested the hypothesis that intradermal administration of local anesthesia would be as effective as subcutaneous administration in reducing pain from arterial blood gas sampling. Aims: The primary aim of this study was to evaluate the effect of intradermal and subcutaneous lignocaine on patient-perceived pain during arterial blood gas sampling. The secondary aims were to evaluate if different routes of LA administration had an impact on the difficulty and complications of ABG sampling. Methods: We undertook a randomized, single-blind, placebo-controlled trial in New Zealand. We enrolled patients attending a nurse-led outpatient oxygen clinic who were 18 to 90 years of age and who had an oxygen saturation of 93% or less at rest. Patients were randomly assigned to receive intradermal 1% lignocaine, subcutaneous 1% lignocaine, or subcutaneous normal saline. Patients and nurse assessors were blinded to the treatment allocation. The primary endpoint was a patient-assessed pain score using a graphic rating scale (0-10). Results: 135 patients were randomized (54 patients in the intradermal lignocaine group, 54 patients in the subcutaneous lignocaine group, and 27 in the subcutaneous saline group). The mean patient-assessed pain score for the intradermal lignocaine group was 1.8 (+/- 1.1), which was a relative reduction of 47% (95% C.I. 31%-59%, p < 0.0001) from the mean patient-assessed pain score of 3.4 (+/- 1.1) for the subcutaneous saline group. The mean patient-assessed pain score for the subcutaneous lignocaine group was 2.1 (+/- 1.1), which was also a significant relative reduction of 36% (95% C.I. 17%-51%, p = 0.0001) compared to the subcutaneous saline group. Intradermal lignocaine reduced pain more than subcutaneous lignocaine, with a relative pain reduction difference of 20% (95% CI -4%-49%, p = 0.05). Bruising was more frequent in the subcutaneous lignocaine group (9.3%) than in the intradermal (0%) and saline groups (0%). Conclusion: Intradermal lignocaine is at least as effective as subcutaneous lignocaine for reducing patient-perceived pain from arterial blood gas sampling and results in less bruising.

APLIKASI PENILAIAN KINERJA KARYAWAN DENGAN METODE GRAPHIC RATING SCALE BERBASIS WEB PADA PT. TRI KARYA CEMERLANG MEDAN

Performance appraisal is one way to develop human resources. PT. Tri Karya Cemerlang Medan is a company that always maintains the quality of human resources. One way to do this is to carry out employee performance assessments once a month, but the process is still carried out manually and is only carried out by one person, as is the calculation process. This results in subjective assessment results. Therefore PT. Tri Karya Cemerlang Medan requires a computerized employee performance assessment application and comprehensive assessment accommodation from both employees and management. With the Graphic Rating Scale method, the calculation process is able to accommodate employee performance assessments which consist of several indicators. The application was built on a web basis so that it provides users with the opportunity to access freely and anywhere.

PERANCANGAN APLIKASI PENILAIAN KINERJA KEPALA LINGKUNGAN KECAMATAN MEDAN HELVETIA DENGAN METODE GRS & 360 DEGREES BERBASIS ANDROID

Performance appraisal is an important part of seeing the results of each employee's work performance, including the Head of the Neighborhood who is the spearhead of Government services to the community. However, the Head of Neighborhood has not found a standardized performance appraisal so that the author is interested in making a performance appraisal system for the Head of Neighborhood, especially in Medan Helvetia District and at the same time building an easy-to-use assessment application. This Neighborhood Head Performance Assessment Application uses a combination of the Graphic Rating Scale (GRS) algorithm to make it easier to see the assessment results and the 360 Degrees algorithm so that the assessment results are more objective. The assessment results obtained can be a recommendation for reward and punishment. The application also requires development to iOS-based smartphones so that more users can utilize it.

A CLINICAL TRIAL OF VIRTUAL REALITY IN PHYSICAL THERAPY FOR BURN PATIENTS: EFFECTS ON PAIN PERCEPTION

In clinical contexts, virtual reality (VR) has demonstrated potential as a cognitive diversion technique to alleviate discomfort among patients undergoing challenging procedures, including physical rehabilitation for burn victims. However, the extent of research investigating the effectiveness of VR in reducing pain during physical therapy for burn patients is limited. This clinical trial was conducted at Civil Hospital's burns unit in Hyderabad and involved 68 participants. Each participant underwent two 6-minute physical therapy sessions, one utilizing VR and the other without VR. After each session, participants provided feedback on their pain experience, which the treating therapist documented. Analysis of graphic rating scores revealed a significant decrease in pain levels during physical therapy with VR compared to physical therapy without VR. The average scores for pain rumination, worst pain intensity, and unpleasantness decreased from 5.99 to 3.88, 6.24 to 3.41, and 6.18 to 3.82, respectively. The paired t-test indicated a highly significant p-value of less than 0.001. The results of this study suggest that VR is a valuable tool for reducing pain during physical therapy for burn patients. Further research is necessary to explore the long-term effects of VR on pain management and its potential application in other clinical settings.

The power of climate labels the search for an optimal label design

AbstractThe importance of finding new, innovative ways of reducing greenhouse gas emissions has received increased attention. Climate labels are a means for this, where the life cycle emissions of a product are often given in combination with an icon. This article surveys the phenomenon of climate labels while varying their design to prompt more sustainable food consumption. Recipe boxes were selected as an example emphasizing the increasing popularity of shopping for groceries online. An online choice experiment was conducted where Danish respondents selected recipe boxes in two different scenarios: (a) the ‘all‐or‐nothing’ (binary) approach with a binary label on low‐emitting choices only and (b) the three‐tier rank‐order approach, where all meals are assigned a graphical rating. By assigning recipe boxes scores ranking from 0 to 2 based on the level of climate pollution, a measurement of the total score from a choice of recipe boxes made it possible to compare the effect of the two different approaches for climate labelling. Statistical tests indicated a significant difference between the two types of climate labels and their persuasive effect on consumer choice. They revealed that the three‐tier rank‐order approach results in more sustainable consumption than the binary approach. In demographics, younger individuals and females proved to be the most conscious in their choices.

Desktop Virtual Reality Offers a Novel Approach to Minimize Pain and Anxiety during Burn Wound Cleaning/Debridement in Infants and Young Children: A Randomized Crossover Pilot Study.

Although most scald burn injuries involve children under six, because of the challenges of using head mounted displays with young children there is very little research exploring the use of VR in children under six. The current clinical pilot study measured the analgesic effectiveness of our new desktop VR system (with no VR helmet) in children under six during burn wound care (a within-subjects design with randomized treatment order). Between December 2021-April 2022, nine children with burn injuries (10 months to 5 years age, mean = 18 months) participated. The mean burn size was 10% Total Body Surface Area, range 2-22%. Using nurse's ratings, VR significantly reduced children's pain during burn wound care by 40% on the observational Faces, Legs, Activity, Crying, and Consolability (FLACC) pain scale. Specifically, non-parametric within-subject sign tests compared nurse's ratings of the young patients' pain during burn wound care using usual pain medications with no VR = 6.67, (SD = 2.45) vs. adjunctive Animal Rescue World VR (VR = 4.00, SD = 2.24, p < 0.01). The observational Procedure-Behavior Checklist (PBCL) nurse's scale measured a 34% reduction in anxiety with VR as compared to pharmacologic treatment alone (p < 0.005). Similarly, when using single graphic rating scales the patients' parents reported a significant 36% decrease in their child's pain during VR (p < 0.05), a 38% (p < 0.005) decrease in their child's anxiety during VR, and a significant increase in patients' joy during VR. It can be concluded that during burn wound care with no distraction (traditional pain medications), children under 6 years old experienced severe pain during a 10 min burn wound cleaning session. During burn wound care combining desktop virtual reality and traditional pain medications, the same pediatric patients experienced only mild pain during burn wound cleaning/debridement. VR significantly reduced the children's pain and anxiety during burn wound care.

Human Resources Management Analytics in Private Healthcare Unit

Private Greek healthcare sector consists mainly of medium and small size entities. These entities, especially small ones, rely completely on their Human Resources. However, it seems that they do not avail themselves of new technological methods and tools for assessing their human resources.&#x0D; The aim of the present study was to create a methodology that will help these entities to evaluate their employees properly and to prove that the empirical knowledge of managers and heads can be enhanced by employing Data Mining methods, in order to create a successful evaluation model.&#x0D; In the present study, a healthcare unit consisted of 287 employees was selected. Twelve interviews were conducted with 12 managers and heads. A Graphic Rating Scale Τable, built by eight qualitative attributes, was given to the interviewees. Those 8 qualitative attributes were combined with 18 quantitative attributes in order for a new model to be created. Data were collected from the Human Resources department. To perform the analysis, Machine Learning methods were used.&#x0D; This model proved to be functional and capable of giving valid information to management for employees’ evaluation. Data Mining methods are quite useful for the HR department and the Administration of the unit.&#x0D; The above methodology provides low-costs and usable tools, for appropriate employees’ evaluation.&#x0D; &#x0D; EL Classifications: J24, M12, M54, C38.&#x0D; Key words: Human Resources, Management, Healthcare Unit, Data Mining&#x0D;

A Comparison of Nurses’ and Patients’ Recognition of High-touch Surfaces in a Hospital Room

This study was conducted to identify and compare areas perceived to be high-touch surfaces in patient hospital rooms by ward nurses and inpatients to prioritize cleaning and disinfection of these areas and also to improve hospital environment management. The participants were 122 nurses who worked in general hospital wards and 56 patients hospitalized at a 299-bed general hospital in Seoul. We selected 38 items from the high-touch surfaces identified by patients in previous studies and guidelines and classified them into 4 categories. For each item, the contact frequency was investigated with a self-report questionnaire on a graphic rating scale that contained 11 points. Data were collected from April 1, 2020, to April 30, 2020. The average recognition score of the frequency of high-touch surfaces was significantly higher in nurses than in patients. (5.96 ± 1.47 vs. 2.35 ± 1.98, p&lt;0.001). The top seven high-touch surfaces included intravenous poles, bedrails, bed height remote controls, bedside tables, restroom door handles, bedside personal locks, and restroom seats, and the ranking of these surfaces was different between nurses and patients. While nurses and patients showed a consensus when identifying major high-touch surfaces, there was a big difference in their perception of these areas’ touch frequency. This study will help to understand and establish categories and criteria for high-touch surfaces in the future.

Performance management system in educational institution using Management by Objectives (MBO) and 360° appraisal method

Performance management is the management activity through which an institution ensures that employees are working effectively and efficiently towards achievement of institutional goal. To ensure that, performance appraisal i.e. evaluating employee’s current or past performance relative to the standard set by institution, is carried on. The data obtained from appraisal is used to take decision of promotion, salary, training and development and for other purposes too. The appraisal is generally done using different appraisal methods or tools like graphic rating method, essay method, critical incident method MBO, 360° appraisal method etc. MBO is now one of the most used a popular tool which is used as appraisal tool, motivational technique as well as planning and control device. Likewise, 360 degree appraisal method is another popular method which is gaining popularity nowadays where all round feedback is taken from all the staffs around the staff going to be appraised. Whatever the method is used, if the appraisal is carried on properly by minimizing common problems like biasness, unclear standards, halo effects etc., any institution can achieve goal through motivated staff with good working environment.

A Systematic Review of the Effectiveness of Virtual Reality-Based Interventions on Pain and Range of Joint Movement Associated with Burn Injuries.

Background: Burns are mild or severe lesions produced in living tissue, due to the action of different agents. This pathology is considered the third cause of accidental death in the world by the World Health Organization. Among the most disabling sequelae in these patients, pain and range of motion have the greatest impact. A recommended tool to complement the treatment or management of the symptoms associated with burns is virtual reality. Objective: The objective of this study was to analyse the effectiveness of virtual-reality therapy for pain relief and the improvement of the range of joint movement in patients who have suffered burns. Methodology: This study is a systematic review conducted following the PRISMA statements. An electronic literature search was performed in the following databases: PubMed, Cochrane, Dialnet, Scopus and Science Direct. The inclusion criteria were: participants with burns in any part of the body, interventions with virtual reality with or without complementary treatment, studies in both Spanish and English, and outcome measures of pain and range of motion. Results: Finally, 10 studies were included in the review. The sample consisted of one pilot study, three randomized controlled clinical trials, one prospective randomized controlled clinical trial, one control group and treatment group trial, one interventional clinical trial and three comparative studies. The most commonly used assessment tools for pain were the graphic rating scale (GRS) and for range of motion the goniometer. The use of virtual-reality games significantly reduced pain scores during physiotherapy and occupational therapy treatments as well as in nursing care. The range of motion improved significantly during virtual-reality exercises performed during a physiotherapy treatment in 33% of studies included in this review. Conclusion: The results of the studies analysed in this systematic review suggest that the use of virtual reality for the management of pain and range of movement limitations associated with burn injuries could control these symptoms and decrease their negative consequences on the person.

Adjunct Digital Interventions Improve Opioid-Based Pain Management: Impact of Virtual Reality and Mobile Applications on Patient-Centered Pharmacy Care.

Digital therapeutics (DTx, mobile medical apps, software as a medical device) are rapidly emerging as clinically effective treatments for diverse chronic diseases. For example, the Food and Drug Administration (FDA) has recently authorized a prescription virtual reality (VR) app for treatment of moderate to severe low back pain. The FDA has also approved an adjunct digital therapy in conjunction with buprenorphine for opioid use disorder, further illustrating opportunities to integrate digital therapeutics with pharmacotherapies. There are ongoing needs to disseminate knowledge about advances in digital interventions among health care professionals, policymakers, and the public at large. This mini-review summarizes accumulating clinical evidence of digital interventions delivered via virtual reality and mobile apps to improve opioid-based analgesia. We identified relevant randomized controlled trials (RCTs) using Embase and PubMed databases which reported pain scores with a validated pain scale (e.g., visual analog scales, graphic rating scale, numeric rating scale) and use of a digital intervention in conjunction with opiates. Among identified RCTs, the majority of studies reported improved pain scores in the digital intervention group, as compared to “treatment as usual” group. Our work suggests that VR and mobile apps can be used as adjunct digital therapies for pain management. We discuss these findings in the context of how digital health technologies can transform patient-centered pharmacy care.

Decision Support System For Selection Of Student Competition Supervisor at Dinamika University

Every university in Indonesia has the right to take part in any competition from Directorate General of Learning and Student Affairs (Belmawa) by sending several teams consisting of students and supervisors. After doing observations, there were 83% of 35 students who took part in Belmawa competition at Dinamika University had difficulty in choosing a supervisor. The causes students choose a supervisor at random. When the students conducting guidance does not match the profile of the selected supervisor and the guidance results are not optimal. Therefore, this study aims to produce an Decision Support System (DSS) for determining the best supervisor of Belmawa competition using Analytical Hierarchy Process (AHP) and Graphic Rating Scale (GRS) methods to improve quality in choosing the supervisor for Belmawa competition. In its application, AHP was used to generate local priority from each criterion and GRS was used for ranking of each lecturer and then 4 lecturers with the highest score were selected. The results showed DSS could assist students in selecting prospective supervisors according to the existing criteria, namely: the supervisor's last education level, the number of publications from supervisor, the type of supervisor's expertise, the number of teams that asked for guidance, and the number of belmawa competitions, which has been achieved by students under the guidance of supervisor. This was evidenced by the decrease in the difficulty of selecting Belmawa supervisors at Dinamika University from 83% to 5.71%

Rectal diclofenac; an effective modality for pain relief after vaginal birth

&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Background and Objective:&lt;/strong&gt; Vaginal delivery (VD) is the safest delivery option for the mother and is associated with quick recovery and minimal maternal morbidity and mortality. However, one of the commonest fears among women about VD is pain. This study aims to assess the effectiveness of diclofenac suppositories (per rectum) compared to the intramuscular diclofenac for the pain relief in females after VD.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Methods: &lt;/strong&gt;This prospective comparative was study conducted at the Emergency Section (labor room) of Obstetrics &amp;amp; Gynecology Department in one of the tertiary care teaching hospitals of Lahore, Pakistan. A total of 182 female patients undergoing VD were selected and further divided into group A and group B. Group A was administered rectal analgesia in the form of rectal suppositories (100 mg) immediately after perineal tear (first and second degree only) repair and repeated after 6 hours. While group B received one injection of intramuscular diclofenac, immediately after perineal tear repair. The pain score was measured on a graphical score using Graphic Rating Scale, immediately at rest, during movement, and during urination. The pain score was reassessed after 6 hours with the same parameters and compared between both groups.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Results:&lt;/strong&gt; The overall pain score was significantly lower immediately (p = 0.004) and 6 hours (p = 0.002) after VD in group A at rest, during movement, and during urination as compared to group B.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Conclusion:&lt;/strong&gt; The use of rectal diclofenac suppositories is a simpler and more effective and acceptable method of reducing the pain experienced by the women following perineal trauma after vaginal childbirth.&lt;/p&gt;

Graphical charts for onsite Continuous Slope Mass Rating (CoSMR) classification using strike parallelism and joint dip or plunge of intersection

We propose the new continuous slope mass rating (SMR) charts for easy calculation of SMR class of rock slopes in the field. SMR class can be determined by plotting the parallelism between dip directions of slope and discontinuity (slope dip direction and trend direction of intersection line in case of wedge failure) (A) in the x-axis and discontinuity dip amount (βj) (plunge amount in case of wedge failure (βi)) in the y-axis using SMR charts. We apply the proposed SMR charts to an assumed rock slope consisting of four joint sets and a basic Rock Mass Rating (RMRb) value of eighty. SMR class for the assumed rock slope was calculated using proposed SMR charts and by the existing Graphical Slope Mass Rating (GSMR) method. After comparing both the methods, we demonstrate, the proposed SMR charts prove to be simpler and take less time to evaluate SMR class as compared to the GSMR method. The GSMR method requires matching six stereonets for a single rock slope, whereas by using proposed SMR charts minimal use of stereonet is required to calculate trend and plunge of intersection. Proposed SMR charts incorporate the continuous functions (F1, F2, and F3) for SMR calculation, whereas a discrete rating system is used in the GSMR method. This study suggests, the proposed SMR charts are easy to use, more efficient, and can be adopted as a valuable tool for the preliminary rock slope stability assessment in mountainous areas like the Himalayas, where within a few meters joints and slopes geometries changes.

Assessment of Employee Using Simple Multi-Attribute Technique Exploiting Rank (SMARTER) and Behaviorally Anchor Rating Scale (BARS) Method

Lecturers' active role as the spearhead of higher education has an essential role in improving higher education quality and sustainability. Therefore, assessing work behaviour is needed to measure how lecturers participate in achieving the vision and mission, quality improvement, and service guarantee to students and complementary documentation. This condition became the basis of research. They are implementing decision support systems with Simple Multi-Attribute Rating Technique Exploiting Ranges (SMARTER) and Graphic Rating Scale (GRS) to measure a lecturer's behaviour by using multiple criteria. With the SMARTER method and Behaviorally Anchor Rating Scale (BARS). By applying the impermeable BARS method, the work behaviour assessment process results in ease and accuracy that is more in line with the employees' behaviour being assessed. With the SMARTER approach, an assessment of employee work behaviour is produced, with 90% of alternatives used. The results are Good.

Assessment instruments used for self-report of pain in hospitalized stroke patients with communication problems: a scoping review.

The objective of this scoping review was to identify assessment instruments used for the self-report of pain by hospitalized patients who have had a stroke and who have communication problems. Pain assessment in various patient groups has received considerable attention, and a variety of pain assessment instruments exists. Nevertheless, there is a lack of consensus regarding which pain assessment instruments are used for self-report of pain in stroke patients with communication problems. This review included articles that focused on hospitalized adults who have had a stroke, have communication problems attributable to a stroke, and describe the use of an assessment instrument for the self-report of pain. The scoping review considered systematic reviews, quantitative and qualitative studies, and mixed method studies. Ten databases were searched from inception to August 2020, using Embase as the key information source (it yielded 424 papers). Hand-searching of the references of the included articles yielded an additional 12 papers. Papers written in any language were considered. A data extraction table was created to record relevant information in line with the goals and results of each article, the sample studied, and the pain assessment instrument used. Ten papers were included in the review, most of which were descriptive studies. Most papers were from the United Kingdom and the United States. The most common communication problem in stroke patients was aphasia. The participants received care in various hospital settings (eg, rehabilitation units, comprehensive stroke units, palliative care). Eleven assessment instruments were identified. In most cases, the assessment instruments focused on assessing pain presence and pain intensity. The most frequently used unidimensional pain intensity instrument was the numerical rating scale. Four instruments were multidimensional, of which two assessed health-related quality of life, including pain. The most thorough pain assessment instrument was the ShoulderQ, which contains 10 verbal questions and three visual vertical graphic rating scales that focus on the assessment of stroke-related shoulder pain. A range of both unidimensional and multidimensional self-report pain instruments was identified; however, of all the possible communication problems, most studies focused solely on patients with mild to moderate aphasia. Therefore, further research is recommended, including studies that also enroll patients with various stroke-related communication problems other than aphasia. In addition, the instruments should be translated for research in non-Western countries. Finally, apart from descriptive studies, experimental research with a robust randomized controlled trial design is needed to examine the effect of pain-inducing procedures on the perceived pain in patients with stroke-related communication problems.

Employee Assessment Applications Using the Graphic Rating Scale and Profile Matching Methods at XYZ University

Performance appraisal is an evaluation and assessment carried out to employees to find out what their abilities are and measure productivity during work. XYZ University has an employee performance appraisal which is conducted annually to determine employee promotions. The assessment process is still using the manual method and using the Graphic Rating Scale method. Graphic Rating Scale is a performance appraisal method in which an employee is assessed based on criteria that are considered important and relevant to performance and productivity. To determine a promotion, the Graphic Rating Scale method cannot do it because it takes standard values, core factors and secondary factors that are used as standards to determine promotions. Therefore, In this employee appraisal application there is a combined method used to assist the assessment process, namely the Graphic Rating Scale method and the Profile Matching method. The Profile Matching method is used because there are standard values, core factors and secondary factors that can be used as standards to determine promotions. The results of this study are on testing the Graphic Rating Scale method with the combined method of Graphic Rating Scale and Profile Matching, the combined method of Graphic Rating Scale and Profile Matching has a higher average accuracy of 78,18%, while the Graphic Rating Scale method has an average accuracy of 68,45%.

DESIGN OF EMPLOYEE PERFORMANCE APPRAISAL USING THE GRAPHIC RATING SCALE METHOD IN LEARNING RESOURCES AND LIBRARIES AT PGRI ADI BUANA UNIVERSITY

In the world of work, employee performance appraisal has an important role. This is related to decisions to be taken by the leadership, regarding the performance of their employees. From the preliminary research at the Learning Resources and Libraries of the PGRI Adi Buana University Surabaya, it turns out that it does not have an employee performance appraisal system. After conducting interviews and observations by studying the library operational cycle, this study focused on the design of employee performance appraisals using the Graphic Rating Scale Method by separating several elements of the appraiser to be compared with one another. The purpose of this research is to determine the performance of each employee so that it makes it easier for leaders to provide training, mentoring and supervision in the management of Human Resources (HR) at Learning Resources and Libraries PGRI Adi Buana University Surabaya. This research is a field research, which is a research carried out systematically by raising existing data in the field. The research method used in this research is to use descriptive qualitative research methods. The results showed that the performance appraisal design that will be made has gone through the process of gathering information through interviews and Focus Group Discussion (FGD). The rating scale used in the Graphic Rating Scale Method is the Likert scale with the same 5-point interval scale. There are 8 (eight) statements to be filled in and made using the online google form.

Pain and Posttraumatic Stress Symptom Clusters: A Cross-Lagged Study.

Pain and posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) frequently co-occur but underlying mechanisms are not clear. This study aimed to test the development and maintenance of pain and PTSD symptom clusters, i.e., intrusions, avoidance, and hyperarousal. The longitudinal study included 216 adults with burns. PTSD symptom clusters, indexed by the Impact of Event Scale-Revised (IES-R), and pain, using a graphic numerical rating scale (GNRS), were measured during hospitalization, 3 and 6 months post-burn. Cross-lagged panel analysis was used to test the relationships between pain and PTSD symptom clusters. Cross-lagged results showed that in-hospital intrusions predicted pain and avoidance 3 months post-burn. In-hospital pain predicted intrusions and avoidance 3 months post-burn and a trend was found for hyperarousal (90% CI). In the second wave, intrusions predicted pain and hyperarousal. Pain predicted hyperarousal. This study provides support for an entangled relationship between pain and PTSD symptoms, and particularly subscribes the role of intrusions in this bidirectional relationship. To a lesser extent, hyperarousal was unidirectionally related to pain. These results may subscribe the driving role of PTSD, particularly intrusions, which partly supports the Perpetual Avoidance Model.