Graphene Oxide Nanocomposites Research Articles

Transferrin Immobilized Graphene Oxide Nanocomposite for Targeted Cancer Chemodynamic Therapy via Increasing Intracellular Labile Fe2+ Concentration.

Recently, different alternative regulated cell death (RCD) pathways, viz., necroptosis, pyroptosis, ferroptosis, cuproptosis etc., have been explored as important targets for the development of cancer medications in recent years, as these can change the immunogenicity of the tumor microenvironment (TME) and will finally lead to the inhibition of cancer progression and metastasis. Here, we report the development of transferrin immobilized graphene oxide (Tfn@GOAPTES) nanocomposite as a therapeutic strategy toward cancer cell killing. The electrostatic immobilization of Tfn on the GOAPTES surface was confirmed by different spectroscopy and microscopy techniques. The Tfn immobilization was found to be ∼74 ± 4%, whereas the stability of the protein on the GO surface suggested a robust nature of the nanocomposite. The MTT assay suggested that Tfn@GOAPTES exhibited cytotoxicity toward HeLa cells via increased lipid peroxidation and DNA damage. Western blot studies resulted in decreased expression of acetylation on lysine 40 of α-tubulin and increased expression of LC3a/b for Tfn@GOAPTES treated HeLa cells, suggesting autophagy to be the main cause of the cell death mechanism. Overall, we predict that the present approach can be used as a therapeutic strategy for cancer cell killing via selective induction of a high concentration of intracellular iron.

ZnO/Ag/Reduced Graphene Oxide Nanocomposite as a Conductive Layer for Electrochemical Monitoring of Candida albicans Biofilm Formation and Dynamics

ZnO/Ag/Reduced Graphene Oxide Nanocomposite as a Conductive Layer for Electrochemical Monitoring of <i>Candida albicans</i> Biofilm Formation and Dynamics

Greenly synthesised novel microporous ZnO/GO for adsorption of methyl orange and malachite green

ABSTRACT This study presents a greenly synthesised novel nanocomposite composed of Zinc Oxide (ZnO) and Graphene Oxide (GO) for the adsorption of dyes from aqueous solutions. The nanocomposite was synthesised using algae thus representing a green and eco-friendly method, ensuring minimal environmental impact. The physical characterisation of zinc oxide and graphene oxide nanocomposite (ZnO/GO) was done using X-ray diffraction (XRD), Brunauer-Emmett-Teller (BET), Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FT-IR), Zeta Potential, and Particle Size Analyzer (PSA). The pore diameter of the ZnO/GO was 1.801 nm, and its total surface area was 54.062 m2/g. The nanocomposite’s adsorption performance was systematically investigated through batch adsorption experiments. With an adsorption efficiency of 296.73 mg/g and 259.74 mg/g for MO and MG, the Langmuir isotherm model outperforms the Freundlich isotherm model in terms of adsorption. The pseudo-second-order model having an R2 value of 0.99 for both MO and MG, offers a more convincing explanation of adsorption than the pseudo-first-order model. The results demonstrated rapid adsorption kinetics and high adsorption capacities for both cationic and anionic dyes. Additionally, the ZnO/GO has a high reusability without significant degradation. The sustainable nature of the nanocomposite was emphasised by its efficient dye removal, reusability, and minimal secondary waste generation.

A sustainable and highly efficient photocatalytic and supercapacitor electrode for biogenic nickel oxide nanoparticle infused graphene oxide

Energy-storage device manufacturing focuses on cost-effective, efficient, and stable solutions. Electrodes based on graphene oxide (GO) and nickel oxide (NiO) have enhanced electrochemical characteristics, such as high specific capacitance and prolonged cycle stability, which are desirable in supercapacitors. Moreover, a green synthesis pathway was developed for the production of NiO/graphene oxide composites (GO-NiO). FESEM, HRTEM, FTIR, XRD, XPS, UV–Vis, and Raman spectroscopy were among the many methods used to characterize the as-prepared nanocomposites. Since both NiO and the GO-NiO nanocomposite displayed estimated optical band gaps of about 3.45 eV, they were regarded to be semiconductors with potential applications as photocatalysts. GO-NiO nanocomposite was used to adsorb and photodegrade Acridine orange (AO) and Rhodamine-B (Rh-B) from an aqueous solution. In the presence of visible light, the GO-NiO nanocomposite undergoes photodegradation and adsorption at a much quicker rate and with a greater removal efficiency than when exposed to darkness. In under 90 min, GO-NiO composite removed 86.81% of Acridine orange and 86.12% of Rhodamine-B. Photodegradation and adsorption in visible light remove Acridine orange and Rhodamine-B more effectively than adsorption alone. Electrochemical studies of GO-NiO nanocomposites showed that the samples are very stable over numerous cycles and have a specific capacitance of about 228.78 Fg−1 at a scan rate of 10 mV s−1. The NiO-infused GO nanocomposites for photocatalytic and supercapacitor applications are new because of their synergistic features, which efficiently degrade pollutants and store energy, with extensive environmental and energy applications.

Cost-effective synthesis of magnetic graphene oxide nanocomposite from waste battery for the removal of arsenic from aqueous solutions: Adsorption mechanism with DFT calculation

In this study, magnetic graphene oxide (MGO-Fe3O4) nanocomposite was prepared by co-precipitating of FeCl3.6H2O and FeCl2.4H2O on waste battery-derived graphene oxide and used as an adsorbent for the efficient removal of As(III) from aqueous solutions. The prepared nanocomposite was characterized by Fourier transformed infrared spectroscopy, field emission scanning electron microscopy, transmission electron microscopy, X-ray diffraction, X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy, zeta potential, and a vibrating sample magnetometer. These characterizations revealed that spare like Fe3O4 nanoparticles (10.5 nm) were decorated on graphene oxide nanosheets and showed excellent saturation magnetization (89.73 emu/g). The adsorption of As(III) by MGO-Fe3O4 was optimized by analyzing various parameters. Experiments showed that 98 % of As(III) was removed at neutral pH in a just 20 min, even though the adsorbent dose was only 0.14 g/L. The adsorption kinetic and isotherm were best fitted with the pseudo-second order kinetic and Frendlich isotherm model. The maximum adsorption capacity (qmax) was found to be 50.2 mg/g at room temperature. Thermodynamic studies showed that the As(III) adsorption process was spontaneous and exothermic in nature. The enhanced adsorption capacity and magnetic properties of MGO-Fe3O4 are crucial in the drinking water treatment process due to the easy magnetic separation of MGO-Fe3O4 from aqueous solution after the adsorption process. Density Functional Theory (DFT) was also used to investigate the interaction between MGO-Fe3O4 and As(III), which further suggested that MGO-Fe3O4 and As(III) mostly interact with each other through surface complexation and hydrogen bonding.

A green approach to synthesis of Ag-doped CeO2 nanorods embedded reduced graphene oxide nanocomposite for excellent photocatalytic and antimicrobial activity

In this paper, the Ag-doped cerium oxide nanorods embedded reduced graphene oxide (Ag@CeO2/rGO) nanocomposite was synthesized via Punica Granatum leaf extract for for photocatalytic degradation of methylene blue (MB) and 4-nitrophenol (4-NP). The microstructural results confirmed the successful decoration of Ag-doped CeO2 nanorods on rGO matrix. The photocatalytic properties, including photocatalytic degradation, charge transfer kinetics and photocurrent generation, are systematically investigated using electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS), photocurrent transient response (PCTR) and open circuit voltage decay (OCVD). The results of photocatalytic dye degradation measurements indicated that Ag@CeO2/rGO nanocomposite is more effective than pristine CeO2 to degrade the MB dye, and the degradation rate reached 100 % in 60 min. The decomposition of MB with Ag@CeO2/rGO nanostructure followed first-order reaction kinetics with a reaction rate constant (Ka) of 0.0198 min−1. The EIS and OCVD measurements revealed that the Ag doping and incorporation of rGO could suppress the recombination probability in CeO2 by the separation of photo-generated electron–hole pairs, which leads to the enhanced photocurrent generation and photocatalytic activity. The photocurrent density of Ag@CeO2/rGO, CeO2/rGO and pristine CeO2 are 215, 167.4 and 98.8 mAcm−2, respectively.

Graphene Oxide-Based Nanocomposites for Stereolithography (SLA) 3D Printing: Comprehensive Mechanical Characterization under Combined Loading Modes.

Additive manufacturing, particularly Stereolithography (SLA), has gained widespread attention thanks to its ability to produce intricate parts with high precision and customization capacity. Nevertheless, the inherent low mechanical properties of SLA-printed parts limit their use in high-value applications. One approach to enhance these properties involves the incorporation of nanomaterials, with graphene oxide (GO) being a widely studied option. However, the characterization of SLA-printed GO nanocomposites under various stress loadings remains underexplored in the literature, despite being essential for evaluating their mechanical performance in applications. This study aimed to address this gap by synthesizing GO and incorporating it into a commercial SLA resin at different concentrations (0.2, 0.5, and 1 wt.%). Printed specimens were subjected to pure tension, combined stresses, and pure shear stress modes for comprehensive mechanical characterization. Additionally, failure criteria were provided using the Drucker--Prager model.

Iodine-doped reduced graphene oxide and titanium dioxide nanocomposite as effective amperometric glucose biosensor

The current study fabricated a non-enzymatic glucose sensor based on iodine-doped reduced graphene oxide with titanium dioxide (I-rGO@TiO2) nanocomposite. Initially, the sol-gel and thermal reduction methods synthesized titanium dioxide (TiO2) nanoparticles and reduced graphene oxide (rGO). Then, the hydrothermal technique was utilized to synthesize a composite of I-rGO@TiO2 by combining I-rGO and TiO2 in a 1:4 ratio. The XRD spectrum and TEM images revealed that in the I-rGO@TiO2 nanocomposite, nanocrystalline anatase titanium is randomly distributed on the I-rGO sheets. Fourier transforms the infrared spectrum of nanocomposite shows the presence of titanium and oxygen bond characteristics peak between 400 and 850 cm−1. Iodine molecules peak at 100 cm−1 were obtained in Raman spectra. The AC conductivity and dielectric properties of the nanocomposite were analyzed. For the sensor fabrication, the indium tin oxide electrode surface is modified by I-rGO@TiO2, and the electrochemical performance was examined. At room temperature, the sensor demonstrated a wider linear detection range (0.5−10 mM). The lower detection limit of the sensor was 0.23 μM (S/N = 3), and the sensitivity was 221.69 μA mM−1 cm−2. The I-rGO@TiO2 nanocomposite shows a positive temperature coefficient via the thermal activation of charge carriers and a conductivity of 3.82 × 10−5 Ω−1m−1 at 200 °C. Additionally, the antibacterial properties was evaluated, and dose-dependent properties were observed towards E. coli and Bacillus subtilis bacterium.

Bifunctional CoNi/Fe3O4@GO catalyst for hydrogen generation through NaBH4 in different solvolytic environments: The effect of sequential metal introduction

In the present study, an easily-prepared binary metal supported on a magnetic nanocomposite of graphene oxide was synthesized with a particular focus on the sequence of metal introduction. Specifically, the Co/Ni/Fe3O4@GO, Ni/Co/Fe3O4@GO, and CoNi/Fe3O4@GO samples were synthesized, and subjected to a comprehensive characterization. Following the incorporation of nickel into the cobalt-based catalyst, the surface areas of the samples and the dispersion of the particles were notably enhanced. The positive effect of nickel introduction was found to be more pronounced in the CoNi/Fe3O4@GO nanocatalyst, which was synthesized via the simultaneous impregnation-reduction of cobalt and nickel nanoparticles. The prepared catalysts were found to be efficient catalysts in the sodium borohydride hydrolysis/methanolysis/ethanolysis process. Notably, the results revealed that the CoNi/Fe3O4@GO exhibited superior performance in the methanolysis reaction compared to the other catalysts. Impressively, this catalyst yielded a high hydrogen generation rate of 8200 mL/min.gcat. A thorough kinetic analysis of the catalyzed methanolysis reaction revealed a remarkably low activation energy of 21.45 kJ/mol. Furthermore, a thermodynamic study yielded an activation entropy (ΔS) of -97.75 J/K, which is indicative of a Langmuir-Hinshelwood-type mechanism for the methanolysis of sodium borohydride.

Synthesis and Characterization of Palladium/Silver Modified Reduced Graphene Oxide–Nanocomposite Platform for Electrochemical Sensors

AbstractMetal nanoparticles incorporated into carbon nanostructures have tremendous applications in the field of nanosensors and other technologies. Herein, a nanohybrid of reduced graphene oxide modified with silver and/or palladium nanoparticles (Ag/Pd/rGO) was prepared by impregnation of Pd and Ag into the rGO platform and deposited on a glass carbon electrode. Palladium and silver nanoparticles improve the stability and durability of the sensor platform by preventing the agglomeration of graphene oxide sheets and providing chemical stability against environmental factors. This ensures long‐term reliability and repeatability of the sensor performance. The morphologies and microstructures of the as‐prepared nanohybrid were characterized by X‐ray photoelectron spectroscopy, scanning electron microscopy, transmission electron microscopy, X‐ray diffraction, UV–visible and infrared spectroscopy. The average crystallite size of PdAgNPs was found to be between 12 and 15 nm and demonstrated good dispersion across reduced graphene oxide sheets with high‐loading capacities. Thorough investigation of the electrochemical properties of the nanomaterial surfaces through cyclic voltammetry (CV) experiments, revealed distinct redox peaks for Ag+/Ag0 and Pd2+/Pd0 processes and demonstrated the excellent electrochemical properties of the prepared nanocomposites. The rGO‐PdAgNPs‐GCE had a diffusion coefficient value of 1.14×10−14 cm2 s−1 which is acceptable for electrochemical sensors as it is indicative of a fast response time and enhanced sensitivity to changes in gas concentration. The results obtained through thorough characterizations contributes to the novelty of the research by offering a deeper understanding of the material properties and the potential of the nanohybrid material for a broad application scope.

Synthesis of Niobium Pentoxide and Its Reduced Graphene Oxide Nanocomposite for Enhanced Supercapacitor Applications

A simple hydrothermal synthetic route has been developed for the synthesis of perovskite lanthanum aluminate (Nb2O5) and reduced graphene oxide composite (RGO). The synthesized materials have been characterized for its morphology using, XRD, SEM, techniques. The materials are used as electrode materials for supercapacitor applications. Electron microscopic images indicate RGO sheets are densely attached to surface of Nb2O5 with perforated cage like morphology. A high specific capacitance of 751 Fg-1 at a scan rate of 2 mVs-1 was exhibited by RGO/ Nb2O5 hybrid structure electrode when compared to pure RGO (535 Fg-1) and pure Nb2O53 (175 Fg-1) electrodes at the same scan rate using cyclic voltammetry (CV). By using chronopotentiometry (CP), the RGO/ Nb2O5 hybrid structure electrode out stretched specific capacitance of 572 Fg-1 at a current density of 0.5 Ag-1 and able to retain specific capacitance (Csp) of about 427 Fg-1 even at very high current density of 10 Ag-1.RGO/ Nb2O5 composite also possesses an energy density of 179 Wh kg-1 with a maximum power density of 1500 W kg-1. From the Electrochemical Impedance Spectroscopy (EIS), the RGO/ Nb2O5 hybrid structure electrode has shown phase angle close to -90o for frequency up to 0.01Hz, suggesting that the nanocomposite electrode material approached ideal capacitor behavior.

Cytosine-Rich Oligonucleotide and Electrochemically Reduced Graphene Oxide Nanocomposite for Ultrasensitive Electrochemical Ag+ Sensing.

Silver ions (Ag+) are crucial in various fields, but pose environmental and health risks at high concentrations. This study presents a straightforward approach for the ultra-trace detection of Ag+, utilizing a composite of a cytosine-rich oligonucleotide (CRO) and an electrochemically reduced graphene oxide (ERGO). Initially, ERGO was synthesized on a glassy carbon electrode (GCE) through the reduction of graphene oxide (GO) via cyclic voltammetry. A methylene blue-tagged CRO (MB-CRO) was then anchored to the ERGO surface through π-π interactions, resulting in the formation of an MB-CRO-modified ERGO electrode (MB-CRO/ERGO-GCE). The interaction with Ag+ ions induced the formation of silver-mediated C-Ag+-C coordination, prompting the MB-CRO to adopt a hairpin structure. This conformational change led to the desorption of the MB-CRO from the ERGO-GCE, causing a variation in the redox current of the methylene blue associated with the MB-CRO. Electrochemical assays revealed that the sensor exhibits extraordinary sensitivity to Ag+ ions, with a linear detection range from 1 femtomolar (fM) to 100 nanomolars (nM) and a detection limit of 0.83 fM. Moreover, the sensor demonstrated high selectivity for Ag+ ions and several other benefits, including stability, reproducibility, and straightforward fabrication and operational procedures. Additionally, real sample analyses were performed using the modified electrode to detect Ag+ in tap and pond water samples, yielding satisfactory recovery rates.

One-Pot Synthesis of Alkyl Functionalized Reduced Graphene Oxide Nanocomposites as the Lubrication Additive Enabling Enhanced Tribological Performance.

Recently, aiming for the enhanced dispersibility of graphene-based nanomaterials in lubricating oil matrices to serve as highly efficient lubricant additives, numerous modification approaches have been extensively studied. However, these previous modification routes usually involve a tedious multistep modification process or multitudinous toxic reagents, restricting their extensive practical application. In this work, novel graphene oxide (GO) nanoadditives (RGO-g-BO) featuring excellent durable dispersion capability and remarkable tribological performance were successfully prepared via an environmentally friendly one-step approach consisting of surface grafting of long-chain bromooctadecane (BO) and in situ chemical reduction. Benefiting from the greatly improved lipophilicity (resulting from the introduction of hydrophobic long-chain alkane groups and chemical reduction), along with the miniaturization effect, RGO-g-BO exhibits superior long-term dispersion stability in the finished oil. Moreover, the tribological properties results demonstrated that the finished oil filled with RGO-g-BO nanolubricants achieved an outstanding friction-reducing and antiwear performance. Particularly, under the optimum content of RGO-g-BO (as low as 0.005 wt%), the friction coefficient as well as the wear volume of the composite finished oil were greatly reduced by 13% and 53%, respectively, as compared with nascent finished oil. Therefore, in view of the advantages of low-cost, one-step facile synthesis, desirable dispersion capability, and remarkable tribological performance, RGO-g-BO holds great prospects as a highly efficient lubrication additive in the tribology field.

Polythiophene/nitrogen-doped reduced graphene oxide nanocomposite as a hybrid supercapacitor electrode

In this study polythiophene/nitrogen-doped reduced graphene oxide (Pth/n-rGO) was synthesized by in situ chemical polymerization. The correct synthesis of Pth/n-rGO nanocomposite was checked and confirmed through different spectral, elemental and morphological analysis. The supercapacitor performance of the Pth/n-rGO was higher than those of pure Pth and n-rGO in a neutral medium containing 1 M sodium sulfate. The highest energy density, specific capacitance, and power density values of 13.1 Wh kg−1, 455 F g−1, and 279 W kg−1 were achieved for the Pth/n-rGO nanocomposite. The Pth/n-rGO electrode also revealed commendable cyclic stability which it maintained 94% of its original specific capacitance and 125% coulombic efficiency during 1500 galvanostatic charge-discharge cycles. The superior charge-storage property of Pth/n-rGO is ascribed to the double-layer/pseudocapacitance charge storage synergistic effect. By considering the results of performance and stability for the Pth/n-rGO nanocomposite in this study, it could be good candidate for development of new supercapacitors electrode material.

Evaluation of Electrochemical and Antimicrobial Efficacy of Green Synthesized Silver Functionalized Reduced Graphene Oxide Nanocomposites

Evaluation of Electrochemical and Antimicrobial Efficacy of Green Synthesized Silver Functionalized Reduced Graphene Oxide Nanocomposites

Biocompatible adipose extracellular matrix and reduced graphene oxide nanocomposite for tissue engineering applications

Despite the immense need for effective treatment of spinal cord injury (SCI), no successful repair strategy has yet been clinically implemented. Multifunctional biomaterials, based on porcine adipose tissue-derived extracellular matrix (adECM) and reduced graphene oxide (rGO), were recently shown to stimulate in vitro neural stem cell growth and differentiation. Nevertheless, their functional performance in clinically more relevant in vivo conditions remains largely unknown. Before clinical application of these adECM-rGO nanocomposites can be considered, a rigorous assessment of the cytotoxicity and biocompatibility of these biomaterials is required. For instance, xenogeneic adECM scaffolds could still harbour potential immunogenicity following decellularization. In addition, the toxicity of rGO has been studied before, yet often in experimental settings that do not bear relevance to regenerative medicine. Therefore, the present study aimed to assess both the in vitro as well as in vivo safety of adECM and adECM-rGO scaffolds. First, pulmonary, renal and hepato-cytotoxicity as well as macrophage polarization studies showed that scaffolds were benign invitro. Then, a laminectomy was performed at the 10th thoracic vertebra, and scaffolds were implanted directly contacting the spinal cord. For a total duration of 6 weeks, animal welfare was not negatively affected. Histological analysis demonstrated the degradation of adECM scaffolds and subsequent tissue remodeling. Graphene-based scaffolds showed a very limited fibrous encapsulation, while rGO sheets were engulfed by foreign body giant cells. Furthermore, all scaffolds were infiltrated by macrophages, which were largely polarized towards a pro-regenerative phenotype. Lastly, organ-specific histopathology and biochemical analysis of blood did not reveal any adverse effects. In summary, both adECM and adECM-rGO implants were biocompatible upon laminectomy while establishing a pro-regenerative microenvironment, which justifies further research on their therapeutic potential for treatment of SCI.

Electrochemical detection of regorafenib using a graphite sheet electrode modified with nitrogen-doped reduced graphene oxide nanocomposite

Regorafenib (RGF) is a multi-kinase inhibitor drug used for treating various cancers, posing challenges for detection in biological samples due to low solubility and stability. This paper presents a novel electrochemical sensor based on a monolith reduced graphene oxide (M-RGO) nanocomposite modified graphite sheet electrode. M-RGO was synthesized via a hydrothermal method and characterized extensively. The electrochemical performance was assessed using cyclic voltammetry and differential pulse voltammetry. The sensor demonstrated exceptional electrocatalytic activity for RGF oxidation, featuring two linear response ranges (31 nM to 600 nM and 600 nM to 920 nM) with a detection limit of 1.7 nM. The sensor exhibited good selectivity, stability, and reproducibility. Successful application in determining RGF in human serum and urine samples demonstrated the potential of M-RGO nanocomposite as a promising material for the development of electrochemical sensors for pharmaceutical analysis.

An ultrasensitive genosensor for detection of toxigenic and non-toxigenic Clostridioides difficile based on a conserved sequence in surface layer protein coding gene

Clostridioides difficile (C. difficile) is the most common agent of antibiotic-associated diarrhea, leading to intestinal infection through the secretion of two major toxins. Not all strains of this bacterium are toxigenic, but some of them cause infection via their accessory virulence factors, such as surface layer protein (SlpA). SlpA is conserved in both toxigenic and non-toxigenic strains of C. difficile. In the present work, an amplification-free electrochemical genosensor was designed for the detection of the slpA gene. A glassy carbon electrode coated with gold nanoparticle-reduced graphene oxide nanocomposite was used as the working electrode, and its surface was modified using a simple thiolated linear oligonucleotide as the bioreceptor. Moreover, the hexaferrocenium tri[hexa(isothiocyanato) iron(III)] trihydroxonium (HxFc) complex was used as an intercalator, and its redox signal was recorded using differential pulse voltammetry. Scan rate studies indicated a quasi-reversible adsorption-controlled process for the HxFc complex. This genosensor showed high sensitivity with a limit of detection of 0.2 fM, a linear response range of 0.46–1900 fM, and a satisfactory specificity toward the synthetic slpA target gene. Also, the genosensor indicated responses in the mentioned linear range toward the genome extracted from either toxigenic or non-toxigenic strains of C. difficile.

A novel approach to detect salbutamol as a doping agent in athletes: A nanoparticle-modified electrode

This study successfully demonstrated a novel approach for the detection of salbutamol (SBM), a common doping drug in sports, using Tb4O7 nanoparticles and a reduced graphene oxide (Tb4O7/RGO) nanocomposite. The electrode modified with the Tb4O7/RGO nanocomposite exhibited remarkable selectivity, stability, and reproducibility, indicating its potential as a useful instrument for real-world uses. When used to detect salbutamol in serum samples, the sensor demonstrated a recovery rate of more than 96.50% and a relative standard deviation (RSD) of less than 4.17% (n=5). This work provides new insights into the electrochemical behavior of salbutamol and creates avenues for the development of very effective doping detection techniques. The sensor set a detection limit of 21 nM and functioned within a linear range of 1 µM to 710 µM. These results illustrate the accuracy and precision of the sensor and highlight its strong performance and dependability in a clinical context. As a result, the proposed sensor could be successfully used to determine the clinical levels of salbutamol in serum samples, giving medical personnel an invaluable tool for tracking and controlling patient health. With potential uses beyond sports doping detection, this work constitutes a noteworthy advancement in the field of electrochemical sensors.

Valorization of sugarcane bagasse cellulose to synthesize novel graphene oxide-based composite for remediation of atrazine – Optimization studies

Atrazine (AZE) is a hazardous herbicide that pollutes drinking water and wastewater at an alarming rate, posturing a somberhazard to the environment and human being. This research is aimed to investigate the valorization of biomass for the synthesis and applicationof novel Sugarcane Bagasse Cellulose (SCBC) - Graphene oxide (GO) nanocomposite for remediation of atrazine. The novel nanocomposite is characterized using Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), Particle size distribution, Raman spectra analysis, X-ray analysis (XRD), Scanning electron microscope analysis (SEM) and Transmission electron microscopy (TEM). The prepared GOSCBC had high surface area of 189 m2/g, pore volume of 0.13 cm3/g, and inter-particle pore width of 17 nm. The impact of operating constraints such as adsorbent dose (50–150 mg), medium pH (4.5–8.5), contact period (3 h), temperature (15–45°C), and atrazine concentration (10–50 mg/L) were varied and optimum conditions were examined with the help of Box-Behnken statistical design (BBD). The optimum conditions identified were: 90.84 mg/L nanocomposite; pH 5.51; time 180 min; temperature 34.64°C and feed concentration 27.77 mg/L. The adsorption statistical analyses were performed and the values were determined using the isotherms and kinetic models; the optimal parameters were evaluated using sum of normalised errors approach. The maximum adsorption capacity of AZE was found to be 143.29 mg/g. The mechanism of sorption is well represented by PSO model. The exothermic nature of removal process was confirmed through thermodynamic parameters. The reusability of the nanocomposite was identified to be efficient for six cycles.