Grape Root Research Articles

Impact of the Plant Growth-promoting Rhizobacterium Streptomyces saraceticus Strain 31 on Berry Quality of ‘Benifuji’ Grape: Improvements through the Reconfiguration of Fine Root Morphology and Vessel Anatomy

In an effort to mitigate the environmental impact of chemical fertilizers, plant growth-promoting rhizobacteria (PGPR) have emerged as a more sustainable alternative. Streptomyces saraceticus 31 (‘SS31’), a new strain of biocontrol bacteria, was inoculated into rhizosphere soils of ‘Benifuji’ grape to evaluate its impact on grape roots and berries. The results indicated significant improvements in soil fertility, with higher levels of organic matter, phosphorus, potassium, and nitrate nitrogen compared with those of the controls. Moreover, ‘SS31’ application elicited a notable reduction in soil pH levels, along with a substantial augmentation in the enzymatic activities of both phosphatase and invertase. The grapes treated with ‘SS31’ exhibited a notable increase in the number, length, surface area, and volume of fine roots in both 0- to 10-cm and 10- to 20-cm soil profiles. The application of ‘SS31’ resulted in the observation of greater diameter, lower density, and larger lumen area, along with increased specific hydraulic conductivity in the vessels of roots with 1- to 2-mm diameters. Despite a slight reduction in berry weight compared with that of the controls, ‘Benifuji’ grape berries displayed higher total soluble solids and lower total titratable acidity after ‘SS31’ application. Furthermore, ‘SS31’ treatment elevated the levels of volatile compounds in berries, especially fatty acid-derived compounds. A network analysis revealed a robust positive correlation between the observed improvements in grape berry quality and the morphology as well as the hydraulic conductivity of the grape fine roots. In conclusion, these findings suggest that ‘SS31’ has the potential to enhance grape root function by expanding the root absorption area and facilitating water transportation. This, in turn, may improve the flavor and aroma of ‘Benifuji’ grape berries.

Effect of Oregon grape root extracts on P-glycoprotein mediated transport in in vitro cell lines.

Purpose: This study aims to investigate the potential of Oregon grape root extracts to modulate the activity of P-glycoprotein. Methods: We performed 3H-CsA or 3H-digoxin transport experiments in the absence or presence of two sources of Oregon grape root extracts (E1 and E2), berberine or berbamine in Caco-2 and MDCKII-MDR1 cells. In addition, real time quantitative polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) was performed in Caco-2 and LS-180 cells to investigate the mechanism of modulating P-glycoprotein. Results: Our results showed that in Caco-2 cells, Oregon grape root extracts (E1 and E2) (0.1-1mg/mL) inhibited the efflux of CsA and digoxin in a dose-dependent manner. However, 0.05mg/mL E1 significantly increased the absorption of digoxin. Ten µM berberine and 30µM berbamine significantly reduced the efflux of CsA, while no measurable effect of berberine was observed with digoxin. In the MDCKII-MDR1 cells, 10µM berberine and 30µM berbamine inhibited the efflux of CsA and digoxin. Lastly, in real time RT-PCR study, Oregon grape root extract (0.1mg/mL) up-regulated mRNA levels of human MDR1 in Caco-2 and LS-180 cells at 24h. Conclusion: Our study showed that Oregon grape root extracts modulated P-glycoprotein, thereby may affect the bioavailability of drugs that are substrates of P-glycoprotein.

Study on Effects of salt stress on the Suberin Lamella of grapevine roots

Grape is one of the oldest tree species in the world which have a relatively high tolerance to salt stress. The function of Suberin Lamella is to control the transport of water and ions, which has a positive effect on salt tolerance. However, whether the suberin lamella of grape root is related to its salt-tolerance has not been revealed. In this study, suberin lamella in roots of two grape varieties, "Crimson seedless" and "1103p", were stained by FY0888. Results showed that salt stress induced the appearance and thickening of suberin lamella of grape root cortex. The induction effect was very obvious in salt-toerant "Crimson seedless", while the effect was weak in "1103P", indicating that the suberin lamella of grape was indeed involved in the salt tolerance of grape.

Effect of Aerated Irrigation on the Growth and Rhizosphere Soil Fungal Community Structure of Greenhouse Grape Seedlings

Conventional irrigation methods decrease greenhouse soil aeration, which leads to restricted root growth and reduced soil fungal abundance in greenhouse grapes. In this study, aerated irrigation equipment was used to investigate the effects of aerated irrigation on the biomass accumulation, root growth, and soil fungal community structure of grape seedlings. The results show that aerated irrigation significantly increased the root length, root surface area, root volume, and number of root tips by 38.5%, 32.1%, 62.1%, and 23.4%, respectively, at a soil depth of 20–40 cm (p ≤ 0.05). The chao1 index and ACE index of fungi at different soil depths under aerated irrigation were higher than those without aerated treatment; aerated irrigation changed the relative abundance of dominant fungi in rhizosphere soil. At a soil depth of 20–40 cm, aerated irrigation increased the abundance of Fusarium by 42.2%. Aerated irrigation also contributed to the abundance of the beneficial fungal genera Mortierella, Cladosporium, and Glomus. At a soil depth of 0–20 cm, the abundance of Mortierella in the soil that received aerated treatment was 180.6% higher than in the control treatment. These findings suggest that aerated irrigation is a promising strategy for the promotion of grape root growth and biomass accumulation, and it can also increase the abundance of some beneficial fungi.

Identification of grape miRNA revealed Vvi-miR164b involved in auxin induced root development

Root development is essential for the growth and vegetative propagation in grapevine. The proper concentration of auxin can promote root development and induce secondary roots or adventitious roots formation. MicroRNAs are involved in regulating the development of roots and played a significant role in grape adventitious roots formation. Hence, in order to verify the molecular mechanism of Indoleacetic Acid (IAA) induced grape root development, the two key time points 10, 30 d and four different IAA concentrations 0, 0.2, 1 and 5 mg/L of root development of grape tissue culture cuttings were analyzed by small RNA transcriptome. A total of 187 known miRNAs and 117 novel miRNAs which showed different expression patterns were identified. The expression levels of the differentially expressed miRNAs and target genes were confirmed by RT-qPCR, and the results showed that the expression of miRNAs and their target genes which associated with auxin signal-related (vvi-miR167, miR164 and miR160), stress response-related (vvi-miR395, miR398 miR169 and novel-miR103), cell fate transformation-, enlargement- and proliferation-related (vvi-miR399, miR166, miR319, miR3633 and miR396) were inconsistent with the RNA-seq results. Furthermore, most of the predicted target genes were negatively regulated by corresponding miRNAs. The function of vvi-miR164b was identified by gene transformation in Arabidopsis thaliana, and the number of lateral roots in transgenic lines increased significantly, suggesting that differentially expressed vvi-miR164b plays an active role in grape lateral root development. Comparison of miRNA expression patterns between the IAA treatment group and control group (CK) may provide a means to reveal the molecular mechanism of miRNA-mediated regulation of grape root development under auxin treatment. In summary, these results gave us useful information to better understanding the root development in fruit tree.

A Characterization of a Cool-Climate Organic Vineyard’s Microbiome

The microbiome, an influential factor affecting plant health and growth, is attracting increasing interest with respect to wine grape production. The purpose of this study was to characterize the microbiome (fungi and bacteria) of the soil, cover crop roots, and grape (Vitis spp.) roots across rootstock and depth in a cool-climate, organic vineyard. The cover crop consisted of a fescue (Festuca sp.) grass, while grape roots were sampled from New York Muscat, a cool-climate hybrid, across three root types (ungrafted, 3309C and Riparia Gloire) at three root depths (0 to 15, 15 to 30, and 30 to 50 cm). The grape root microbiome was more specialized, with fewer observed amplicon sequence variants for both bacteria (16S) and fungi (internal transcribe spacer) than found in the cover crop and the surrounding soil. Grape roots were dominated by bacterial genera Pseudomonas, Niastella, and Rhizobium; most prominent fungal genera were Plectosphaerella, Trichosporon, and Ilyonectria. Although no correlations were found between α-diversity metrics and soil parameters, Pseudaleuria relative abundance was correlated with Mn, Fe, and Na levels. Soil depth explained a small portion of bacterial but not fungal variance and taxonomic composition. Rootstock type explained a portion of both bacterial and fungal variance and taxonomic composition, substantiating the role of host plant genetics in the development of the grape root microbiome. This is the first characterization of the grape root microbiome in a cool-climate Canadian vineyard.

Study on PCR rapid molecular detection technique of Meloidogyne vitis

Meloidogyne vitis is a new root-knot nematode parasitic on grape root in Yunnan Province, China. In order to establish a rapid, reliable and specific molecular detection method for M. vitis, the species-specific primers were designed with rDNA-ITS (ribosomal DNA internal transcribed spacer) gene fragment as the target. The reaction system was optimized and the reliability, specificity and sensitivity of primer were testified, therefore, a rapid PCR detection method for M. vitis was established. The result showed that the optimal annealing temperature of the primers was 53°C, which was suitable for the detection of different life stages of M. vitis. Specificity test showed that the specific fragment size of 174 bp was obtained from M. vitis, but other five non-target nematodes did not have any amplification bands, thus effectively distinguish M. vitis and the other five species, and could specifically detect the M. vitis from mixed populations. Sensitivity test showed that this PCR technique could detect the DNA of a single second-stage juvenile (J2) and 10−4 female. Futhermore, this PCR technique could be used to detect directly M. vitis from soil samples. The rapid, sensitive and specific PCR molecular detection technique could be used for the direct identification of a single J2 of M. vitis and the detection of M. vitis in mixed nematode populations and the detection of two J2s or one male in 0.5 g soil samples, which will provide technical support for the investigation of the occurrence and damage of M. vitis and the formulation of efficient green control strategies.

Effects of Foliar Phylloxera (Hemiptera: Phylloxeridae) Infestations on Wine Grape Photosynthesis, Yield, and Fruit Quality

Abstract Grape phylloxera, Daktulosphaira vitifoliae Fitch (Hemiptera: Phylloxeridae), is an important pest that forms galls on the foliage and roots of Vitis species. The effects of grape phylloxera on grape root have been studied extensively. This study investigated the effects of the foliar form of grape phylloxera, which is a persistent pest of North American native Vitis species and cold-hardy hybrid wine grapes between Vitis vinifera L. and Vitis riparia Michx. For a susceptible variety, ‘Frontenac’, in commercial Minnesota vineyards, there were reductions in cluster weight due to foliar phylloxera infestations in 2017 (one site; P = 0.05) and 2018 (three sites; nonsignificant). Reductions in cluster weight can be economically important to growers. For four grape varieties (susceptible and resistant) evaluated in the greenhouse, there were numerical reductions in photosynthetic rate and localized photosystem II efficiency in 1 of 2 yr. Resistant varieties had less of a reduction on conductance due to grape phylloxera infestation than susceptible varieties in 1 of 2 yr. The degree to which this occurs in resistant varieties may be related to the formation of fewer adaxial stomata; however, this hypothesis requires additional research. These results add important information to better understand how foliar phylloxera injury affects wine grape photosynthesis and yield. The results serve as a foundation for investigating variety-specific responses to foliar phylloxera through the use of advanced phenotyping technologies. This knowledge will lead to a better understanding of the effect of the pest on the diversity of cold-hardy grape varieties grown in the Midwestern United States.

Open-air grape classification and its application in parcel-level risk assessment of late frost in the eastern Helan Mountains

The eastern Helan Mountains are one of the most important plantings and production bases for high-quality grapes in China. In winter, grape root is prone to freezing damage owing to natural phenomenon such as early and late frost, and methods to assess disaster risk at the grape parcel level is one of the current research hotspots. However, there are two problems at present; first is the lack of grape parcel maps and second is that scale of disaster risk assessment is limited to the level of administrative divisions and grid systems. Therefore, according to the perennial characteristics of the grapes and clear texture of the open-air grape parcels based on public data sets (Sentinel-2A/B) and high-quality winery address information, combined with Google Earth engine (GEE) platform, Google Earth, and Ovitalmap, this study designs a collection scheme of open-air grape parcel samples and non-grape parcel samples, analyzes the environmental characteristics of the distribution of high-quality wineries, constructs a classification feature database in three aspects (time, terrain, and vegetation), uses the random forest classification method to classify open-air grape parcels in the eastern Helan Mountains in 2019, and conducts a late frost disaster risk assessment of the open-air grape parcel. The results show that: (1) The high-quality wineries are mainly distributed in the elevation of 1106–1240 m, with the average slope of 0.82°, the organic matter content of 10.79–14.27 g/kg, the P content of 24.87–37.58 mg/kg, the K content of 116–166 mg/kg, the pH 8.38–8.55, N content of 0.65–0.98 g/kg, annual average active accumulated temperature ≥10 °C of 3490–3590 °C, annual average rainfall of 189–201 mm, the annual average sunshine duration of 7.3–7.6 h, annual average air temperature of 8.8–9.4 °C, annual average temperature difference of 12.7–13.2 °C, annual average frost-free period at 263–270 d and annual average relative air Humidity of 50–54%. (2) The overall classification accuracy of open-air grape parcels reached 98.96% and the verification accuracy of ground truth parcel samples reached 87.89%. The open-air grape parcels in the eastern Helan Mountains are mainly distributed in Helan County, Xixia District, Yongning County, and Qingtongxia City. (3) The highest risk of late frost was found in Xixia District and the lowest risk in Yongning County. Helan County was higher than Qingtongxia City in the medium risk of late frost. The typical small area high risk includes Liangtian Town, the experimental field of Ningxia Academy of Agricultural and Forestry Sciences in Zhenbeibao Town, Yuhuang Winery in Ganchengzi Village, and the State-run Warm Spring Farm in Helan County. Thus, the sample collection and augmentation scheme are feasible, the open-air grape classification accuracy is high and its result is consistent with field investigation, which can provide accurate parcel-level disaster risk assessment and provide decision support for agricultural departments and farmers.

Grape Pruning Material Improves Root Development and Soil Microecology in ‘Shine Muscat’ Grape Soils

The addition of pulverized grape pruning wood to grape soils has a positive effect on fruit quality. However, its effects on the soil microecology of the root zone and the growth of the grape plants are not fully understood. To address this, ‘Shine Muscat’ grapes were cultivated in media consisting of garden soil and crushed grape pruning material at different mass ratios [100:1 (T1), 50:1 (T2), 30:1 (T3), 20:1 (T4), and 10:1 (T5)] and in garden soil without the pruning material, as a control. The changes in the plant fresh weight, leaf area, soil and plant analyzer development (SPAD) value, root development, soil organic carbon, microbial biomass carbon, and soil enzyme activity were determined over time. High-throughput sequencing technology was used to determine the soil bacterial community structures. The pruning supplementation increased the grape plants fresh weight, leaf area, and SPAD values. The T2 and T3 treatments increased the grape root length, surface area, and the projected area and number of the root tips; the soil organic carbon content, microbial biomass carbon content, soil invertase activity, amylase activity, and β-glucosidase activity were also significantly increased. The addition of the grape pruning material was found to increase the bacterial diversity and richness 60 and 150 days after treatment. At the phylum level, Proteobacteria, Acidobacteria, and Actinobacteria were the dominant groups, and the grape pruning material increased the relative abundance of the Acidobacteria and Actinobacteria after 60 and 150 days. The relative abundance of the Actinobacteria in the T2 treatment was 1.7, 1.3, 1.5, and 1.3 times that of the control, after 60, 90, 120, and 150 days, respectively. The T2 treatment was identified as the optimal treatment for grapes in the field because it improved the soil microecology and promoted root and tree development the most compared with the other treatments tested.

A miRNA-Encoded Small Peptide, vvi-miPEP171d1, Regulates Adventitious Root Formation.

One of the biggest challenges in clonal propagation of grapevine (Vitis vinifera) is difficulty of rooting. Adventitious root initiation and development are the critical steps in the cutting and layering process of grapevine, but the molecular mechanism of these processes remains unclear. Previous reports have found that microRNA (miRNA)-encoded peptides (miPEPs) can regulate plant root development by increasing the transcription of their corresponding primary miRNA. Here, we report the role of a miPEP in increasing adventitious root formation in grapevine. In this study, we performed a global analysis of miPEPs in grapevine and characterized the function of vvi-miPEP171d1, a functional, small peptide encoded by primary-miR171d. There were three small open reading frames in the 500-bp upstream sequence of pre-miR171d. One of them encoded a small peptide, vvi-miPEP171d1, which could increase the transcription of vvi-MIR171d Exogenous application of vvi-miPEP171d1 to grape tissue culture plantlets promoted adventitious root development by activating the expression of vvi-MIR171d Interestingly, neither exogenous application of the vvi-miPEP171d1 peptide nor overexpression of the vvi-miPEP171d1 coding sequence resulted in phenotypic changes in Arabidopsis (Arabidopsis thaliana). Similarly, application of synthetic ath-miPEP171c, the small peptide encoded by the Arabidopsis ortholog of vvi-MIR171d, inhibited the growth of primary roots and induced the early initiation of lateral and adventitious roots in Arabidopsis, while it had no effect on grape root development. Our findings reveal that miPEP171d1 regulates root development by promoting vvi-MIR171d expression in a species-specific manner, further enriching the theoretical research into miPEPs.

Subterranean Acoustic Activity Patterns of Vitacea polistiformis (Lepidoptera: Sesiidae) in Relation to Abiotic and Biotic Factors.

Grape root borer (GRB), Vitacea polistiformis, is a root-feeding pest of grapevines in the US southeast that causes underground damage well before vines show visible symptoms. A 269-d study was conducted at 31 sites in a Florida vineyard to record short bursts of insect movement and feeding vibrations in grapevine root systems and provide information that can improve timing and targeting of GRB management efforts. Characteristic spectral and temporal patterns in the subterranean vibrations facilitated discrimination of GRB from background noise and non-targeted arthropods. Infestation likelihood of GRB at each site was estimated from previous studies relating infestation to burst rate. In all, 39% of recordings indicated low infestation likelihood. Sites with medium or high infestation likelihood were confined to a small region of the vineyard where a vine with larval feeding damage was confirmed. The restricted area suggests that the biological control or chemical treatments could be reduced elsewhere. Acoustic activity was significantly greater in fall and winter than in spring, and greater in evening than afternoon; fall evenings seemed best for GRB acoustic surveys. The GRB seasonal and circadian acoustic variation reflected phenological variation in grape root growth and nutrients and was not significantly correlated with temperature.

Grape Root Borer Pest Management in Florida Vineyards

The most important insect pest of grapes in Florida is the grape root borer, Vitacea polistiformis (Harris), a sesiid moth. The grape root borer (GRB) is native to the eastern United States, and ranges south of a line from Vermont across to Minnesota and east of the Mississippi River states, and occurs throughout peninsular Florida. Grape root borer have been damaging vineyards in the southeastern U.S. for over 150 years. It has been declared the most destructive insect pest of grapes in many states including Georgia, North Carolina, and Florida. This document is Fact Sheet ENY-831, a series of the Entomology and Nematology Department, Florida Cooperative Extension Service, Institute of Food and Agricultural Sciences, University of Florida. Publication date: July 2005.

Measurement of grape root firmness and its application to the evaluation of cold hardiness

Background and Aims In this study, the cutting force and work to cut 12 grape cultivars with different cold hardiness were measured with a texture analyser to examine root firmness and its application to the evaluation of cold hardiness. Methods and Results The transverse cut method involved cutting in a direction perpendicular to vascular orientation, and the longitudinal cut method involved cutting in a direction perpendicular to the transverse cut. The transverse maximum cutting force (MCF) and cutting depth showed a linear relationship, while work of transverse cutting and cutting depth indicated a power function. Dornfelder, Merlot Noir, Tannat, Carmenere and Syrah required the least MCF, Vidal, SO4, 3309C and 101‐14M a moderate MCF, and Chambourcin, Beta and Frontenac the highest MCF. Work classification of the 12 cultivars was consistent with MCF classification. Conclusions The correlation coefficients of cold hardiness and MCF at 2 mm cutting depth was the highest in the transverse cut, and the correlation coefficients of cold hardiness and phloem MCF of 1 mm cutting depth was highest in the longitudinal cut. The root phloem/radius ratio was correlated negatively with MCF and work, yet the correlation between xylem/radius and MCF and work was positive. The exodermis/radius ratio was significantly correlated with the MCF and the work of a transverse section and phloem longitudinal section. Significance of the Study The cross‐sectional cut of 2 mm depth and longitudinal cut of 1 mm depth could distinguish the firmness of different cultivars, and could be considered as the determinant index of cold hardiness.

Relative captures of grape root borer, Vitacea polistiformis (Lepidoptera: Sesiidae) in pheromone traps within vineyards and adjacent woodlands

The grape root borer (GRB), Vitacea polistiformis (Harris), is a significant pest of grapes (Vitis spp.) throughout parts of the eastern United States. Early detection and implementation of management tactics can prevent economic losses and vine death. The establishment of an effective monitoring program requires the deployment of pheromone baited traps in vineyards and native wild grapes. An understanding of the spatial distribution of GRB infestations is critical for the development of sampling plans and for implementing management decisions. Wing traps baited with synthetic GRB sex pheromones (99:1 blend of (E,Z)-2,13-ODDA and Z,Z-3,13-ODDA) were deployed in commercial vineyards and surrounding woodlands in wild grapes to monitor GRB abundance and distribution. In addition, pheromone-baited wing traps were placed at low, medium, and high positions (0.5 m–2 m above the ground) on the grapevine trellis in commercial vineyards to evaluate the effect of trap height on the number of GRB captured. Traps placed in the cultivated vineyard had consistently higher counts of GRB compared with traps along the vineyard edge and in the wild grapes in the woodland. The pheromone-baited traps placed on the highest trellis wire caught more GRB adults than traps placed at the lowest position on the bottom trellis wire. Therefore, we recommend to place traps at approximately 2 m in the upper grapevine canopy early in the season before flight of GRB moth begins in order to aid in the timing and implementation of management tactics.

Stilbenes in the different organs of <em>Vitis vinifera</em> cv. Merlot grafted on Teleki Kober 5BB rootstock

<p style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><strong>Aim: </strong>To determine which of the grapevine organ is the richest in stilbene, like the t-piceid, t-resveratrol and ε-viniferin and would it be useful as by-product of viticulture for processing stilbene concentrate.</span></p><p style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><strong>Methods and results: </strong>Nine organs, such as cane, buds, shoot tips, inflorescences, clusters at veraison, matured berry skins, seeds and cluster stems, of Merlot grafted on Teleki Kober 5BB rootstock were collected during a year and its ethanolic extractions were analyzed via HPLC-FLD. Stilbene content of the different organs occurred in a wide range, the lowest was 3.15 mg/kg dry weight (dw) measured in the seeds and the highest 2265 mg/kg dw in the buds.</span></p><p style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><strong>Conclusion:</strong> The present research demonstrated that different grapevine organs contain different amount of stilbene in the vineyard. The winter-buds, the roots and the matured cane internodes of Merlot are significantly richer in t-resveratrol and t-ε-viniferin than the green vegetative and generative parts we examined in one growing year. </span></p><p style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><strong>Significance and impact of the study: </strong>According to our knowledge there was no stilbenes measuring in several plant organs of a vine cultivar in field study, in vineyard. Our research pointed out the pruned cane could be primary source of stilbene of the health-industry. Beside that grape root is a by-product of grapevine nursery is also rich in stilbene. </span></p>

Identification of a Novel Alternative Splicing Variant of VvPMA1 in Grape Root under Salinity.

It has been well-demonstrated that the control of plasma membrane H+-ATPase (PM H+-ATPase) activity is important to plant salt tolerance. This study found a significant increase in PM H+-ATPase (PMA) activity in grape root exposed to NaCl. Furthermore, 7 Vitis vinifera PM H+-ATPase genes (VvPMAs) were identified within the grape genome and the expression response of these VvPMAs in grape root under salinity was analyzed. Two VvPMAs (VvPMA1 and VvPMA3) were expressed more strongly in roots than the other five VvPMAs. Moreover, roots exhibited diverse patterns of gene expression of VvPMA1 and VvPMA3 responses to salt stress. Interestingly, two transcripts of VvPMA1, which were created through alternative splicing (AS), were discovered and isolated from salt stressed root. Comparing the two VvPMA1 cDNA sequences (designated VvPMA1α and VvPMA1β) with the genomic sequence revealed that the second intron was retained in the VvPMA1β cDNA. This intron retention was predicted to generate a novel VvPMA1 through N-terminal truncation because of a 5′- terminal frame shift. Yeast complementation assays of the two splice variants showed that VvPMA1β could enhance the ability to complement Saccharomyces cerevisiae deficient in PM H+-ATPase activity. In addition, the expression profiles of VvPMA1α and VvPMA1β differed under salinity. Our data suggests that through AS, the N-terminal length of VvPMA1 may be regulated to accurately modulate PM H+-ATPase activity of grape root in salt stress.

Grape Root Borer (Lepidoptera: Sesiidae): An Economic Pest of Commercial Vineyards in the Eastern United States

Grape Root Borer (Lepidoptera: Sesiidae): An Economic Pest of Commercial Vineyards in the Eastern United States

Limited linkages of aboveground and belowground phenology: A study in grape.

Plant phenology influences resource utilization, carbon fluxes, and interspecific interactions. Although controls on aboveground phenology have been studied to some degree, controls on root phenology are exceptionally poorly understood. We used minirhizotrons to examine the timing of grape root production over 5 yr in Fredonia, New York, USA, in a humid continental climate; and over 3 yr in Oakville, California, USA, in a Mediterranean climate. We used data from previous experiments to examine the relationship of root phenology with aboveground phenology. We compared interannual variability in root and shoot growth and determined the influence of abiotic factors on the timing of root initiation, peak root standing crop, peak root growth rate, and cessation of root growth. Root phenology was not tightly coupled with aboveground phenological periods. Both sites typically had one yearly root flush and high interannual variability in root growth. Root phenology was more variable in California than in New York. In this and other published studies, interannual variation in root phenology was greater than variation in aboveground phenology. The three phenological phases of root growth-root initiation, peak root growth, and root cessation-were related to different suites of abiotic factors. Root phenology is highly variable among years. Analysis of potential controlling factors over several years suggest that belowground phenological phases should be analyzed separately from each other. If aboveground grape phenology responds differently than belowground phenology to changes in air temperature, global warming may further uncouple the timing of aboveground and belowground growth.

Stilbene profiles in different tissues ofVitis viniferaL. cv. Cabernet Sauvignon and a comparison of their antioxidant activity

Background and Aims Stilbenes are an important group of phenolic substances that exist in roots, stems, leaves, skins and seeds. But little work has been performed to characterise the composition of grape root or to measure the antioxidant capacity of several stilbenes with hydroxyl radicals,1,1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl and nitric oxide free radicals. Methods and Results Stilbenes were analysed by HPLC-MS/MS, and the radicals scavenging ability was determined by electron paramagnetic resonance. The root contained the highest concentration of stilbenes, followed by the stem and grape skin. The concentration of the following stilbenes increased in the order: piceatannol, δ-viniferin, trans-piceid, trans-resveratrol and ε-viniferin. All stilbenes had a high hydroxyl radical scavenging ability, with the scavenging rate above 50% for stilbenes at a concentration of 5 µmol/L; the same concentration of stilbenes had the lowest scavenging capacity for the nitric oxide free radicals model, with the rate below 50%. Conclusions Five stilbenes were determined in three grape tissues. The root contained the highest concentration of stilbenes. All stilbenes had radical scavenging ability. The highest antioxidant activity was found in piceatannol. Significance of the Study The results provide a more detailed tissue-specific profile for where these health-promoting substances can be extracted from in the grape.