Properties Of Granules Research Articles

Rheological performance of film-forming solutions made from plasma-modified starches with different amylose/amylopectin content

Normal and high amylose corn starches were modified using HMDSO plasma at different time treatments. Changes in functional properties of starch granule, film-forming solutions (FFS) and films were investigated. SEM analysis revealed HMDSO coating deposition on the granule surface, which limited the amylopectin leach out from the granules to the continuous matrix, affecting the rheological properties of the FFS. The amylopectin restriction resulted in a low reinforcement of the network decreasing the viscosity as indicated by n and k values. Also, a gel-like behavior (G′ > G″) was observed when the amylose and time treatment increased, suggesting that the matrix becomes less elastic with softer entanglement. This behavior was confirmed by creep test and Burger model parameters. The plasma treatments allowed obtaining FFS with low viscosity, suitable for developing soft and hydrophobic films with low flexibility, as indicated by the decrease of the maximum stress, Hencky strain and permeance values.

Mechanistic insights into the role of starch multi-level structures in functional properties of high-amylose rice cultivars

The multi-level structures of starch (including molecule, crystalline and granular morphology) and functional properties (pasting behavior, gelatinization and in vitro digestion) of starch granules from different rice cultivars were investigated and their relationships were analyzed. At the molecular level, the transgenic rice cultivar RS10 modified by inhibition of starch branching enzyme IIb (SBE IIb) presented significantly higher amylose content (46.7%), longer amylose chains, smaller whole molecular size and higher amount of amylopectin long B3 branch-chains compared to its wild-type line RS10W and the other two regular cultivars. All the rice cultivars showed A-type crystalline structure but the relative crystallinity varied significantly with the lowest in RS10 and the highest in the low-amylose cultivar Chang5. Pearson correlation analysis indicated that the gelatinization temperature and RS content showed significantly positive correlation with amylose content and average amylopectin chain length, but were negatively correlated with short branch-chains in amylopectin (A chains). The gelatinization enthalpy, relative crystallinity, pasting viscosity, and digestion rate and extent were observed showing significantly negative correlation with amylose content and B3 chains. The structure-functionality relationships illustrated the variations in the functional properties among the rice cultivars could be largely attributed to the different starch molecular and crystalline structures. Nonetheless, the highly aggregated compound voluminous granules could also be responsible for the remarkable lower digestion rate and improved RS content in the native starch as observed in the transgenic high-amylose RS10. This work is meaningful for plant breeders to develop rice cultivars with tailored starch functionality and enriched RS content.

Effects of the Removal of Lipids and Surface Proteins on the Physicochemical and Structural Properties of Green Wheat Starches

AbstractGreen wheat starch and its isolated A‐ and B‐type starch granules are physically modified by deproteinization and defatting treatments. After these treatments, the morphology of the starch granules is changed as the aggregation disappears and the partial starch granule structure is disrupted. The birefringence and X‐ray diffraction patterns of all the starch samples are not changed by these treatments, while the relative crystallinity of the starch samples increases on deproteinization and decreases on defatting treatment. 13C nuclear magnetic resonance reveals that deproteinization and defatting cause an increase and decrease in the double helix content of the starch samples. These changes lead to different effects on the physicochemical properties of the various starch samples. Deproteinization increases the gelatinization temperature (To, Tp, Tc) and the derivative peak temperature (TPeak) of green wheat starch and its isolated A and B‐type starch granules, which is related to the increase in the relative crystallinity. Overall, the deproteinization treatment has a more obvious effect on the physiochemical and structural properties of starch granules than the defatting treatment.

Morphological and physicochemical characterization of starches from underground stems of Trimezia juncifolia collected in different phenological stages

In this study, starches from underground stems of Trimezia juncifolia were evaluated during dry season (DSS), wet season (WSS) and sprouting (SS). Results evidenced that drought stress did not interfere with the yield, amylose content and degree of polymerization (DP) of amylopectin. However, the extraction yield in SS was 58% lower, being observed and increase of 7.5% in the content of amylose, and 13.5% in DP values for SS amylopectin, with a predominance of A-chains. The amount of total sugar, the starch granules size as well as solubility and swelling properties varied as function of the phenological status. Also, starch granules changed from A-type polymorph in DSS and SS to a CA-type in WSS. Nevertheless, it was observed a crystallinity reduction from 56% in DSS to 37.1% in SS. In addition, thermograms evidenced the presence of amylose-lipid complexes, with endothermic transition temperatures being affected by drought stress and sprouting. Finally, results demonstrate that underground stems from T. juncifolia have adaptative strategies involving changes in the morphological and physicochemical properties of the starch granules.

Characterization and surface impact of paracetamol granules formed by binder dropping

Drug bioavailability and solubility is a constant challenge with pharmaceuticals. About 80% of drugs are administered orally because the method is cost effective and convenient. The challenge for scientists and engineers is to increase the efficiency of orally administered drugs. Most active pharmaceutical ingredients (APIs) are administered in a drug formulation containing excipients or binders to prevent segregation; however, these additives can hinder drug dissolution and cause mild adverse effects. The purpose of this research is to investigate the influence of a single excipient on the properties of paracetamol tablets or granules especially the cohesiveness of the granules. Testing also included developing paracetamol granules of similar size, shape, and weight for consistency and uniformity. Granules were formed by dropping aqueous binder solution onto a powder bed or binder dropping. The active pharmaceutical ingredient, paracetamol (APAP), served as the powder for the beds. From this investigation, an optimum number of drops were determined which resulted in a common granule shape and size while preventing spreading. Surface impact force analysis was conducted to test granule stability using free fall analysis at 12 and 24 inches. Compression resistance was analyzed and force measurements recorded. Binder dropping proved an efficient method of creating paracetamol granules. Granule size was affected by choice of excipient. Excipient selection also determined granule performance and stability.

Development and pharmaceutical performance of a novel co-processed excipient of alginic acid and microcrystalline cellulose

In this study, a co-processed excipient (Cop AA-MCC) was prepared from alginic acid (AA) and microcrystalline cellulose (MCC101) using a laboratory scale high-shear granulator. The obtained granules were compared to the primary materials (AA, MCC101), to the dry mixture and to wet granulated MCC. The effect of the two components ratio, the amount of added water or binder during granulation and the particle size, on the properties of the prepared co-processed excipient, was investigated. Results showed that optimal granule and tablet properties were obtained using a ratio of 10% of alginic acid, 90% of MCC101 and 70% of water. Moreover, the co-processed product has shown good tabletability, enhanced powder flowability and a considerable faster disintegration time in comparison to the primary materials and to a commercial co-processed excipient (Prosolv® ODT). Finally, the designed product was found to offer effective functionalities, which supports its exploitation as a valuable industrial pharmaceutical excipient.

Long-term Stability of Aerobic Granular Sludge Under Low Carbon to Nitrogen Ratio

Long-term stability is important for the practical application of aerobic granular sludge system under low carbon to nitrogen ratio (C/N). In this study, aerobic granular sludge, seeded in the reactors A and B, were cultivated under low C/N to investigate the properties, performance, and resilience to shock load in the long-term operation. The load of carbon and nitrogen in the feed was increased gradually. The C/N of reactor A was kept at 2, while that of reactor B was kept at 4 initially and then reduced to 2 in the shock load stage. It was discovered that the aerobic granular sludge stored at 4℃ for 30 days was essentially revived after 25 days of cultivation in reactors A and B, with over 90% removal efficiency for COD and ammonia, respectively. In the following stages, the removal efficiencies of COD and ammonia in reactor B were over 90% and complete nitrification was achieved. In contrast, in reactor A, the removal efficiency of COD was only 80% and only partial nitrification was achieved; however, ammonia removal efficiency of 90% was finally achieved. In the shock load stage, the COD removal efficiencies in reactors A and B were still above 80%, but the ammonia removal efficiencies were severely affected. The removal of ammonia was deteriorated in reactor A, while only partial nitrification was achieved in reactor B. During the entire operation, the physical properties of the aerobic granules in reactors A and B were barely affected, with sludge volume index (SVI30) in reactors A and B maintained at 60 mL ·g-1 and 75 mL ·g-1, and mixed liquid suspended solid (MLSS) at 5 g ·L-1and 3.7 g ·L-1, respectively. Microbial analysis showed that the aerobic granular sludge in reactor B has richer and more diverse microbial community than that in reactor A. The abundance of Zoogloea in reactor B, which is simultaneously able to produce polymeric protein and stabilize the structure of the aerobic granules, may be favorable for the high stability of the aerobic granules. These findings suggested that the aerobic granular system under the C/N of 4 had better performance in ammonia removal and higher tolerance to shock load, which guaranteed high stability of the aerobic granular sludge system in long-term operation, as compared to that under the C/N of 2.

Twin screw granulation: A simpler re-derivation of quantifying fill level.

The fill level is defined as the volume occupied by the powder and granules inside the twin-screw granulator in proportion to the maximum barrel channel void 'free' volume. In literature, the fill level is one of the key factors that determine the final granule properties as it relies on several factors such as the screw speed, screw element geometry, mass flow rate and barrel length. However, quantitative prediction of the fill level in twin-screw granulation (TSG) is still a developing area, which is required to enable effective development of process design space, to yield a product with desired quality attributes for all process scale levels (small to large equipment). In this study, a simple geometrical model is presented that predicts the barrel channel fill level in TSG. This model relates the volumetric flow rate to the forward volumetric conveying rate of the screws when they advance in the axial direction. Experimentation was conducted to validate the model by analytically measuring mass hold-up, the amount of material remaining in the barrel after steady state was reached, as the fill level is proportional to mass hold-up. Furthermore, the trends in the extent of granulation with the proposed model were investigated. Good agreement was found between the proposed fill level model and the mass hold-up for various screw elements, therefore the model provides a more practical measure of the fill level in TSG.

Effects of emulsified asphalt on the mechanical properties of granulation of calcium fluoride sludge

To reduce the landfill volume of waste CaF2 sludge, artificial fluorite bulk (AFB) is granulated by blending CaF2 sludge and emulsified asphalt (EA) for the use of flux in this study. Results showed that high stability of micron-sized EA can be successfully prepared and used to granulate CaF2 powders to form AFB. EA has high-dispersivity with the particle size being measured in the range of 1–8 μm by optical microscope examination from an optimal emulsifiers ratio (CTAB (cetrimonium bromide)/OP-10 (commercial surfactant mixtures) = 75/25), and a high rotational speed in the homogenizer (20,000 rpm). Moreover, with the optimal addition of 12.5% asphalt, the prepared AFB pellets present the highest mechanical strength, reaching 9.88 kgf/cm2 and 4.06 kgf/cm2 for the uniaxial compressive strength and flexural strength, respectively. The optimal 12.5% addition also satisfies the requirement of the steelmaking process by passing the tumble-test quality examination. The analyses also infer that the cohesiveness of AFB is mainly combined through physical combination forces, including Van der Waals force, bridging action, and mechanical mosaic force. This occurs without triggering new chemical bonding.

Evaluation of Weight Variation in Mini-Tablets Manufactured by a Multiple-Tip Tool.

Recently, owing to their pharmaceutical and clinical utility, mini-tablets have been well studied by researchers. Mini-tablets are usually manufactured by compression molding using a multiple-tip tool in a rotary tableting machine. Owing to their special structure, ensuring uniformity is a very important challenge in the manufacturability of mini-tablets using the multiple-tip tool. In this study, we aimed to evaluate the weight variation in mini-tablets produced by a multiple-tip tool, which is considered to be the root cause affecting the uniformity, and to investigate the physical properties of drug granules and tableting conditions in a rotary tableting machine that could reduce this weight variation. In addition, the relationship between these factors and response was visualized using response surface analysis. It was shown that the weight variation in mini-tablets produced by a multiple-tip tool was reduced when using a forced feeder compared with an open feeder. Furthermore, in the case of an open feeder, the optimal range of the average particle size diameter of drug granules and the rotational speed of the rotating disc in the rotary tableting machine were determined from response surface analysis. It was suggested that it is possible to reduce the weight variation in the mini-tablets by selecting drug granules with an average particle size diameter of 100-150 µm and using tableting conditions with a rotational speed of 40-60 rpm. This study elucidated the factors that affect uniformity and determined their optimal range for the manufacture of mini-tablets.

How do elevated atmosphere CO2 and temperature alter the physiochemical properties of starch granules and rice taste?

Elevated atmospheric CO2 (EC) and temperature (ET) strongly affect agricultural production, but the mechanism through which EC and/or ET influence starch granules and their relationship to cooked rice taste remain largely unknown. Therefore, a field experiment using a popular japonica cultivar grown in a temperature/free-air CO2 enrichment environment was conducted to investigate the responses of volume and fine structure of starch granules and their formation physiology to EC (+200 ppm) and/or ET (+1 °C) in 2015–2016. EC markedly enhanced the activity of soluble-starch synthase and granule-bound starch synthase by 28.0% and 27.9% respectively, thereby increasing the long chains and the volume of starch granules. However, EC decreased the activity of starch-branch enzyme by 7.5% possibly via the pathway of ethylene signalling (EC prominently decreased the ethylene evolution rate of rice grains by 28.8%), resulting in a remarkable decrease in α-1′6 glucosidic bonds and significant increase in the iodine-binding capacity and double helix in starch molecules. These EC-induced changes in morphology and fine structure of starch granules synergistically altered the thermal properties of rice flour and eventually improved the cohesiveness and taste of cooked rice, as suggested by the significant relationships between them. ET partially offset the beneficial EC effects in most cases. However, few remarkable CO2 × temperature or CO2 × year effects were detected, indicating that the effects of EC on starch granules and rice taste less varied with meteorological conditions. These findings have important implications on rice palatability and for the development of adaptive strategies in the starch industry in future environment.

Effects of elevated atmosphere CO2 and temperature on the morphology, structure and thermal properties of starch granules and their relationship to cooked rice quality

The rapidly increasing atmospheric CO2 is accompanied by global warming. However, the effects of the elevated CO2 concentration (EC) and/or air temperature (ET) on starch morphology, structure and thermal properties which considerably contribute to the taste of cooked rice have not been reported to date. Therefore, a field experiment using a temperature/free-air CO2 enrichment facility was conducted with EC (+200 ppm) and/or ET (+1 °C) treatments from 2014 to 2016. The surface area of starch granules and proportion of large starch granules were significantly increased by EC and ET, but the most significant increases of 3.4% and 5.9%, respectively, were induced by the combined treatment. EC did not change the crystalline type but altered the order structure of starch molecules: EC averagely decreased the ratios of 1045/1022 and 1022/995 cm−1 by 2.6% and 3.3% respectively, however, significantly increased the crystallinity by 4%. For most cases, EC significantly increased the gelatinization temperature and pasting viscosity of starch, decreased setback, enthalpy and protein content and eventually improved rice taste. Results of correlation analysis suggested that EC affected the thermal properties of starch and the taste of cooked rice mainly by improving the size and molecule order structure of starch granules. Small and few significant ET and EC × ET effects were detected, indicating that the EC influence will be predominant in future climate. These findings will help in improving rice palatability and developing the starch industry.

Production of bio-waste granules and their evaluation as adsorbent for removal of hexavalent chromium and methylene blue dye

In this research, compost was used as raw materials in the production of biomass adsorbent granules using drum granulation technique. Different concentrations of aqueous sodium silicate solution were used as the binding agents. Chromium and Methylene Blue solutions were selected as model adsorbates for heavy metals and dyes, respectively. The results obtained showed that the concentration of sodium silicate used had a positive influence on the mechanical strength of the granules, increasing the concentration would increase the compressive strength of the granules. The adsorbent granules had sufficient strength to survive wet conditions they were subjected during the adsorption study. However, increasing the concentration has a negative influence on the adsorption properties of the compost granules for both Chromium and Methylene Blue.

Twin-screw granulation and high-shear granulation: The influence of mannitol grade on granule and tablet properties.

Granule structure has a key influence on tablet critical quality attributes. The ability to control this structure through excipient choice is an important part of formulation development. Mannitol is a popular diluent and the choice of input grade has been shown to impact granule properties. Allopurinol formulations containing two grades of mannitol (Pearlitol 160C and 200SD) were prepared by wet-granulation (twin-screw and high-shear) at different liquid/solid ratios (0.3 and 0.6g/g). The particle and bulk properties were characterised by a range of techniques and linked to flow performance and tablet tensile strength during compression on a rotary tablet press. During granulation, 200SD underwent a polymorphic transition from a mixture of α and β to predominantly β. This transition was accompanied by a morphology change. Mannitol needles were formed, giving more porous granules with a higher specific surface area, which led to poorer flow properties but higher tablet tensile strength. This study concludes that understanding the effect of mannitol grade is a crucial part of formulation selection.

Effect of transient substrate shock on performance and granules properties in single-stage partial nitritation-anammox system

The stability of single partial nitritation and anammox (SPNA) granular system at different nitrogen loads was evaluated in two laboratory-scale continuous stirred tank reactor (CSTR) reactors (R1with lower influent ammonium concentration, R2 with higher concentration). The effects of different transient substrate shock (50 mg N/L and 100 mg N/L) on the bacteria population structure, nitrogen removal and granular sludge properties of the system were studied. Results showed that R1 had a better resilience, and the average removal efficiencies of TN and ammonium can recover to 66.5 % and 73.9 % after two shocks, while nitrogen performance of R2 deteriorated. The inhibition of free nitrous acid (FNA) to functional bacteria was the key factor influencing reactor performance. When FNA concentration exceeded 2 μg/L, FNA/MLVSS > 1.5 μg/g VSS, the inhibition was irreversible. Moreover, excessive substrate shock changed extracellular polymeric substances (EPS) production and composition, which led to granules disintegration. The formation and disintegration mechanism of SPNA micro-granules were also investigated.

Lipofuscin in keratinocytes: Production, properties, and consequences of the photosensitization with visible light

A dysfunction in the mitochondrial-lysosomal axis of cellular homeostasis is proposed to cause cells to age quicker and to accumulate lipofuscin. Typical protocols to mediate lipofuscinogenesis are based on the induction of the senescent phenotype either by allowing many consecutive cycles of cell division or by treating cells with physical/chemical agents such as ultraviolet (UV) light or hydrogen peroxide. Due to a direct connection with the physiopathology of age-related macular degeneration, lipofuscin that accumulates in retinal pigment epithelium (RPE) cells have been extensively studied, and the photochemical properties of RPE lipofuscin are considered as standard for this pigment. Yet, many other tissues such as the brain and the skin may prompt lipofuscinogenesis, and the properties of lipofuscin granules accumulated in these tissues are not necessarily the same as those of RPE lipofuscin. Here, we present a light-induced protocol that accelerates cell aging as judged by the maximization of lipofuscinogenesis. Photosensitization of cells previously incubated with nanomolar concentrations of 1,9-dimethyl methylene blue (DMMB), severely and specifically damages mitochondria and lysosomes, leading to a lipofuscin-related senescent phenotype. By applying this protocol in human immortalized non-malignant keratinocytes (HaCaT) cells, we observed a 2.5-fold higher level of lipofuscin accumulation compared to the level of lipofuscin accumulation in cells treated with a typical UV protocol. Lipofuscin accumulated in keratinocytes exhibited the typical red light emission, with excitation maximum in the blue wavelength region (~450 nm). Fluorescence lifetime image microscopy data showed that the keratinocyte lipofuscin has an emission lifetime of ~1.7 ns. Lipofuscin-loaded cells (but not control cells) generated a substantial amount of singlet oxygen (1O2) when irradiated with blue light (420 nm), but there was no 1O2 generation when excitation was performed with a green light (532 nm). These characteristics were compared with those of RPE cells, considering that keratinocyte lipofuscin lacks the bisretinoids derivatives present in RPE lipofuscin. Additionally, we showed that lipofuscin-loaded keratinocytes irradiated with visible light presented critical DNA damages, such as double-strand breaks and Fpg-sensitive sites. We propose that the DMMB protocol is an efficient way to disturb the mitochondrial-lysosomal axis of cellular homeostasis, and consequently, it can be used to accelerate aging and to induce lipofuscinogenesis. We also discuss the consequences of the lipofuscin-induced genotoxicity of visible light in keratinocytes.

Comparison between twin-screw and high-shear granulation - The effect of filler and active pharmaceutical ingredient on the granule and tablet properties

The aim of the study was to compare continuous twin-screw granulation (TSG) with batch-wise high-shear granulation (HSG). Two different formulations containing either microcrystalline cellulose (MCC) and mannitol or MCC and dibasic calcium phosphate (DCP) as fillers were used. Three different active pharmaceutical ingredients (APIs) (allopurinol, paracetamol and metformin HCl) were used as model substances. To find the suitable liquid-to-solid (L/S) ratio for the granulations, preliminary trials were carried out using a mixer torque rheometry (MTR). Both granule and tablet properties were studied. Granules were characterized with respect to particle size distribution and flowability, while tablets were analysed for tensile strength. Both granulation techniques produced granules with unimodal particle size distribution after milling with the selected L/S ratios. Continuous TSG was less sensitive for liquid amount than HSG when comparing the granule size and tensile strength of tablets. The tabletability of the MCC-DCP formulation was decreased after the wet granulation, whereas the tabletability of MCC-mannitol was increased after wet granulation. Tablets made of TSG granules had a higher tensile strength than HSG tablets for all formulations. Even the APIs with poor compaction properties produced tablets with sufficient tensile strength. All the model substances behaved in a same way independently of the particle size and solubility of the pure API. These findings confirmed that continuous twin-screw granulation is a good alternative to batch-wise high-shear granulation.

A settling model for full-scale aerobic granular sludge

The settling behavior of aerobic granular sludge (AGS) in full-scale reactors is different from the settling of normal activated sludge. Current activated sludge models lack the features to describe the segregation of granules based on size during the settling process. This segregation plays an important role in the granulation process and therefore a better understanding of the settling is essential. The goal of this study was to model and evaluate the segregation of different granule sizes during settling and feeding in full-scale aerobic granular sludge reactors. Hereto the Patwardhan and Tien model was used. This model is an implementation of the Richardson and Zaki model, allowing for multiple classes of particles. To create the granular settling model, the most relevant parameters were identified using aerobic granular sludge from different full-scale Nereda® reactors. The settling properties of individual granules were measured as was the bulk behavior of granular sludge beds with uniform granular sludge particles. The obtained parameters were combined in a model containing multiple granule classes, which then was validated for granular sludge settling in a full-scale Nereda® reactor. In practice a hydraulic selection pressure is used to select for granular sludge. Under the same hydraulic selection pressure the model predicted that different stable granular size distributions can occur. This indicates that granular size distribution control would need a different mechanism then the hydraulic selection pressure alone. This model can be used to better understand and optimize operational parameters of AGS reactors that depend on granular sludge size, like biological nutrient removal. Furthermore insights from this model can also be used in the development of continuously fed AGS systems.

Combining local antibiotic delivery with heparinized nanohydroxyapatite/collagen bone substitute: A novel strategy for osteomyelitis treatment

Osteomyelitis is a major challenge in bone surgery and conventional treatment is frequently ineffective to control the infection, with an alternative approach being required. In the present work, a heparinized nanohydroxyapatite/collagen biocomposite was produced in granular form, and loaded with vancomycin, to work as a local drug delivery system for osteomyelitis and as a bone substitute. This strategy involves the local delivery of high concentrations of vancomycin, to eradicate the infection. Additionally, these granules work as a scaffold with regenerative properties, to induce bone regeneration after antibiotic release. The heparinized nanohydroxyapatite/collagen granular bone substitute was produced using two different sintering temperatures to study their effect on granules properties and on vancomycin release profile. Morphological, topographic, chemical and mechanical characterization were carried out for granules sintered at both temperatures and some relevant differences were found. The mechanical strength was increased by several orders of magnitude with increasing sintering temperature, being able to maintain their porous macrostructure and withstand important processes for their commercialization such as packaging, shipping and surgical manipulation. The nanohydroxyapatite/collagen granules were able to release high concentrations of vancomycin, always above MIC, for 19 days. The released antibiotic was able to eradicate both planktonic and sessile methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus. The cytotoxicity was assessed according to ISO 10993-5:2009 and the granules sintered at higher temperature showed no cytotoxic effect. Considering these results nanohydroxyapatite/collagen biocomposite loaded with vancomycin is a promising solution for osteomyelitis treatment.

Modern biopositive technologies of waste processing in the utilities and construction industries

Introduction. In this article the analysis of certain biopositive technologies applied to processing or recycling of construction waste, municipal sewage, and paste-like slurries of organo-mineral nature is performed. The relevance of this research is confirmed by the steadily growing number of publications and currently implemented government programmes aimed at solving such problems. The paper summarizes the results of research into the treatment of wastes having different origin.
 Materials and methods. The analysis of the research literature and patents for inventions, as well as publicly available technologies used in waste processing and recycling is performed. Selection of biopositive technologies based on the chemical nature of materials and their groups is described. Biopositive technologies, most effectively applied to construction materials, are identified for the purpose of converting engineering structures into secondary raw components. The co-authors demonstrate the application of a biopositive technology to sludge decontaminated at municipal waste water treatment plants and to hot waste generated by the hydrolysis industry, as well as technologies used to process special thermal insulation and waterproofing materials.
 Results. The use of water-organic emulsions as active components in effective regeneration of asphalt granulated concrete mixtures is considered. Сompositions, concentrations and sedimentation stability of such emulsions have been identified. The results of the study of physical, mechanical and hydro-physical properties of the asphalt-concrete granulate treated with water-organic emulsions are described. This regeneration technology helps bitumen to restore binding properties on the surface of the asphalt-concrete granulate and makes this composite applicable as a material designated for the bottom layers of the road pavement.
 Conclusions. These biopositive technologies make it possible to efficiently and rationally process or recycle a wide range of municipal and construction waste into structures and products having various applications. Recycling, composting and plasma technologies are considered in this case.