Granular Sources Research Articles

GLocal: A global development dataset of subnational administrative areas

The purpose of the GLocal dataset is to enable research in international development that requires both global scope and local precision. Leveraging modern geospatial analysis tools, we process a diverse array of sources to provide researchers with a growing set of economic, demographic, ecological and socio-political variables for geographic units relevant to public policy. We provide separate data files for different levels of administrative and periodic aggregation, along with ad-hoc files with more detailed information on specific topics. In this data descriptor paper, we discuss both our data processing methodologies and validation pipelines, and provide a short case study to illustrate the research potential of the dataset. We also introduce a simple web app, glocal.streamlit.app, which offers a user-friendly interface for exploring and visualizing the dataset. Given the growing number of public and granular sources of relevance for international development research, we hope to continue adding features and expand the GLocal dataset in the future.

A QUANTUM FRACTALS THEORY OF THE PIONS CHAOS AND THEIR FUTURISTIC APPLICATIONS WITH GRANULAR SOURCES

Higher-order correlations measured in lead collisions examined the geometrical strength as well as the coherence–chaotic characteristics of the particles creation region. The three- and four-particle quantum correlations can delineate the system of pions at small relative momentum region and observe a significant innovative penchant about the granular sources with various parameters. Such conglomerate of correlation functions and their corresponding genuine correlations are rarely analyzed at higher-order quantum computation via invariant momenta to search the granular structure of pion emanation sources. We evince and examine the pions excretion from a dispersed collection of fluid droplets with coherence snippets that produce quantum interferences to explore the nature of the fluid and the characteristics of the chaos fraction in collisions of heavy nuclei. The cumulant correlations and the normalized correlators with their intercepts contained the existence of amalgamation facet of hadronic particles, and the partons plasma. Specifically, we analyze such hybrid fluid with various correlations functions via droplet numbers to probe the trifle of chaos–coherence fraction of pions condensate by using the source with spherical structure droplets.

Deep Learning for Market by Order Data

ABSTRACT Market by order (MBO) data – a detailed feed of individual trade instructions for a given stock on an exchange – is arguably one of the most granular sources of microstructure information. While limit order books (LOBs) are implicitly derived from it, MBO data is largely neglected by current academic literature, which focuses primarily on LOB modelling. In this paper, we demonstrate the utility of MBO data for forecasting high-frequency price movements, providing an orthogonal source of information to LOB snapshots and expanding the universe of alpha discovery. We provide the first predictive analysis on MBO data by carefully introducing the data structure and presenting a specific normalization scheme to consider level information in order books and to allow model training with multiple instruments. Through forecasting experiments using deep neural networks, we show that while MBO-driven and LOB-driven models individually provide similar performance, ensembles of the two can lead to improvements in forecasting accuracy – indicating that MBO data is additive to LOB-based features.

Analyses of multi-pion Bose-Einstein correlations for granular sources with coherent pion-emission droplets * *Supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China (11675034, 11275037)

The ALICE Collaboration measured three- and four-pion Bose-Einstein correlations (BECs) for Pb-Pb collisions at the Large Hadron Collider (LHC). It is speculated that the observed significant suppression of multi-pion BECs is owing to a considerable degree of coherent pion emission in these collisions. Here, we study multi-pion BEC functions for granular sources with coherent pion-emission droplets. We find that the intercepts of the multi-pion correlation functions at the relative momenta near zero are sensitive to the number of droplets in the granular source. They decrease with the droplet number. The three-pion correlation functions for evolving granular sources with momentum-dependent partially coherent pion-emission droplets basically agree with the experimental data for Pb-Pb collisions at TeV at the LHC. However, the model results for the four-pion correlation function are inconsistent with the experimental data. Investigations into normalized multi-pion correlation functions of granular sources suggest an interesting enhancement of the normalized four-pion correlation function in the moderate relative-momentum region.

Granular Sources of the Italian Business Cycle

A recent strand of literature has investigated the granular sources of the business cycle, i.e. to what extent firm-level dynamics have an impact on aggregate fluctuations. From a conceptual point of view, in the presence of fat-tailed firm-size distributions, shocks to large firms may not average out and may then have a direct effect on aggregate fluctuations; in addition, firm-to-firm linkages can propagate shocks to individual firms, leading to movements at the aggregate level. Using Cerved and INPS data, we test the granular hypothesis on a large sample of Italian firms, covering the period 1999-2014. Idiosyncratic Total Factor Productivity (TFP) shocks are found to explain around 30 per cent of aggregate TFP volatility; furthermore, the contribution of these linkages to firm-specific aggregate volatility is more important than that of the direct effect, especially for the manufacturing sector.

Pion transverse-momentum spectrum, elliptic flow, and Hanbury-Brown-Twiss interferometry in a viscous granular source model**Supported by National Natural Science Foundation of China (11675034, 11275037)

We examine the evolution of quark-gluon plasma (QGP) droplets with viscous hydrodynamics and analyze the pion transverse-momentum spectrum, elliptic flow, and Hanbury-Brown-Twiss (HBT) interferometry in a granular source model consisting of viscous QGP droplets. The shear viscosity of the QGP droplet speeds up and slows down the droplet evolution in the central and peripheral regions of the droplet, respectively. The effect of the bulk viscosity on the evolution is negligible. Although there are viscous effects on the droplet evolution, the pion momentum spectrum and elliptic flow change little for granular sources with and without viscosity. On the other hand, the influence of viscosity on HBT radius Rout is considerable. It makes Rout decrease in the granular source model. We determine the model parameters of granular sources using the experimental data of pion transverse-momentum spectrum, elliptic flow, and HBT radii together, and investigate the effects of viscosity on the model parameters. The results indicate that the granular source model may reproduce the experimental data of pion transverse-momentum spectrum, elliptic flow, and HBT radii in heavy-ion collisions of Au-Au at and Pb-Pb at in different centrality intervals. The viscosity of the droplet leads to an increase in the initial droplet radius and a decrease of the source shell parameter in the granular source model.

Interferometry analyses of pion and kaon for the granular sources for Au + Au collisions at $$\sqrt{s_{NN}}=200$$ s N N = 200 GeV

We examine the interferometry results of identical pion and kaon for the granular sources of quark–gluon plasma droplets for the Au + Au collisions at $$\sqrt{s_{NN}}=200$$ GeV. The effects of particle absorptions of pion and kaon on the results are investigated. We find that the absorptions lead to the decrease of the interferometry radii. After considering the absorptions, the interferometry radii of pion and kaon of the granular sources are in better agreement with the experimental data of the Au + Au collisions.

Pion Transverse Momentum Spectrum, Elliptic Flow, and Interferometry in the Granular Source Model for RHIC and LHC Heavy Ion Collisions

We systematically investigate the pion transverse momentum spectrum, elliptic flow, and Hanbury-Brown-Twiss (HBT) interferometry in the granular source model for the heavy ion collisions of Au-Au atsNN=200 GeV and Pb-Pb atsNN=2.76 TeV with different centralities. The granular source model can well reproduce the experimental results of the heavy ion collisions at the Relativistic Heavy Ion Collider (RHIC) and the Large Hadron Collider (LHC). We examine the parameters involved in the granular source model. The experimental data of the momentum spectrum, elliptic flow, and HBT radii for the two collision energies and different centralities impose very strict constraints on the model parameters. They exhibit certain regularities for collision centrality and energy. The space-time structure and expansion velocities of the granular sources for the heavy ion collisions at the RHIC and LHC energies with different centralities are investigated.

A riverbank erosion control method with environmental value

Between 1992 and 1998, 55km of riverbank on the Ottawa River was protected from erosion using rounded granular material of glaciofluvial origin from local gravel pits. The method did not require slope reprofiling or the installation of a key or geotextile. It allows for the slopes of the structure and the banks to reach an equilibrium state and relies on natural vegetation regrowth on the banks and embankments rather than bioengineering revegetation techniques. A follow-up was done in 2011 to assess its effectiveness. After fifteen years, the structures have halted erosion, blended into the local landscape and created a riparian ecotone. They quickly acquired a natural, gently sloping profile and recreated a sinuous shoreline dotted with sandy beaches. The follow-up also shows that the banks and structures are 80–90% covered by indigenous vegetation. Furthermore, this vegetation is as diverse as the natural vegetation seen on the unstabilized sections of riverbank. The work minimized damage to the riverbanks as it was done in winter so that shore ice could be used for access. This approach helped avoid interventions on the banks themselves and protected the existing vegetation. The availability of granular sources near the work site was a key criterion. Riverbank protection work of this scale is uncommon. This article discusses the effectiveness of the protection method and its environmental advantages and limitations. This method could prove to be an alternative to traditional rock-fill methods or bioengineering techniques, which are often quite complex and costly.

Two-Pion Interferometry for the Granular Source in Heavy Ion Collisions at LHC Energies

The space-time characters of the pion-emitting sources produced in the heavy ion collisions at the Large Hadron Collider (LHC) energies are investigated in a granular source model of quark-gluon plasma droplets. The results of two-pion interferometry indicate that the longitudinal interferometry radius is sensitive to the initial breakup time of the system. For a larger breakup time the values of the longitudinal interferometry radius for the LHC source are larger than that of the source produced in the collisions at the Relativistic Heavy Ion Collider's (RHIC) top energy. However, the values of the longitudinal radius are smaller if the source fragments at a smaller breakup time with a higher initial temperature of the droplets. The values of the transverse interferometry radius in the “side" direction for the LHC sources are larger than those for the RHIC source. The imaging analyses for the characteristic quantities of the granular sources are consistent with the interferometry radii.

Two-Pion Interferometry for the Granular Sources in Ultrarelativistic Heavy Ion Collisions at the RHIC and the LHC

We investigate the two-pion interferometry in ultrarelativistic heavy ion collisions in the granular source model of quark-gluon plasma droplets. The pion transverse momentum spectra and HBT radii of the granular sources agree well with the experimental data of the most central Au-Au collisions at = 200 GeV at the RHIC and Pb-Pb collisions at = 2.76 TeV at the LHC. In the granular source model the larger initial system breakup time for the LHC collisions as compared to the RHIC collisions may lead to the larger HBT radii Rout, Rside and Rlong. However, the large droplet transverse expansion and limited average relative emitting time of particles in the granular source lead to slightly smaller ratios of the transverse Hanbury-Brown-Twiss radii Rout/Rside.

Two-pion interferometry for granular sources

A review on the two-pion Hanbury-Brown—Twiss (HBT) interferometry in the granular source model of quark-gluon plasma droplets is presented. The characteristic quantities of the granular source extracted by imaging analysis are presented and compared with the HBT radii obtained by the usual Gaussian formula fit. The signals of granular sources are presented.

Laboratory Characterization and Influence of Mineralogy and Grading on the Performance of Treated and Untreated Granular Materials Used as Surface Pavements in Unpaved Road

This paper presents the results of a laboratory study on the influence of grading and granular mineralogy sources (granitic gneiss, basalt and limestone) on the performance of treated and untreated granular materials used as surface pavements in unpaved roads. Results of bearing capacity, resilient modulus and compressive strength tests are discussed. Natural brine, calcium chloride, cement and a polymer emulsion treated samples were tested and compared to untreated samples. The combinations of product, mineralogy and grading showing great performance are finally pointed out.

Imaging of granular sources in high energy heavy ion collisions

We investigate the source imaging for a granular pion-emitting source model in high energy heavy ion collisions. The two-pion source functions of the granular sources exhibit a two-tiered structure. Using a parametrized formula of a granular two-pion source function, we examine the two-tiered structure of the source functions for the imaging data of Au+Au collisions at the Alternating Gradient Synchrotron (AGS) and the Relativistic Heavy Ion Collider (RHIC). We find that the imaging technique introduced by Brown and Danielewicz is suitable for probing the granular structure of the sources. Our data-fitting results indicate that there is no visible granularity for the sources at AGS energies. However, the data for the RHIC collisions with the selections of 40 < centrality < 90% and 0.20 < kT < 0.36 GeV/c are better described by the model with granular emission than that of one Gaussian. The model with a granular source has more parameters than the simple Gaussian, hence can describe more complicated shapes.

Evidence for Different Reaction Pathways for Liquid and Granular Micronutrients in a Calcareous Soil

The benefits of Mn and Zn fluid fertilizers over conventional granular products in calcareous sandy loam soils have been agronomically demonstrated. We hypothesized that the differences in the effectiveness between granular and fluid Mn and Zn fertilizers is due to different Mn and Zn reaction processes in and around fertilizer granules and fluid fertilizer bands. We used a combination of several synchrotron‐based x‐ray techniques, namely, spatially resolved micro‐x‐ray fluorescence (μ‐XRF), micro‐x‐ray absorption near edge structure spectroscopy (μ‐XANES), and bulk‐XANES and ‐extended x‐ray absorption fine structure (EXAFS) spectroscopy, along with several laboratory‐based x‐ray techniques to speciate different fertilizer‐derived Mn and Zn species in highly calcareous soils to understand the chemistry underlying the observed differential behavior of fluid and granular micronutrient forms. Micro‐XRF mapping of soil–fertilizer reactions zones indicated that the mobility of Mn and Zn from liquid fertilizer was greater than that observed for equivalent granular sources of these micronutrients in soil. After application of these micronutrient fertilizers to soil, Mn and Zn from liquid fertilizers were found to remain in comparatively more soluble solid forms, such as hydrated Mn phosphate‐like, Mn calcite‐like, adsorbed Zn‐like, and Zn silicate‐like phases, whereas Mn and Zn from equivalent granular sources tended to transform into comparatively less soluble solid forms such as Mn oxide‐like, Mn carbonate‐like, and Zn phosphate‐like phases.

Signals in single-event pion interferometry for granular sources of quark-gluon plasma droplets

We investigate two-pion Bose-Einstein correlations of quark-gluon plasma droplet sources in single-event measurements. We find that the distribution of the fluctuation between correlation functions of the single- and mixed-events provide useful signals to detect the granular structure of the source.

RELATIVE AVAILABILITY COEFFICIENTS OF ORGANIC AND INORGANIC Zn FERTILIZERS

Zinc sulfate (ZnSO4) has traditionally been the “reliable” source of Zn fertilizer but other sources of Zn are also available. Some are derived from industrial by-products, varying from flue dust reacted with sulfuric acid to organic compounds derived from the paper industry. The degree of Zn availability in Zn sources derived from these various by-products is related to the manufacturing process, the source of complexing or chelating agents (organic sources), and the original product used as the Zn source. Many claims are made regarding the relative efficiency of traditional inorganic Zn fertilizers and complexed Zn sources. The objective of this greenhouse study was to determine the availability coefficients of several commercial Zn fertilizer materials (organic and inorganic) that are commonly used to correct Zn deficiencies in soils. We evaluated the dry matter production, total Zn uptake, and Zn concentration in corn (Zea mays L. cv. P3752) plants fertilized with six different commercial Zn fertilizers. The sources included three granular inorganic Zn sources, two granular organically complexed Zn sources, and liquid ZnEDTA. The soil was low in available Zn (AB-DTPA Zn = 0.48 mg kg−1) and limed to a pH of 7.2. The Zn fertilizers were added to 5 kg pots at rates equivalent to 0, 0.21, 0.42, 0.84, 1.68, and 3.36 mg Zn kg−1 of soil. A relative availability coefficient (RAC) was used to determine the relative availability of all sources. The RAC is determined by comparing the slopes of the regression lines of each measured parameter with the slope of the reference material. The ZnLignosulfonate, ZnSO4, and ZnEDTA were always the most effective material in supplying the plant's needs. The RAC of these three materials ranged from 70 to 100%, depending on plant parameter measured. The ZnOxysulfate, with 55% water-solubility, also performed well with a RAC from 48 to 69%. The lower water-soluble materials (ZnOxysulfate, 26% water-soluble, and ZnSucrate, 1% water-soluble) were least effective with RAC values ranging from −12 to 25%. When comparing all sources, water-solubility was the primary factor governing the performance of Zn fertilizers. High water-solubility is required if a Zn fertilizer is going to be effective in meeting the plant's Zn needs. Zinc ions that are reacted with an organic complexing agent do not guarantee the resulting fertilizer will perform like a true chelate and have high plant availability. If the end product is not highly water-soluble, it will be very inefficient in supplying Zn to the plant. These results confirm our previous research where we concluded that a Zn fertilizer must be from 50% water-soluble to be an effective Zn source.

Improving fertiliser efficiency on calcareous and alkaline soils with fluid sources of P, N and Zn

Alkaline calcareous or sodic soils represent an important proportion of the world's arable soils and are important for cereal production. For calcareous soils in general, despite high applications of P fertiliser for many years, P deficiency in cereals is common. Field experiments were conducted to test the relative ability of granular (e.g. DAP, MAP and TSP) and fluid fertilisers to supply P to wheat on grey calcareous and red brown calcareous sandy loam soils (Calcixerollic xerochrepts). A pot experiment was also conducted with these soils and with two non-calcareous alkaline soils to investigate the effects of placement on the efficiency of fertiliser performance. In 1998, fluid and granular sources of P, N and Zn were compared in the field by banding below the seed at sowing. In 1999, MAP applied as granular, and technical grade MAP applied as fluid, were compared as sources of P in rate response experiments. First year results showed that fluid sources of P, N and Zn produced significantly more grain than the granular product. In the following year, fluid fertilisers were found to produce significantly higher response curves for shoot dry weight, grain yield and P uptake in grain. At a commercial rate of 8 kg P ha−1, fluid fertiliser produced between 22% and 27% more grain than the granular product. Soil moisture and fertiliser placement effects are implicated in the higher efficiency of fluid fertilisers.

A comparison of the availability of three zinc sources to maize ( Zea mays L.) under greenhouse conditions

The objective of this study was to compare the availability of Zn from granular ZnSO4, a granular Zn humate-lignosulfonate (ZnHL), and liquid Zn ethylenediaminetetraacetate (ZnEDTA). The two granular sources were applied directly (“as is”) and also powdered and mixed with the soil. A calcareous sandy loam soil with low available Zn was used. Zn rates were 0, 4, 8, 16, and 32 mg pot–1, and two crops of maize (Zeamays L.) were grown. For the first crop, all Zn sources provided an excellent dry matter response when powdered and mixed with the soil. The ZnEDTA was superior with regard to Zn uptake. The availability of ZnSO4 granules was almost zero for the first crop. The availability of the ZnHL complex was better than ZnSO4 when applied in granular form, but not when the two materials were powdered and mixed with the entire soil mass, suggesting that availability differences between these sources were due to physical, not chemical, factors. After mixing with the soil, only small differences existed between the Zn sources for the second crop. All sources provided for a good dry matter and Zn uptake response, and all Zn sources were about the same in increasing diethylenetriaminepentaacetate (DTPA)-extractable Zn levels at the end of the experiment. This research suggests that the three Zn materials were equal long-term Zn sources, but that the short-term response varied dramatically, depending on how the materials were applied.

EFFECTS OF ACID SOURCE ON SOIL pH

Ten acid sources, including granular and powdered forms of elemental S, iron sulfate slag, ferrous sulfate, and ammonium sulfate were added in equivalent amounts to two Histosols and three Alfisols typical of soils from the Everglades, and the soils were incubated for over 6 mo. At 2240 kg S ha−1, the powdered form of S was more effective in lowering soil pH than the granular sources of S. Little difference was found between the granular S products. Ferrous sulfate and ammonium sulfate lowered soil pH more than the elemental S products.