Granular Cell Change Research Articles

Wistar Rat Parietal Lobe Cell And Pain Perception Changes After Frequent Of Mobile Phone Electromagnetic Wave Expose

Background: The increasing number of mobile phone users raises concerns about the effects. Mobile phone electromagnetic wave radiation harms pain perception due to granular cell changes in the cerebral parietal cortex. Objective: To determine the effect of exposure to electromagnetic waves mobile phone on pain perception due to changes in the granular cells of the cerebral parietal cortex Wistar rats. Methods: Experimental research using randomized posttest with control group design. Samples were 28 rats divided into 4 groups. The control group was not exposed, the treatment group was exposed to 2100 MHz electromagnetic waves for 2 hours/day with a distance of 3 cm for 15 days in treatment group 1, for 30 days in treatment group 2, and 45 days in treatment group 3. Measurement of pain onset using the hot method. Changes in pain threshold were taken from the difference in pain onset after exposure to before exposure. Granular cell changes in the cerebral parietal cortex were assessed from the total score with the provisions of normal cells (sumx0), hydropic degenerated cells (sumx1), and necrotic cells (sumx2). Results: The longer the exposure to mobile phones, the higher the pain threshold and the cerebral parietal cortex granular cell damage score. There was a significant difference in pain threshold and changes in cerebral parietal cortex granular cells between groups (p=0.000). There was a significant relationship between changes in the parietal cerebral cortex granular cells and pain threshold in Wistar rats exposed to electromagnetic waves (p=0.000). Conclusion: Exposure to mobile phone electromagnetic waves affects pain perception due to changes in the granular cells of the cerebral parietal cortex in wistar rats.

Effects of chlorpyrifos toxicity on brain, pseudobranchial neurosecretory system and swimming performance of a catfish, Heteropneustes fossilis

In the present study, it was aimed to evaluate the adverse effects of CPF on the histopathology of the optic tectum and cerebellum, pseudobranchial neurosecretory system (PNS), biochemical assays of brain tissue, and locomotory behavior in catfish, Heteropneustes fossilis. The fishes were exposed to an environmentally relevant concentration of 0.09 and 0.192 mg/L of CPF for 7, 15, and 30 d. The CPF toxicity induced degenerative changes with significantly decreased cell size, number, and nucleo-cytoplasmic (N/C) ratio of the PNS; and altered neuro-architectural pattern of optic tectum with degenerative changes in mononuclear and granular cells and necrotic variation in granular and Purkinje cells of the cerebellum. The Acetylcholinesterase (AChE) and Catalase (CAT) activity in the CPF-exposed brain was significantly decreased, whereas Superoxide dismutase (SOD) and Malondialdehyde (MDA) level was significantly increased in comparison with control. In CPF-exposed fishes, the respiratory movements and locomotory behavioral pattern like swimming speed, total distance traveled, time mobile, absolute turn angle, head: distance traveled, maximum speed were significantly decreased, whereas time immobile and time freezing episodes were significantly increased as compared to control fishes. The present study concludes that environmentally relevant concentration of CPF may induce histopathological, biochemical, physiological, and behavioral disturbances in a non-target organism, H. fossilis.

Granular cell ameloblastoma: A rare and unique variant

Ameloblastoma is a slow-growing and locally invasive epithelial odontogenic tumor of the jaw that runs a benign course in most cases. Granular cell ameloblastoma is a rare subtype of ameloblastoma, showing the granular transformation of its cytoplasm. It is considered as an aggressive variant of ameloblastoma. Herein, we report the case of a 34-year-old male patient who presented with a swelling in the left cheek for a 1-year duration with a recent rapid increase in size. Examination showed a 4 × 3 cm growth involving the left buccal mucosa and retromolar area. Imaging studies showed expansile lytic lesion mandible. Biopsy revealed neoplasm with odontogenic epithelial islands showing peripheral palisading of tall columnar cells with reversal of polarity and the center of the islands showing stellate reticulum-like cells which were markedly replaced by granular cells. Granular cells can appear in various odontogenic and non- odontogenic tumors. When there is extensive granular cell change in ameloblastoma, it should be differentiated from other oral lesions with granular cells including granular cell odontogenic tumor, granular cell tumor, and congenital epulis.Herein we report the case of a 34-year-old male patient presented with swelling left cheek of one-year duration with recent rapid increase in size. Examination showed a 4x3 cm growth involving left buccal mucosa and retromolar area. Imaging studies showed expansile lytic lesion mandible. Biopsy revealed neoplasm with odontogenic epithelial islands showing peripheral palisading of tall columnar cells with reversal of polarity and the center of the islands showing stellate reticulum like cells which were markedly replaced by granular cells. Granular cells can appear in various odontogenic and nonodontogenic tumors. When there is extensive granular cell change in ameloblastoma it should be differentiated from other oral lesions with granular cells including granular cell odontogenic tumour, granular cell tumour and congenital epulis.

Superficial CD34-Positive Fibroblastic Tumor: A Clinicopathologic, Immunohistochemical, and Molecular Study of 59 Cases.

Superficial CD34-positive fibroblastic tumor (SCD34FT) is a rare soft tissue neoplasm that shows overlapping features with PRDM10 -rearranged soft tissue tumor ( PRDM10 -STT). This study characterizes the clinicopathologic, immunohistochemical, and molecular features of SCD34FT in a series of 59 cases. Fluorescence in situ hybridization to assess for PRDM10 rearrangement was performed in 12 tumors. Immunohistochemistry for CADM3 and WT1 was performed; CADM3 was also assessed in histologic mimics. Our cohort of 33 male and 26 female had a median age of 42 (range: 14 to 85) years. Tumors were most commonly located in the lower limb (73%), upper limb (8%), back (7%), and supraclavicular region (3%). The median tumor size was 3.0cm (range: 1.0 to 9.0cm). Clinical follow-up in 32 patients (median duration: 26mo) revealed 2 local recurrences (6%). One patient developed regional lymph node metastases which were completely excised. Microscopically, SCD34FT comprised spindled and pleomorphic cells with glassy cytoplasm and occasional granular cell change. Fluorescence in situ hybridization confirmed PRDM10 rearrangement in 3/8 cases (38%). SCD34FT frequently expressed CADM3 (95%) and WT1 (75%). CADM3 was less diffusely positive in pleomorphic hyalinizing angiectatic tumor (40%), pleomorphic liposarcoma (20%), and undifferentiated pleomorphic sarcoma (10%). We corroborate that SCD34FT is indolent but may rarely metastasize to lymph nodes without adverse outcomes. CADM3 and WT1 may be useful in the distinction from histologic mimics. Since cases of SCD34FT with and without demonstrable PRDM10 rearrangement were clinicopathologically indistinguishable, our study further supports that SCD34FT and PRDM10 -STT likely constitute a single entity.

Changes in 5-Fluorouracil-induced external granular cell damage during the time-course of the developing cerebellum of infant rats.

5-Fluorouracil (5-FU) is widely used as a chemotherapeutic agent that blocks DNA synthesis and replication by inhibiting thymidylate synthetase. This study aimed to elucidate 5-FU-induced changes in the external granular cells (EGCs) in the cerebellum of infant rats and the possible underlying mechanism. Six-day-old infant rats were injected subcutaneously with 40 mg/kg of 5-FU, and their cerebellums were examined at 6, 9, 12, and 24 h after treatment (HAT), and 2, 4, and 10 d after treatment (DAT). The width of the external granular layer (EGL) decreased from 24 HAT to 4 DAT in the 5-FU group compared to that in the control group. However, the width in the 5-FU group was comparable to that of the control group at 10 DAT. The number of apoptotic cells, cleaved caspase 3-labeling index (LI%), p21cip1-LI%, and expression levels of p53, p21cip1, and Fas mRNAs increased at 24 HAT. However, no changes were detected in the expression levels of Puma and Bax mRNAs at any time point. BrdU-LI% increased at 6 and 12 HAT but decreased at 24 HAT. The phospho-histone H3-LI% decreased from 6 HAT to 2 DAT. The width of the molecular layer decreased compared to that of the control group at 10 DAT. No differences were observed in Purkinje cell development. These results indicate that 5-FU inhibited cell proliferation by inducing apoptosis of EGCs via activation of Fas and caspase-3 without the involvement of the mitochondrial pathway and induced p53-dependent G1-S and G2-M phase arrest.

Superficial CD34-positive fibroblastic tumor and PRDM10-rearranged soft tissue tumor are overlapping entities: a comprehensive study of 20 cases.

Superficial CD34-positive fibroblastic tumor (SCD34FT) and PRDM10-rearranged soft tissue tumor (PRDM10-STT) are rare mesenchymal tumors. These lesions have clinicopathological similarities, but their relationship remains controversial. This study aimed to characterise a series of cases of SCD34FT and PRDM10-STT. Ten lesions each of SCD34FT and PRDM10-STT were studied using immunohistochemistry, array-comparative genomic hybridisation (aCGH), RNA sequencing and exome sequencing. Tumors mainly occurred in young adults, were generally small (<5cm) and arose predominantly in the superficial soft tissues of the lower extremities. Follow-up data were available in 15 cases (SCD34FT, n=7, median 16months; PRDM10-STT, n=8, median 14months), local recurrences occurred in four cases (SCD34FT, two of 10; PRDM10-STT, two of 10), while no distant spread was documented. Morphologically, tumors were relatively well-circumscribed and composed of sheets and fascicles of spindle and pleomorphic cells showing low mitotic activity (<1/mm²) without necrosis. Other findings included: granular cell change, lipoblast-like cells, ectatic blood vessels with fibrinous material, myxoid stromal changes, metaplastic bone and increased mitotic activity (>1/mm²). All tumors diffusely expressed CD34, while pan-keratin and desmin were commonly seen focally. SynCAM3 was diffusely expressed in 12 cases (SCD34FT, n=5; PRDM10-STT, n=7), independently of fusion status. aCGH profiles were 'flat' (PRDM10-STT, n=4; SCD34FT, n=2) and exome sequencing showed no recurrent pathogenic mutations (PRDM10-STT, n=2; SCD34FT, n=4). Overall, the only morphological features seen exclusively in PRDM10-STT were myxoid stromal changes (three of 10) and metaplastic bone (two of 10). We expand the current knowledge on PRDM10-STT and SCD34FT and provide additional evidence for considering them as overlapping entities.

Acute toxic effects of chlorpyrifos on pseudobranchial neurosecretory system, brain regions and locomotory behavior of an air-breathing catfish, Heteropneustes fossilis (Bloch 1794)

In the late twentieth century, tremendous use of second-class organophosphate insecticides especially chlorpyrifos (CPF) resulting into heavy accumulation in different non-targeted aquatic species including fishes leads to apparent structural and biochemical changes in different organs and related abnormal behavioral responses. The present study has been undertaken as a pioneer attempt to assess the toxic effects of CPF on histopathological changes in pseudobranchial neurosecretory cells (PNSCs) of a neuroendocrine system of gill region, optic tectum (OT) and cerebellum, biochemical changes (acetylcholinesterase (AChE) activity and antioxidant markers) in the brain and associated locomotory behavioral alterations in air-breathing catfish, Heteropneustes fossilis. The fishes were exposed to CPF concentration of 1.92 mg/l for four days and their locomotor activities were recorded by ANY-MAZE software (Stoelting, Kiel, WI), an automated behavior tracking device. The acute exposure of CPF induced pathological changes in PNSCs, subtle changes in granular cells of the cerebellum and neuroarchitectural pattern of different layers of OT as compared to control. In the CPF exposed brain, AChE activity was significantly decreased while antioxidant enzymatic activity such as SOD activity was increased but CAT activity was substantially decreased. The CPF exposed fishes displayed significantly reduced locomotory activities with symptoms of motionless, loss of equilibrium and erratic movements. This study concludes that acute exposure to CPF for short duration may induce dys-regulation of neurosecretory activity of PNSCs, altered biochemical activity of brain and reduced locomotory/swimming performances in fishes.

Conjunctival Melanocytic Nevi With Granular Cell Change.

Granular cell change in melanocytic nevus is underrepresented in the literature with only 4 well-documented cases, 1 described in the conjunctiva. Unfamiliarity with the clinical and pathologic features of these lesions contributes to the diagnostic difficulty. To delineate the clinical and histopathologic features of conjunctival nevi with granular cell change. In a retrospective observational case series, the medical records of all patients with conjunctival nevi and granular cell change diagnosed between December 2016 and October 2018 were reviewed. Data collected included age, sex, clinical presentation, pathologic findings, and follow-up. Twelve patients, 6 males and 6 females, with a median age of 14 years (range, 8-82 years) were identified. The nevus manifested as a pigmented, well-circumscribed nodule (7 of 9; 78%) or patch (2 of 9; 22%) in the bulbar and limbal conjunctiva (7 of 9; 78%) or in the plica semilunaris/caruncle (2 of 9; 22%). Cysts were noted in 7 of 9 lesions (78%). Features prompting surgical excision included atypical pigmentation (8 of 9; 89%), growth (7 of 9; 78%), and atypical vascularity (4 of 9; 44%). Microscopically, all lesions comprised a conventional melanocytic nevus with focal granular cell change and immunoreactivity for Melan-A, SOX10, and HMB-45, with Ki-67 proliferative index of less than 2%. Of the 9 lesions with follow-up information, there were no recurrences over mean follow-up of 11.2 months (range, 1-23 months). Granular cell change in melanocytic nevi is an underrecognized finding that can simulate melanoma clinically and histopathologically. Young age at diagnosis, lack of associated conjunctival melanosis, bulbar location, cysts, and the absence of mitotic figures with a low Ki-67 proliferative index are helpful clinical and pathologic diagnostic clues.

Odontogenic keratocyst with granular cell changes: A distinctive finding

Odontogenic keratocyst (OKC) originates from the dental lamina and is more commonly seen in the posterior mandible than in the maxilla. OKC is the most aggressive cyst of the oral cavity and is known for its rapid growth and its tendency to invade bone of the adjacent tissues. The recurrence rate of OKC is very high due to various reasons debated upon. Cases of OKC have shown the presence of calcifications, dentinoid formation and ossification. Here, we report the first case of OKC in a 27-year-old male showing granular cell changes.

Granular cell astrocytoma: an aggressive IDH-wildtype diffuse glioma with molecular genetic features of primary glioblastoma.

Granular cell astrocytoma (GCA) is a rare adult infiltrating glioma subtype. We studied a series of 39 GCAs. Median age of presentation was 57.8years and most cases developed in the frontal or temporal lobes. Tumors included grade II (n=14), grade III (n=11), and grade IV (n=14) by WHO criteria. Granular cell morphology was diffuse in 31 (79%) cases and partial in eight (21%). Immunohistochemistry showed frequent positivity for GFAP (28 of 31), OLIG2 (16 of 16), and CD68 (27 of 30), but HAM56, CD163, and IBA-1 histiocytic markers were all negative (22 of 22). IDH1(R132H) was negative in all the cases tested (16 of 16), while ATRX expression was retained (12 of 12). Cytogenetics demonstrated monosomy 10 (6 of 6) cases, +7 in 4 (of 6), -13q in 4 of 6, and -14 in 4 of 6. Next-generation sequencing demonstrated mutations in PTEN/PIK3 genes in 6/13 (46%), NF1 in 3 of 10 (30%), TP53 in 3 of 13 (23%), PALB2 in 3 of 10 (30%), STAG2 in 3 of 10 (30%), EGFR mutation/amplification in 3 of 13 (23%), and AR in 2 of 10 (20%). CDKN2A/B deletion was identified in 5 of 13 (30%) cases (homozygous deletion in 4). The TERT C228T mutation was identified in 9 of 13 (69%). No mutations were encountered in IDH1, IDH2, CIC, FUBP1, H3F3A, BRAF or ATRX genes. The mean overall survival was 11.3 months. Patients >60 years old at diagnosis had a worse survival than patients <60 years (P=0.001). There were no statistically significant differences in survival by WHO grade, extent of granular cell change, sex or MIB-1 (P>0.05). GCA is a variant of IDH-wildtype diffuse glioma with aggressive behavior irrespective of grade and extent of granular cell morphology, and with molecular genetic features corresponding to primary glioblastoma.

Leiomyosarcoma of the great saphenous vein (vena saphena magna) with granular cell change: Report of a superficial neoplasm

The great saphenous vein (GSV) corresponds to the main superficial large-caliber vessel affected by leiomyosarcoma (LMS). Given its superficial location and because signs of vascular origin may not be clinically apparent, LMS of the GSV may be misinterpreted clinically as superficial nonvascular soft tissue mass. Herein, we report a case on the distal portion of the right GSV of a 57-year-old man. The histopathological recognition of a large-caliber vein-associated LMS (with granular cell change) in an incisional biopsy specimen was crucial to guide radiological evaluation and confirmation of a superficial vascular LMS before surgical treatment. Recognizing this entity in small biopsies is important as its surgical treatment and prognosis differ substantially from nonvascular superficial (ie, subcutaneous and dermal) LMSs. In addition, because vascular LMSs can involve long vessel segments, underestimation of extent of disease is a risk. To the best of our knowledge, granular cell change has not been documented in LMS of the GSV.

Granular cell differentiation: A review of the published work.

Since the initial description of the granular cell tumor in 1926, numerous other neoplasms, both benign and malignant, have been described to exhibit granular cell change. In most cases, diagnosis remains straightforward via recognition of retained histopathological morphology of the archetypal tumor, despite the presence of focal granular appearance. However, tumors with granular cell differentiation can present a diagnostic challenge either by mimicking alternative diagnoses, or by failing to exhibit architectural clues of the primary entity, thus requiring an immunohistochemical work-up. In light of this, it is important to be aware of the various entities that have been reported to exhibit granular cell morphology. In this review such tumors are discussed along with pertinent clinical and histopathological features.

Infrascapular granular cell tumor: an unusual entity

Granular cell tumor (GCT) is an uncommon soft tissue tumor of schwannian origin frequent among women and blacks between the second and sixth decades of life. The common location of GCT is the oral cavity, but it can also occur at other sites. Cutaneous lesions constitute about 30% of cases and are characterized by a gradually developing nodular lesion. Due to their subtle clinical appearance and symptomatology, GCTs are often misdiagnosed. We report a case of subcutaneous GCT in the infrascapular region in a 40 year old female which mimicked granular cell dermatofibroma on histopathology. Although a rare entity, Granular cell tumor should be considered in the differential diagnosis of the subcutaneous soft tissue tumours and require histopathological examination along with immunohistochemistry to confirm the diagnosis and differentiate them from other benign and malignant tumors showing granular cell change.

Granular Cell Type of a Unicystic Ameloblastoma: An Unusual Case Report and Review of The Literature

Ameloblastomas are locally invasive tumors with the odontogenic epithelial origin. They have been categorized broadly into three biologic variants: solid, cystic (unicystic) and peripheral, which only 13% of all cases are unicystic. Although rare in unicystic or cystic ameloblastoma, granular cell change in ameloblastoma is a recognized phenomenon. Here we present a distinctive case of cystic ameloblastoma with an unusual histopathological pattern along with an added emphasis on its review.

The spectrum of rare morphological variants of cutaneous epithelioid angiosarcoma.

Unusual cytoplasmic alterations have recently been reported in poorly differentiated cutaneous angiosarcoma, making an accurate diagnosis challenging. As these tumours remain poorly documented, we aimed to study their clinicopathological characteristics more comprehensively. Six cutaneous angiosarcomas with unusual cytoplasmic alterations were identified from referral files. All tumours arose as nodules or plaques (range: 05-195 mm) on sun-damaged skin of the head and neck of elderly males (median age: 76.5 years). Histologically, the tumours were composed of enlarged epithelioid cells showing prominent signet ring (n = 3), foam (n = 2) or granular cell (n = 1) change. Vasoformative elements were only focally noted. By immunohistochemistry, all tumours expressed CD31 and avian v-ets erythroblastosis virus E26 oncogene homologue (ERG). Foam cell change was associated with additional expression of CD68 and CD163. Follow-up (median: 8 months) showed death from disease (n = 1), death from a gastrointestinal bleed (n = 1), and a cutaneous metastasis (n = 1). Only two patients are alive with no evidence of disease. Our findings outline the morphological spectrum of cytoplasmic change in cutaneous angiosarcoma. Awareness and a high degree of suspicion in the context of tumours affecting sun-damaged skin of the elderly are necessary to direct appropriate immunohistochemical work-up with inclusion of the endothelial cell markers CD31 and ERG.

A case of metastatic non‐neural granular cell tumor in a 13‐year‐old girl

Conventional granular cell tumor represents a mesenchymal neoplasm observed in a variety of locations and is now believed to be of Schwann cell origin. Granular cell change has also been observed in a variety of different tumors, but recently described in the skin has been a distinct entity termed non-neural granular cell tumor, which lacks expression of S100 protein and is of uncertain histogenesis. This tumor typically displays a greater degree of nuclear atypia and mitotic activity than conventional granular cell tumor but appears to behave in a relatively benign fashion, as only two previous instances of lymph node metastasis have been documented. Herein, we report a case of non-neural granular cell tumor arising on the back of a 13-year-old girl, and later axillary lymph node metastasis with extracapsular extension was observed.

Interactions between the tropical sea anemone Aiptasia pallida and Serratia marcescens, an opportunistic pathogen of corals.

Coral reefs are under increasing stress caused by global and local environmental changes, which are thought to increase the susceptibility of corals to opportunistic pathogens. In the absence of an easily culturable model animal, the understanding of the mechanisms of disease progression in corals remains fairly limited. In the present study, we tested the susceptibility of the tropical sea anemone Aiptasia pallida to an opportunistic coral pathogen (Serratia marcescens). A. pallida was susceptible to S. marcescens PDL100 and responded to this opportunistic coral pathogen with darkening of the tissues and retraction of tentacles, followed by complete disintegration of polyp tissues. Histological observations revealed loss of zooxanthellae and structural changes in eosinophilic granular cells in response to pathogen infection. A screen of S. marcescens mutants identified a motility and tetrathionate reductase mutants as defective in virulence in the A. pallida infection model. In co-infections with the wild-type strain, the tetrathionate reductase mutant was less fit within the surface mucopolysaccharide layer of the host coral Acropora palmata.

Multiple lesions of granular cell basal cell carcinoma: a case report

Granular cell change in basal cell carcinoma (BCC) occurs rarely. Only 11 such cases have been reported; all of them were solitary nodular BCC. We report herein a case of multiple granular cell BCC with infundibulocystic features. The tumors presented as papules on the anterior neck of a 44-year-old female with a prior history of a well-differentiated squamous cell carcinoma (SCC) of the tongue and radiation involving the area in which BCC developed. Microscopically, the tumors were circumscribed small dermal nodules composed of epithelial cords with granular eosinophilic cytoplasm and entrapped infundibular keratocysts. Given the eosinophilic appearance of the tumor, history of SCC and the lesions multiplicity, the initial biopsy was first interpreted as metastatic SCC. The correct diagnosis of granular cell BCC was established upon rereview of the slides at a cancer center. Given the diagnostic controversy, immunohistochemical stains were performed. The tumor cells expressed Ber-EP4, CD63 (NKI/C3) and CD68. The tumors were compared to the prior SCC finding different morphologies. Extensive clinical evaluation showed no evidence of recurrent SCC. This report expands the clinicopathologic spectrum of granular cell variant of BCC and documents for the first time eruption of multiple such tumors in a localized area.

Granular Cell Ameloblastoma - A Case Report

ABSTRACT Granular cell ameloblastoma is a rare variant, accounting for 1-5% (3.5%) of ameloblastomas. It has clinical behavior similar to other subtypes, and show high tendency to recur on conservative surgical approaches. It can also show metastasis, hence the treatment plan should include regular follow up of the patients, after radical surgery. Here we are presenting a case report of granular cell ameloblastoma occurring in a 45 years old male patient clinically, the lesion was occurring in the left posterior mandible creating soap bubble appearance on radiography. Histopathologically, granular cell changes were prominent. The granular appearance is due to lysosomal aggregation and their presence indicates degenerative change or related to aging phenomenon rather than aggressiveness. The lesion was treated by surgical resection and a period of 3 years follow up showed no recurrence.

Cytogenetic and molecular genetic study on granular cell glioblastoma: a case report

Granular cell astrocytoma is a rare infiltrative malignant glioma with prominent granular cell change. Granular cell astrocytomas are biologically aggressive compared with conventional infiltrating astrocytomas of similar grades, but their genetic alterations are poorly known. We report a case of granular cell glioblastoma and its genetic and molecular features. Histologically, the tumor not only showed features typical of granular cell astrocytoma but also demonstrated frequent mitoses, pseudopalisading necrosis, and vascular endothelial hyperplasia, compatible with glioblastoma. Array-based comparative genomic hybridization and focused molecular genetic analyses demonstrated gain of chromosome 7; losses of chromosome 1p, 8p, 9p, 10, 13q, and 22q; amplification of epidermal growth factor receptor; and homozygous deletion of CDKN2A as well as MGMT promoter methylation. However, neither isocitrate dehydrogenase 1 mutation nor codeletion of 1p/19q was found. Our results indicate that granular cell glioblastomas, despite having its peculiar granular cell changes, share common molecular genetic features with conventional glioblastoma, especially the classical subtype.