Granular Activated Carbon Process Research Articles

Assessing the potential of a membrane bioreactor and granular activated carbon process for wastewater reuse – A full-scale WWTP operated over one year in Scania, Sweden

A full-scale membrane bioreactor (MBR) with ultrafiltration, followed by granular activated carbon (GAC), was examined to determine the potential of reusing treated water as a source of drinking water or for irrigation. The major part of the bacteria removal took place in the MBR, whereas the GAC removed substantial amounts of organic micropollutants. Annual variations in inflow and infiltration resulted in a concentrated influent during summer and a diluted influent in the winter. The removal of E. coli was high throughout the process (average log removal 5.8), with effluent concentrations meeting the threshold for class B water standards for irrigation (EU 2020/741) but exceeding those for drinking water in Sweden. The total bacterial concentration increased over the GAC, indicating the growth and release of bacteria; however, E. coli concentrations declined. The effluent concentrations of metals met the Swedish criteria for drinking water. The removal of organic micropollutants decreased during the initial operation of the treatment plant, but after 1 year and 3 months, corresponding to 15,000 bed volumes, the removal increased. Maturation of the biofilm in the GAC filters might have resulted in biodegradation of certain organic micropollutants, in combination with bioregeneration. Although there is no legislation in Scandinavia with regard to many organic micropollutants in drinking water and water for irrigation, the effluent concentrations were generally in the same order of magnitude as to those in Swedish source waters that are used for drinking water production.

Comparison of AOP, GAC, and Novel Organosilane-Based Process for the Removal of Microplastics at a Municipal Wastewater Treatment Plant

Wastewater treatment plants (WWTPs) have been identified as important point sources of micropollutants and microplastics into the environment. Existing fourth cleaning steps are designed to remove dissolved micropollutants, however do not target dispersed solids such as microplastics. Therefore, the ability of an Advanced Oxidation Process (AOP) and Granular Activated Carbon (GAC) in parallel and serial connection to remove microplastics was investigated and determined. The pilot plants were operated at the municipal WWTP Landau, Germany, a three-step biological waste treatment plant with a capacity of 80,000 population equivalents. A Nile red-based detection method was applied to quantify microplastics. Neither method showed a significant removal of microplastics. To achieve a simultaneous removal of microplastics and dissolved micropollutants, a pilot plant using organosilanes for microplastics’ removal was connected in series with the GAC. When added to the water, the organosilanes attach to the microplastics and collect them in agglomerates by chemically binding them in a water-induced sol–gel process. The pilot plant for microplastics’ removal was operated with a flow rate of 12 m3/h and a retention time of 10 min; the GAC with 2 m3/h and a retention time of 1 h. An average reduction in micropollutants by 86.2 ± 2.0% and a reduction in microplastics by 60.9 ± 27.5% was reached. Thus, there is an effective reduction in micropollutants and a significant reduction in microplastics. Further optimizations of the pilot plant are expected to result in a more stable and higher removal performance.

Occurrence and treatment effect assessment of organophosphorus flame retardants in source and drinking water, Jinan, China.

The occurrence and removal efficiencies of organophosphorus flame retardants (OPFRs) by traditional treatment processes (pre-flocculation, sand filtration, and post-chlorination processes) and advanced treatment processes (i.e., ozone and granular activated carbon (GAC), ultraviolet/hydrogen peroxide (UV/H2O2), GAC alone, ultrafiltration membrane, nanofiltration membrane) were examined in two municipal plants and a pilot plant in Jinan, China. The concentrations of six OPFRs in raw waters were at levels of 16.8-100.0ng/L, and three OPFRs were below the detection limits. The traditional treatment processes could not effectively remove the OPFRs (the removal efficiency was - 12.0-15.4%). The advanced oxidation with ozone and GAC (the removal efficiency was 35.6-60.3%) or UV/H2O2 and GAC processes (the removal efficiency was 68.0-86.7%) were more effective than the traditional water treatment processes. The removal efficiencies of ultrafiltration process for the OPFRs was 11.2-69.8% which were positively correlated with the logKow values of OPFRs. The nanofiltration membrane process with ultrafiltration membrane process as the pretreatment was the most effective process (the removal efficiencies were almost to 100%). These results imply that the combination of ultrafiltration membrane and nanofiltration membrane is an effective measure in the treatment of OPFRs in municipal drinking water plants.

Performance of a novel granular activated carbon and gravity-driven membrane hybrid process: Process development and removal of emerging contaminants

In this study, a novel granular activated carbon (GAC) gravity-driven membrane (GDM) hybrid system with a ceramic membrane was developed for the production of high quality water. The operational performance in water permeability; removal of organic matter; and contaminants of emerging concern (CECs) including microplastics, larvae, and perfluorinated compounds (i.e., perfluorooctanoic acid (PFOA) and perfluorooctanesulfonic acid(PFOS)) was evaluated. The experimental results indicate that the GAC-GDM hybrid system can overcome the limitations of the GAC (i.e., low rejection efficiency of particulates) and GDM (i.e., low rejection efficiency of organics) processes. The GDM process showed higher removal rates of microplastics and larvae than the GAC process (i.e., 77.9% and 100% vs. 16.6% and 70%, respectively), and the GAC process exhibited higher removal rates of organic matter and perfluorinated compounds (PFOA and PFOS) than the GDM process (i.e., 54.8%, 90.9% and 99.1% vs. 17.6%, 23% and 31.8%, respectively). In the GAC-GDM hybrid system, stable water flux was observed with the efficient removal of CECs and organic matter during operation. This study implies that the GAC-GDM system can be used as a distributed water treatment system in remote areas such as islands and mountains because the GAC-GDM system is able to minimize the operation scale.

Performance of in-service granular activated carbon for perfluoroalkyl substances removal under changing water quality conditions

Granular activated carbon (GAC) adsorption is one of the best available technologies for removing perfluoroalkyl substances (PFASs) from drinking water. However, GAC processes in full-scale drinking water treatment plants frequently encounter unstable, even negative removal efficiency on PFASs due to the lack of understanding between the GAC characteristics and the PFASs polluted water quality conditions. In this study, the scenarios of raw water pre-chlorination and emergency contamination by multiple PFASs were simulated to evaluate the PFASs control performance by in-service GAC with different properties and ages. The results showed that the adsorption of a relatively longer-chain PFAS by the in-service GAC can be achieved by replacing the pre-adsorbed natural organic matter (NOM). The increased lower molecular weight NOM after pre-chlorination could compete with PFASs for adsorption sites and exacerbate the pore blockage, thus significantly weakening the PFASs removal ability of in-service GAC. When multiple PFASs entered the water by emergency contamination, the PFASs with stronger hydrophobicity could replace the PFASs with less hydrophobicity that had previously been adsorbed on GAC. GAC with a higher proportion of micropores had a lower risk of PFASs leakage facing the water quality changes.

Tracking 14C-Labeled Organic Micropollutants to Differentiate between Adsorption and Degradation in GAC and Biofilm Processes.

Granular activated carbon (GAC) filters can be used to reduce emissions of organic micropollutants via municipal wastewater, but it is still uncertain to which extent biological degradation contributes to their removal in GAC filters. 14C-labeled organic micropollutants were therefore used to distinguish degradation from adsorption in a GAC-filter media with associated biofilm. The rates and extents of biological degradation and adsorption were investigated and compared with other biofilm systems, including a moving bed biofilm reactor (MBBR) and a sand filter, by monitoring 14C activities in the liquid and gas phases. The microbial cleavage of ibuprofen, naproxen, diclofenac, and mecoprop was confirmed for all biofilms, based on the formation of 14CO2, whereas the degradation of 14C-labeled moieties of sulfamethoxazole and carbamazepine was undetected. Higher degradation rates for diclofenac were observed for the GAC-filter media than for the other biofilms. Degradation of previously adsorbed diclofenac onto GAC could be confirmed by the anaerobic adsorption and subsequent aerobic degradation by the GAC-bound biofilm. This study demonstrates the potential use of 14C-labeled micropollutants to study interactions and determine the relative contributions of adsorption and degradation in GAC-based treatment systems.

Concentrations and distributions of neonicotinoids in drinking water treatment plants in South Korea

We investigated the fates of seven neonicotinoids (NNIs) in full-scale drinking water treatment plants and assessed human exposure to NNIs through consuming drinking water. The total NNI concentrations in raw water and treated water samples from the drinking water treatment plants were 20.4–166 ng/L (median 118 ng/L) and 1.11–94.7 ng/L (median 20.4 ng/L), respectively. The dinotefuran (DIN) concentrations in raw water collected in different seasons were different, and the highest DIN concentration was found in summer. The drinking water treatment processes removed >91% of the NNIs except DIN and thiamethoxam (THIAM), for which the mean removal rates were 70% and 74%, respectively. The removal rates for all of the NNIs were higher for the granular activated carbon filtration process (mean 83.5%) than the other drinking water treatment plant processes (coagulation/sedimentation 22.3%, ozonation 29.2%). However, the removal rates in the granular activated carbon process were lower for DIN and THIAM (61.0% and 59.2%, respectively) than the other NNIs. Significant correlations were found between the NNI removal rates and physicochemical properties (solubility in water and log (octanol–water partition coefficient)). The estimated mean human exposure to NNIs in drinking water was 0.528 ng/(kg body weight d).

Parallel study on removal efficiency of pharmaceuticals and PFASs in advanced water treatment processes: Ozonation, GAC adsorption, and RO processes

We aimed to assess the removal efficiencies of four pharmaceuticals (carbamazepine, crotamiton, metformin, and sulfamethoxazole) and four poly- and perfluoroalkyl substances (PFASs) (PFHxA, PFHxS, PFOA, and PFOS) by lab-scale ozonation, granular activated carbon (GAC) adsorption, and reverse osmosis (RO) membrane processes under varying operating conditions. Ozonation and GAC adsorption processes were conducted at two temperatures (5 and 25°C) and three pH conditions (3, 7, and 11). The membrane process was performed using an unstirred cell with two different RO membranes. The most pharmaceuticals were effectively removed by ozonation, whereas metformin and PFASs were unaffected due to their stable chemical structures. In the GAC process, metformin was hardly removed under acidic conditions but it was enhanced by over 90%. PFASs were effectively removed by GAC adsorption and RO membrane processes. The RO membrane for brackish water treatment showed higher rejection than that for residential water treatment. Moreover, the rejection of PFAS increased as the molecular weight increased. A strategy was found to effectively remove the remaining metformin in most advanced water treatment processes. Chemically persistent PFASs were hardly removed by the ozonation process but were effectively removed by physical treatments such as GAC adsorption and RO membrane processes.

Perfluoroalkyl substances and pharmaceuticals removal in full-scale drinking water treatment plants

The concentrations of 14 perfluoroalkyl substances (PFASs) and 46 pharmaceuticals in raw water and drinking water from five drinking water treatment plants were determined to assess removal of the chemicals during treatment. 10 out of 14 PFASs were detected in the raw and drinking water samples. The mean perfluorohexane sulfonate concentrations in raw and drinking water were the highest with levels of 106 and 69.6 ng L−1, respectively and the other PFAS concentrations were lower. The ∑14PFAS and individual PFAS removal efficiencies for the treatment plants were −36.9% to 70.7% (mean 31.3%) but the granular activated carbon process removed >80% of the total amount of long-chain PFASs that was removed. The removal efficiency increased as the perfluorocarbon chain length increased. The removal efficiencies increased by 14.2% and 11.2% from the shortest to the longest perfluoroalkyl carboxylic acid and perfluoroalkyl sulfonic acid chain lengths, respectively. 20 out of 46 pharmaceuticals were detected in the raw water samples, but most were removed completely during treatment. Only caffeine, carbamazepine, crotamiton, fenbendazole, metformin, and sulfamethoxazole were detected in the drinking water samples. Oxidation processes contributed >90% of the overall treatment plant removal efficiency except for metformin.

Characterization of Algal Organic Matter of Microcystis sp.: Disinfection By-Product (DBP) Formation Potential and Treatability

Objectives This study was evaluated the disinfection by-product formation potential (DBPFP) in the algal organic matter of Microcystis sp. (M-AOM), which lives in the downstream Maeri area of Nakdong River, and the removal efficiency by each drinking water treatment process. Methods M-AOM were prepared by ultrasound/extraction/filtration using Microcystis sp. from Maeri area in the downstream of Nakdong River. M-AOM and Nakdong river water sample (N-NOM) were compared to removal efficiency of dissolved organic matter (DOM) and DBPFP in the coagulation/settlement (Coag./Sedi.), biological activated carbon (BAC) and granular activated carbon (GAC) processes. The treatment efficiency characteristics of DOM were evaluated by LC-OCD and fluorescence spectrophotometer. DBPFP was analyzed for trihalomethane formation potential (THMFP), haloacetic acids FP (HAAFP), haloacetonitrile FP (HANFP) and chloral hydrate FP (CHFP), respectively. Jar-tester was used for the Coag./Sedi., the BAC and GAC process were conducted using a laboratory scale acrylic column with an empty bed contact time (EBCT) of 20 min. Results and Discussion The contents of humic substances (HS) was high at 50.9% in N-NOM, whereas it was content 26.0% of biopolymers (BP) and LMW-acid (LMW-A) was high at 30.6% in M-NOM. In case of DBPFP, THMFP accounted for 59.5% of the total in N-NOM but CHFP and HANFP accounted for 49.6% and 23.3%, respectively in M-AOM. Thus, There were many differences in the composition of DOM and DBPFP of N-NOM and M-AOM. Both N-NOM and M-AOM showed a high removal efficiency of high molecular weight (HMW) organic matters (BP and HS) during the Coag./Sedi. process, whereas low molecular weight (LMW) organic matters (BB and LMW-org) was high during the GAC and the BAC processes, and the removal efficiency was somewhat different. Residual BP after Coag./Sedi. process was more easily removed by the biodegradation in BAC process rather than GAC process. THMFP and HAAFP which originated from AOM, were able to eliminated about 90% by the Coag./Sedi. process, which was very similar to the removal rate of BP and HS among DOM constituents and they were judged to be involved in THM formation. However, the removal rate of HANFP and CHFP was low, and it could be suspected that HANFP and CHFP formation were occurred in LMW organic matters showing low removal rate by the Coag./Sedi. process. The removal rates of CHFP and HANFP relatively high in the BAC process and total DBPFP showed high removal efficiency in the GAC process. Conclusions N-NOM had high contents of HS (50.9%), but M-AOM had high contents of BP (26.0%) and LMW-A (30.6%). THMFP accounted for 59.5% in total DBPFP of the N-NOM and CHFP (49.6%) and HANFP (23.3%) occupied high rate in the DBPFP of M-AOM. N-NOM and M-AOM were high removal from HMW organic matters (BP, HS) showed high removal efficiency by the Coag./Sedi. process, LMW organic matters showed high removal efficiency in the GAC and BAC processes. Also, residual BP after Coag./Sedi. was easily removed by biodegradation in the BAC rather than adsorption in the GAC process. THM and HAA formed in M-AOM could be removed about 90% by Coag./Sedi. process, whereas it was difficult to remove HANFP and CHFP by Coag./Sedi. process. CHFP and HANFP had relatively high removal efficiency in the BAC process and DBPFP removal was excellent overall in the GAC process. Key words: Microcystis sp., Algal Organic Matter (AOM), Disinfection By-Product, Drinking Water Treatment Process, Treatability

파일럿 규모의 석탄계 입상활성탄 공정을 이용한 하수처리수 내 유기물질의 제거특성

파일럿 규모의 석탄계 입상활성탄 공정을 이용한 하수처리수 내 유기물질의 제거특성

Improved performance of immobilized TiO2 under visible light for the commercial surfactant degradation: Role of carbon doped TiO2 and anatase/rutile ratio

• The CDT (A/R)/GAC nanocomposite was synthesized using the sol–gel technique. • The band gap decreased from 3.17 eV to 2.72 eV after C doping. • The band gap decreased from 2.72 eV to 2.66 eV after temperature changing. • The effects of initial temperature and light intensity were studied. Nanoparticles of TiO 2 with different ratios of anatase (A)/rutile (R) phases were successfully synthesized via sol-gel method. Carbon-doped TiO 2 (CDT) was supported on the surfaces of granular activated carbon (GAC) for photocatalytic degradation and mineralization of the commercial nonylphenol (NP) surfactant under visible light irradiation. The physicochemical characteristics of the synthesized composites (TiO 2 , CDT, and CDT/GAC) were determined in detail by X-ray diffraction, scanning electron microscopy, elemental mapping, Brunauer–Emmett–Teller, UV–Vis absorption and PL spectra. The results indicated that the band gap decreased from 3.17 eV to 2.72 eV after C doping, and to 2.66 eV by changing the calcination temperature from 475 °C to 600 °C; the visible light absorption also increased. This study demonstrates that the CDT/GAC photocatalyst with an A (53.06)/R (46.94) ratio exhibited high degradation efficiency. COD and TOC removal of 99% and 89%, respectively, and 80% NP decrease within 60 min. The NP degradation increases with increasing temperature and light intensity. The Langmuir–Hinshelwood kinetic model fitted with the experimental data. In addition, it is reported that the synthesized photocatalyst became stable and highly active, even after five cycles. The results also showed that the values of the carbon oxidation state (COS) and the average oxidation state (AOS) were highly increased after the decomposition of NP by the Xenon/CDT (A/R)/GAC process over 3.37 and 3.87, respectively.

Modeling emerging contaminants breakthrough in packed bed adsorption columns by UV absorbance and fluorescing components of dissolved organic matter

This study investigated, using rapid small-scale column testing, the breakthrough of dissolved organic matter (DOM) and eleven emerging organic contaminants (EOCs) during granular activated carbon (GAC) filtration of different water qualities, including wastewater, surface water and synthetic water (riverine organic matter dissolved in deionized water). Fluorescing organic matter was better adsorbed than UV absorbance at 254 nm (UV254) and dissolved organic carbon (DOC) in all tested water. Furthermore, highest adsorption of DOM (in terms of DOC, UV254 and fluorescence) was observed during wastewater filtration. UV absorbing DOM had fast and similar breakthrough in surface water and synthetic water, whereas fluorescence breakthrough was very rapid only in synthetic water. PARAFAC modeling showed that different fluorescing components were differently adsorbed during GAC process. Particularly, fluorescing components with maxima intensity at higher excitation wavelengths, which are corresponding to humic-like fluorescence substances, were better removed than other components in all waters. As opposed to DOM, EOCs were better adsorbed during synthetic water filtration, whereas the fastest EOCs breakthrough was observed during filtration of wastewater, which was the water that determined the highest carbon fouling. Exception was represented by long-chained perfluoroalkylated substances (i.e., PFOA, PFDA and PFOS). Indeed, adsorption of these compounds resulted independent of water quality. In this study was also investigated the applicability of UV254 and fluorescing PARAFAC components to act as surrogates in predicting EOCs removal by GAC in different water matrices. Empirical linear correlation for the investigated EOCs were determined with UV254 and fluorescing components in all water qualities. However, fluorescence measurements resulted more sensitive than UV254 to predict EOC breakthrough during GAC adsorption. When the data from all water qualities was combined, good correlations between the microbial humic-like PARAFAC component and EOC removals were still observed and they resulted independent of water quality if considering only real water matrices (wastewater and surface water). On the contrary, correlations between EOC removals and UV254 removals were independent of water quality when combining data of surface waters and synthetic water, but a different correlation model was needed to predict EOCs breakthrough in wastewater.

Evaluation of Water Treatment Efficiency according to Number of Regeneration of GACs For Efficient Operation of GAC Process

This study was conducted to evaluate the effect of increasing the number of regenerated granular activated carbon (GAC) on the adsorption efficiency of DOC and THMs from 2011 to 2016. As increase the number of regeneration times, the apparent density, hardness and I2 number were decreased, and the ash was increased. Average breakthrough period of virgin GAC for DOC (C/C0 = 0.8) was about 8 months and each GAC basin (300 m3) adsorbed about 4,246 kg of DOC. The regenerated GACs reached to breakthrough 7 to 10 months and these GACs have 3,514~4,656 kg/basin adsorption capacity. The average THMs breakthrough (C/C0 = 1.0) period of virgin GAC was about 7 months and each basin adsorbed 60.6 kg of THMs. 1st and 2nd and more regenerated GACs had 44.8 kg/basin, 21.6 kg/basin and 10.8 kg/basin adsorption capacity respectively. To determine the optimum regeneration times, 6th regenerated GAC has almost same degree of adsorbing DOC capacity of virgin GAC that means it is difficult to determine the appropriate regeneration times for DOC, on the other hands for THMs, 2nd regenerated GAC’s adsorption capacity has one thirds of virgin GAC of that and more 4th regenerated GAC has only one sixths of virgin of that, therefore, more two times of regenerated GAC needs to be considered for THMs removal. Key words: Granular Activated Carbon (GAC), Regeneration, Regeneration Times, Trihalomethanes (THMs), Dissolved Organic Carbon (DOC), Breakthrough

Occurrence of nitrosamines and their precursors in drinking water systems around mainland China

N-Nitrosamines (NAs) in drinking water have attracted considerable attention in recent years due to their high carcinogenicity, frequent occurrence, and their potential regulation. During the past three years, we have collected about 164 water samples of finished water, tap water, and source water from 23 provinces, 44 cities from large cities to small towns, and 155 sampling points all over China. The occurrence of NAs in the finished and tap water was much higher in China than that in the U.S. Nine NAs were measured and NDMA had the highest concentration. The occurrence of NDMA was in 33% of the finished waters of water treatment plants and in 41% of the tap waters. The average NDMA concentration in finished and tap waters was 11 and 13 ng/L, respectively. Formation potentials (FPs) of source waters were examined with an average NDMA FP of 66 ng/L. Large variations in NA occurrence were observed geographically in China and temporally in different seasons. The Yangtze River Delta area, one sub-area in East China, had the highest concentrations of NAs, where the average NDMA concentrations in the finished and tap water were 27 and 28.5 ng/L, respectively, and the average NDMA FP in the source water was 204 ng/L. NA control may be achieved by applying breakpoint free chlorination and/or advanced treatment of ozone – granular activated carbon process to remove the NA precursors before disinfection.

Comparison of O3 + GAC, O3 + H2O2 + GAC, and GAC unit operation on natural organic matter and taste and odor causing compounds removal using a pilot plant study

Removal of natural organic matter (NOM) and taste and odor problems in drinking water are a sensitive issue in municipal water treatment plants. This study investigated the effectiveness of ozone (O3) + granular activated carbon (GAC), O3 + hydroperoxide (H2O2) + GAC, and GAC processes using a pilot scale plant to remove NOM and geosmin (50–1,000 ng/L), and 2-methylisoborneol (2-MIB: 50–300 ng/L). In the O3 + GAC process, NOM-related parameters showed an average of 52% dissolved organic carbon (DOC) removal from 2 mg/L DOC influent, 99.3% haloacetic acids (HAAs) removal from 0.097 mg/L HAAs influent, and 100% removal from 0.05 mg/L bromide influent. Taste and odor removal rates were 94–100% for geosmin and 87–100% for 2-MIB. The O3 + H2O2 + GAC process removed an average of 55% DOC, 99.7% HAAs, 100% bromate, 94–100% geosmin, and 93–100% 2-MIB. The GAC process removed 46% DOC, 98.3% HAAs, 100% bromate, 83–100% geosmin, and 81–100% 2-MIB. Based on a comparison of the efficiencies and an economic analysis, the O3 + H2O2 + GAC process was determined to be the optimal system for removing NOM and taste and odor compounds.

Investigation of geosmin removal efficiency by microorganism isolated from biological activated carbon

【Recently, the production of taste and odor (T&O) compounds is a common problem in water industry. Geosmin is one of the T&O components in drinking water. However, geosmin is hardly eliminated through the conventional water treatment systems. Among various advanced processes capable of removing geosmin, adsorption process using granular activated carbon (GAC) is the most commonly used process. As time passes, however GAC process changes into biological activated carbon (BAC) process. There is little information on the BAC process in the literature. In this study, we isolated and identified microorganisms existing within various BAC processes. The microbial concentrations of BAC processes examined were $3.5{\times}10^5$ colony forming units (CFU/g), $2.2{\times}10^6CFU/g$ and $7.0{\times}10^5CFU/g$ in the Seongnam plant, Goyang plant and Goryeong pilot plant, respectively. The dominant bacterial species were found to be Bradyrhizobium japonicum, Novosphingobium rosa and Afipia broomeae in each plants. Removal efficiencies of $3{\mu}g/L$ geosmin by the dominant species were 36.1%, 36.5% and 34.3% in mineral salts medium(MSM) where geosmin was a sole carbon source.】

Special Issue on Drinking Water Safety, Security, and Sustainability

Special Issue on Drinking Water Safety, Security, and Sustainability

Tetracycline계 항생물질들의 활성탄 흡착 및 생물여과 공정에 의한 생분해 특성

Abstract Adsorption and biodegradation performance of tetracycline antibiotic compounds such as ttetracycline (TC), oxytetracycline (OTC), minocycline (MNC), chlortetracycline (CTC), doxycycline (DXC), meclocycline (MCC), demeclocycline (DMC) on granular activated carbon (GAC) and anthracite-biofilter were evaluated in this study. Removal efficiency of seven tetracycline antibiotic compounds showed 54%  97% by GAC adsorption process (EBCT: 5  30 min). The orders of removal efficiency by GAC adsorption were tetracycline, demeclocycline, oxytetracycline, chlortetracycline, doxytetracycline, meclocycline and minocycline. Removal efficiencies of seven tetracycline antibiotic compounds showed 1%  61% by anthracite biofiltration process (EBCT: 5  30 min). The highest biodegradable tetracycline antibiotic compound was minocycline, and the worst biodegradable tetracycline antibiotic compounds were oxytetracycline and demeclocycline. Key words: Tetracycline antibiotic compounds, Granular activated carbon process, Biofiltration process, Adsorption, Biodegradation.

입상활성탄 공정에서의 nitrosamine류 흡착 특성

입상활성탄 공정에서의 nitrosamine류 흡착 특성