Grant NO Research Articles

Intrathecal Injection of Scorpion Venom Peptide, BmK AGAP Inhibits KCNQ2/3, TRPV1 and Decreases TNF-α and IL-1β Expression to Attenuates Pain in Rat

The current study was designed to test the hypothesis that Recombinant Buthus martensii Kasch Analgesic-Antitumor Peptide (rBmK AGAP) potentiates lidocaine induced analgesia. The chronic constrictive injury was performed on 72 rats to induce a rapid onset and long-lasting pain. The rats were randomly assigned to one of six groups; Group A (n=12) received an intrathecal injection of saline, Group B (n=12) received an intrathecal injection of lidocaine alone, Group C (n=12) received an intrathecal injection of rBmK AGAP alone, Group D, E, and F (n=12 each) received an intrathecal injection of lidocaine + rBmK AGAP (0.5, 1, or 2 mg.kg-1). The von Frey filaments were used to assessed mechanical allodynia. Nav1.7 and TRPV1 currents were recorded by whole-cell aspiration patch-clamp technique, and KCNQ2/3 currents were recorded by whole-cell drilling patch-clamp technique. We performed qPCR, ELISA and western blot to determine the expression of TNF-α, IL-1β, IL-6, IL-10, p65/NF-κB, p-p65/NF-κB, IKKα, IκBα in rats following rBmK AGAP treatment. The rats from the lidocaine + BmK AGAP group exhibited significantly increased Paw Withdrawal Threshold (PWT) after 30 minutes of drug administration which gradually decreased to baseline PWT at 360 minutes. The whole-cell aspiration patch-clamp technique showed that rBmK AGAP significantly inhibited KCNQ2/3 and TRPV1 currents to potentiate lidocaine induced analgesia. We observed significantly decreased expression of TNF-α and IL-1β following the combined treatment compared with lidocaine or rBmK AGAP alone. Intrathecal injection of rBmK AGAP inhibits KCNQ2/3, TRPV1 and decreases pro-inflammatory cytokines, TNF-α, and IL-1β expression and potentiates lidocaine induced analgesia. Funding Statement: This study was supported by the Key Laboratory of Liaoning Provincial Education Department (Grant NO: LZ2016002) and Liaoning Natural Science Foundation (Grant NO: 20170540290). Declaration of Interests: All authors declared no conflict of interests. Ethics Approval Statement: The animal ethics committee of the Dalian Medical University approved all the study protocols and were by the declaration of the national institutes of health guide for the care and use of laboratory animals.

Multi-Modal Analysis of Gene Expression from Postmortem Brains and Blood Identifies Synaptic Vesicle Trafficking Genes to Be Associated with Parkinson's Disease

Objective: We aimed to identify key susceptibility gene targets in multiple datasets generated from post-mortem brains of Parkinson’s disease (PD) patients and healthy controls (HC). Methods: We performed a multi-tiered analysis to integrate the gene expression data using multiple-gene chips from 244 human post mortem tissues. We identified hub node genes in the highly PD-related consensus module by constructing protein-protein interaction (PPI) networks. Next we validated the top four interacting genes in 238 subjects (90 sporadic PD, 125 HC and 23 Parkinson’s Plus Syndrome (PPS)). Utilizing multinomial logistic regression analysis(MLRA) and Receiver Operating Characteristic(ROC), we analyzed the risk factors and diagnostic power for discriminating PD from HC and PPS. Results: We identified 1333 genes that were significantly different between PD and HCs based on seven microarray datasets. The identified MEturquoise module is related to synaptic vesicle trafficking (SVT) dysfunction in PD (P<0.05), and PPI analysis revealed that SVT genes PPP2CA, SYNJ1, NSF, and PPP3CB were the top four hub node genes in MEturquoise(P<0.001). The levels of these four genes in PD postmortem brains were lower than those in HC brains. We found lower blood levels of PPP2CA, SYNJ1 and NSF in PD compared with HC, and lower SYNJ1 in PD compared with PPS (P<0.05). SYNJ1 level provided an excellent accuracy for distinguishing PD from both HC and PPS subjects. MLRA suggested that SYNJ1 and PPP2CA was independent risk factors for PD. Conclusions: This study highlights that SVT genes, especially SYNJ1, may be promising markers in discriminating PD from HCs and PPS. Trial Registration: This study was registered as a clinical trial (NCT: 03848455) Funding Statement: This study was supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China (Grant NO: 81873777), National Key RD and National Natural Science Foundation of China (Grant NO: 81873776) to XYG; and National Medical Research Council (EK-T, LL-C, YX-C). Declaration of Interests: The authors declare that they have no competing interests. Ethics Approval Statement: Ethical approval was obtained from the ethics committee of Zhujiang Hospital of Southern Medical University (Human Ethics Number: 2018-SJNK-008).

Patients with respiratory symptoms are at greater risk of COVID-19 transmission.

The situation with the ongoing epidemic of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) that started in Wuhan, China, continued to rapidly evolve. As of 10 March 2020, China had confirmed 80 754 cases of COVID-19 and there had been 3136 deaths. Except for China, 109 other nations have reported 32 555 cases and 878 deaths. The clinical and laboratory characteristics of hospitalized COVID-19 patients were described [[1]Zhang J.J. Dong X. Cao Y. et al.Clinical characteristics of 140 patients infected by SARS-CoV-2 in Wuhan, China.Allergy. 2020 Feb 19; https://doi.org/10.1111/all.14238Google Scholar,[2]Guan W.J. Ni Z.Y. Hu Y. et al.Clinical characteristics of coronavirus disease 2019 in China.N. Engl. J. Med. 2020; (published online Feb 28)https://doi.org/10.1056/NEJMoa2002032Google Scholar]. Cough is one of the most common symptoms at onset of illness [[3]Huang C. Wang Y. Li X. et al.Clinical features of patients infected with 2019 novel coronavirus in Wuhan, China.Lancet. 2020; (published online Jan 24)https://doi.org/10.1016/S0140-6736(20)30183-5Google Scholar]. Here, we described the differences in characteristics of nasopharyngeal swab detection between patients with and without respiratory symptoms. The 82 COVID-19 patients were divided into respiratory symptoms group (26 cases) and non-respiratory symptoms group (56 cases). The two groups were comparable in gender (11 [42.3%] men vs 20 [35.7%] men; P = 0.567) and age (median age, 56 years [IQR, 35–65] vs 51 years [IQR, 36–64]; P = 0.398). Compared with patients who did not presented with respiratory symptoms, those patients who presented with cough were more likely to have longer duration of COVID-19 positive testing by nasopharyngeal swab (median duration, 17 days [IQR, 12–23] vs 13 days [IQR, 6–20]; P = 0.041), and have more stable results of COVID-19 testing by nasopharyngeal swab (24 [92.3%] vs 38 [67.9%], P = 0.016). We believe that patients with respiratory symptoms are more harmful to close contacts. First, the virus can be shed explosively from the COVID-19 patients’ upper respiratory tract into the air through coughing. Second, the duration of virus shedding from nasopharynx was longer. It is an effective precaution to stop droplets spreading by hand or with towel when coughing. After coughing, the importance of frequent and proper hand hygiene should be emphasized. Moreover, strict precautions must be observed when handling the towel contaminated with spittle. One encouraging finding is that the results of nasopharyngeal swabs are more stable in patients with cough symptoms. The incidence of nasopharyngeal swabs testing shown as negative and positive fluctuating repeatedly is less, which provides a basis for clinicians to better grasp the appropriate time to cancel quarantine based on the results of asopharyngeal swabs. Supported by Medical Science Advancement Program (Basical Medical Sciences) of Wuhan University, Grant NO. TFJC2018002. We declare no competing interests.

MELK promotes Endometrial carcinoma progression via activating mTOR signaling pathway.

BackgroundEndometrial carcinoma (EC) is one of the most common gynecological malignancies among women. Maternal embryonic leucine Zipper Kinase (MELK) is upregulated in a variety of human tumors, where it contributes to malignant phenotype and correlates with a poor prognosis. However, the biological function of MELK in EC progression remains largely unknown.MethodsWe explored the MELK expression in EC using TCGA and GEO databases and verified it using clinical samples by IHC methods. CCK-8 assay, colony formation assay, cell cycle assay, wound healing assay and subcutaneous xenograft mouse model were generated to estimate the functions of MELK and its inhibitor OTSSP167. qRT-PCR, western blotting, co-immunoprecipitation, chromatin immunoprecipitation and luciferase reporter assay were performed to uncover the underlying mechanism concerning MELK during the progression of EC.FindingsMELK was significantly elevated in patients with EC, and high expression of MELK was associated with serous EC, high histological grade, advanced clinical stage and reduced overall survival and disease-free survival. MELK knockdown decreased the ability of cell proliferation and migration in vitro and subcutaneous tumorigenesis in vivo. In addition, high expression of MELK could be regulated by transcription factor E2F1. Moreover, we found that MELK had a direct interaction with MLST8 and then activated mTORC1 and mTORC2 signaling pathway for EC progression. Furthermore, OTSSP167, an effective inhibitor, could inhibit cell proliferation driven by MELK in vivo and vitro assays.InterpretationWe have explored the crucial role of the E2F1/MELK/mTORC1/2 axis in the progression of EC, which could be served as potential therapeutic targets for treatment of EC.FundingThis research was supported by National Natural Science Foundation of China (No:81672565), the Natural Science Foundation of Shanghai (Grant NO:17ZR1421400 to Dr. Zhihong Ai) and the fundamental research funds for central universities (No: 22120180595).

Prevalence of Workplace Physical Violence Against Health Care Professionals by Patients and Visitors: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis

Background: Workplace physical violence against health care professionals perpetrated by patients and visitors was a persistence problem worldwide. Prevalence estimates varied vastly across studies and lack of quantitative syntheses of prevalence studies. This review aimed to quantify pooled 1-year prevalence estimates at the global and regional levels. Methods: A systematic literature search was performed in the databases of PubMed, PsycINFO, Web of Science and Embase between January 1, 2000 and October 8, 2018. Studies providing information about 1-year prevalence of self-reported workplace physical violence against health care professionals perpetrated by patients or visitors were included. Heterogeneity between studies was evaluated using Cochran's chi-squared test (Cochran's Q) and I2 values. Subgroup analysis and meta-regression were used to explore heterogeneity. Results: 65 eligible studies reported 1-year prevalence estimates for 61800 health care professionals from 30 countries. The pooled 1-year prevalence of workplace physical violence against health care professionals perpetrated by patients or visitors was 19·33% (95%CI: 16·49 - 22·53 %) and the overall heterogeneity was high across studies. We noted geographic and staff categories variations for prevalence estimates through subgroup analysis. Meta-regression showed sample size, type of health care setting and quality score were significant moderators for heterogeneity. Conclusions: One in five health care professionals experienced workplace physical violence perpetrated by patients or visitors worldwide annually. Practical intervention was needed to ensure safety of health care professionals. Funding Statement: The Ministry of Science and Technology of China. (Grant NO: 2016YFC0900802). Declaration of Interests: The authors declare no competing interests. Ethics Approval Statement: This meta-analysis was performed according to the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses (PRISMA) guidelines.

Predicting the Early Risk of Ophthalmopathy in Graves' Disease Patients Using TCR Repertoire

Background: Graves' ophthalmopathy (GO), the common extrathyroidal manifestation in Graves' hyperthyroidism (GH), often has an unsatisfactory therapeutic effect due to late diagnosis. Methods: Firstly, we proposed a novel score termed TCR Clonal expansion and chaos Score (TCS) to characterize VJ. TCS score equals to the ratio between clonal expansion of TCR V-J combination and chaos of peptide similarity. Then, we sequenced the RNA transcripts from the complementarity determining region 3 (CDR3) of TCR Vβ from 100 peripheral blood samples, including 43 and 57 stable GH. Random forest method was applied to select candidate features with the best performance to classify and GH. Lastly, this model was applied in an independent validation dataset consisting of 18 stable samples and 17 samples who progressed to in the follow up visit. Findings: The leave-one-out cross validation showed this model with a sensitivity of 87.88% and a specificity of 81.08% to differentiate from stable GH. And it achieved a sensitivity and specificity of 70.59% and 72.22% for prediction progression in GH. Specifically, 12 of the 17 patients who were as developed symptoms of eyelid swelling, chemosis or proptosis in a median of 6.5 months (4-9.75 months, IQR). In addition, GO-free survival analysis demonstrated that predicted GO patients (n = 17) were significant difference with predicted GH patients (n = 18) in progression (P = 0.015, log-rank test). Interpretation: Our finding provides a proof of concept for diagnosis and prognosis using TCR repertoire and may help develop novel prophylactic strategy for and other autoimmune diseases. Funding Statement: This work was supported by the National Key R&D Program of China (grant NO. 2018YFC1311500 (B.S.), 2017YFC0907500 (K.Y.) and 2018YFC0910400 (K.Y.)), National Science Foundation of China (NSFC) (grant NO. 81670725 (B.S.), 81500690 (Y.W.), 31671372 (K.Y.), 61702406 (X.Y.)), the Clinical Research Award of the First Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University, China (grant NO. XJTU1AF-CRF-2017-001 (B.S.)), Natural Science Foundation of Shaanxi Province (2018JM70990 (Y.W.)), Key Research and Development Project of Shaanxi Province (grant NO. 2017ZDXM-SF-060 (B.S.)), the Fundamental Research Funds for the Central Universities (1191329875 (Y.W.)), China Postdoctoral Science Foundation (224646(Y.W.)). Declaration of Interests: The authors have declared that no conflict of interest exists. Ethics Approval Statement: This study was approved by the Ethic Committee of the First Affiliated Hospital of Xi’an Jiaotong University (KYLLSL-2015-004-01). Informed consent was sought from all patients before screening and study entry.

5th International Workshop on Statistical Physics and Mathematics for Complex Systems (SPMCS2017)

PrefaceThis volume contains 21 contributed papers presented at the 5th International Workshop on Statistical Physics and Mathematics for Complex Systems (SPMCS) held during October 12-15, 2017 in Wuhan, China. Each paper was peer-reviewed by at least one referee chosen from a distinguished international panel.The previous four workshops of this series were organized in 2008, 2010, 2012, and 2014 in Le Mans of France, Wuhan of China, Kazan of Russia, and Yichang of China respectively.The SPMCS international workshop series is destined mainly to communicate and exchange research results and information on the fundamental challenges and questions in the vanguard of statistical physics, thermodynamics and mathematics for complex systems. Topics to be covered but not limited to:• Fundamental aspects in the application of statistical physics and thermodynamics to complex systems and their modeling• Finite-size and nonextensive systems• Fluctuation theorems and equalities, quantum thermodynamics• Variational principle and optimization methods for random dynamics• Social, economic, biological and technological network structure and dynamic processes• Equilibrium and non-equilibrium phase transitions• Temporal network and multi-layer network• Dynamic processes on complex networks• Metaphysics and philosophical reflection on the foundation of physics in generalMore than 90 participants from 8 countries participated in SPMCS-2017. 47 oral contributions were presented at the workshop.We would like to take this opportunity to thank the members of the Scientific Program Committee, many of whom acted as reviewers of the papers and responded promptly. We would also like to thank all the guest editors who have done excellent review jobs. Special thanks shall go to the organizing committee, the session chairs, the technicians and the students for the smooth running of the whole workshop. The workshop was also partially supported by Central China Normal University and the Programme of Introducing Talents of Discipline to Universities under grant NO. B08033. Special thanks are due to Ms Juy Zhu who has done excellent editing work with great effort.Editors: Wei Li, Sumiyoshi Abe, and Alexandre Wang

Prediction Models for Girls with Suspected Central Precocious Puberty Using Machine Learning Algorithms

Central precocious puberty (CPP) in girls is a common pediatric endocrine disease, which seriously affects the physical and mental development in childhood, and significantly increases the risk of cervical or breast cancer in adulthood. Since children of false puberty often present with similar clinical symptoms as those of CPP, it is important to differentiate CPP from false puberty at diagnosis. Gonadotropin releasing hormone (GnRH) or GnRH analogue (GnRHa) stimulation test is used to diagnose CPP. However, they are expensive and make patients uncomfortable with repeated blood sampling. Although previous studies have made great efforts to solve this problem, it is still open. Our study aims to combine multiple CPP-related features and construct machine learning models to replace the GnRHa stimulation test. We leveraged clinical and laboratory data of 1,757 girls performed with GnRHa test, to develop XGBoost and Random Forest classifiers for prediction of response to GnRHa test. Meanwhile, the local interpretable model-agnostic explanations (LIME) algorithm was used to the black-box classifiers to increase their interpretability. The XGBoost classifier with 19 variables achieved the optimal performance with a specificity of 85.39%, a sensitivity of 77.94% and an AUC of 0.89. Basal serum luteinizing hormone, follicle-stimulating hormone, insulin-like growth factor-I, prolactin, growth hormone, height, uterine and ovarian volumes are factors with high feature importance. In the interpretable models of LIME, above variables are demonstrated to have high contributions to the prediction probability. The prediction models we developed can help diagnose CPP in a certain extent. Funding: This work was supported by Guangzhou Institute of Pediatrics, Guangzhou Women and Children’s Medical Center (Grant NO. KCP-2016-002). Conflict of Interest: The authors have declared that no competing interests exist. Ethical Approval Statement: The study design was approved by the appropriate ethics review boards.

Retrospective analysis: reproducibility of interblastomere differences of mRNA expression in 2-cell stage mouse embryos is remarkably poor due to combinatorial mechanisms of blastomere diversification.

Retrospective analysis: reproducibility of interblastomere differences of mRNA expression in 2-cell stage mouse embryos is remarkably poor due to combinatorial mechanisms of blastomere diversification.

Geometrically induced π-band splitting in graphene superlattices**Project jointly supported by the Natural Science Foundation of Shandong Province (Grant NO. TSHW20101004) and the National Natural Science Foundation of China (Grant Nos. 11374128 and 11674129).

According to band folding analyses, the graphene superlattices can be differed by whether the Dirac points are folded to Γ point or not. In previous studies, the inversion symmetry preserved defects open bandgap in the former superlattices while they cannot in the latter ones. In this paper, by using density functional theory with generalized gradient approximation, we have carefully studied the electronic properties of the latter graphene superlattices, in which the defects would induce π-band splitting to get the and band sets. Based on our detailed studies, such splitting could be attributed to the geometrically induced bond-symmetry breaking. In addition, these band sets could be shifted toward each other by the methodology of strain engineering. A bandgap would be opened once the band sets start to overlap. Then, its gap width could be continuously enlarged by enhancing strain until reaching the maximum value determined by the defect density. These studies contribute to the bandstructure engineering of graphene-based nanomaterials, which would be interesting to call for further investigations on both theory and experiment.

Identifying and Correcting RNA Preservation Differences in Human Blood Samples

Different methods of mRNA preservation and handling can lead to differences in downstream analysis results. The specific effects on transcript degradation vary by sample handling and are difficult to predict a priori. Here, we compare duplicate blood samples from the same individuals collected in PaxGene, RNAGARD, and TRIzol tubes using Agilent whole genome arrays. Even with similar high RNA integrity number (RIN) values, we see strong systematic differences between the three methods of preservation, which may point to different degrees of transcription following sample collection. When comparing the ability of the three preservation methods to accurately separate individuals, RNAGard outperforms PaxGene, with both showing significantly better individual separation than TRIzol. Here we introduce a computational tool designed to identify and attempt to correct for RNA degradation and other preservation platform-specific differences. Effects which cannot be accurately corrected will be flagged so that problematic probes or genes can be excluded from downstream analysis. Supported by USAMRMC grant NO: 09284002

Perioperative management of patients with distal esophagus and gastroesophageal junction tumors: Three years of results.

e14631 Background: In patients with operable gastroesophageal adenocarcinoma, a perioperative regimen ECF significantly improved survival (MAGIC trial - Cunnigham 2006) and has been accepted as standard treatment option. In our study we present experience with modified MAGIC protocol in patients with lower esophagus or GE junction tumors. Methods: 67 patients (pts) (60 men, 7 women), median age 59 years (37-74), with resectable adenocarcinoma in lower esophagus or gastroesophageal junction were included in period 01 Mar 2008 – 15 Jun 2010. Fifty one (76%) pts had clinical stage nodal positive. Chemotherapy (CT) consisted of three preoperative and three postoperative cycles of intravenous epirubicin (50 mg/m2) and cisplatin (60 mg/m2) on day 1, and a continuous infusion of fluorouracil (200 mg/m2 per day) for 21 days or oral capecitabine 1000 mg/m2 for 14 days. Postoperative radiochemotherapy (CRT) with fluorouracil or capecitabine after the end of CT was indicated in pts with two and more positive lymphnodes in surgical specimen if feasible. Results: Preoperative CT completed 64 (94%) pts, 52 (78%) had surgery, 46 (69%) had radical resection with 3 cases of complete pathological response, 22 pts had pN0 and 21 pts pN plus finding. Postoperative CT was started in 39 (58%) pts and was completed in 32 (48%) pts. 10 (22%) pts had postoperative CRT. Adverse events grade 3-4 were: neutropenia 10%, vomiting 8%, fatigue 5%, diarrhea 3%. Reasons for omitting surgery in 15 (22%) pts were: progression in 7 pts, medically unfit in 4 pts, other in 4 pts. With a median follow-up of 31 months (17-47) there were recurrences in 35 (52%) of all pts, in 5 (7%) pts locoregional only, in 7 (11%) distal plus locoregional and in 23 (34%) pts distal metastases. Recurrence rate in radically resected pts was 39%, in patients with pN0 28% and in pN1 86%, despite adding CRT. Thirty one patients are alive with 3-year survival 46%. Conclusions: Perioperative chemotherapy ECF/ECCap in our set was feasible and well tolerated. Patients with node positive postoperative stage had poor prognosis, despite completing adjuvant treatment including postoperative CRT. This work was supported by grant NO: IGA MZ(CR) NT/12331-5/2011.

Modernity Global and Local: Consumption and the Rise of the West

BY ANY STANDARDS, GRANT NO. ROH-2163-88 of the Interpretive Research Division of the National Endowment for the Humanities must be counted a success. It was employed, together with the resources of UCLA, to fund the three-year project and Consumption in the Seventeenth and Eighteenth Centuries during 1989-1991. It has now resulted in the publication of three linked volumes, Consumption and the World of Goods (1993), Early Modern Conceptions of Property (1994), and The Consumption of Culture, 1600-1800: Image, Object, Text (1995). Since they were conceived as a totality, it seems legitimate to discuss them as such, and I will refer to them collectively as and Consumption, or by the titles of individual volumes. Their seventy-five essays and 1,711 pages stand as a major monument in a turn toward the history of consumption and away from the history of production, which is explicitly acknowledged in the introductions by the editors, who are John Brewer in the case of each volume, joined successively by Roy Porter, Susan Staves, and Ann Bermingham. As literary studies and art history have turned the gaze of scholarship from makers to audiences, so social, economic, and cultural historians have over the past two decades increasingly focused on the consumer and not the producer. This has continued to be the case since their publication, with John Brewer himself going on to produce a well-received, full-length treatment of the material he sketches out in his contribution to the third volume, in the form of The Pleasures of the Imagination: English Culture in the Eighteenth Century (1997).1 It is in the nature of major projects such as these that few people other than the editors and reviewers will have read all three volumes all the way through in sequence. Very few individuals will own all three volumes. That is not what they are for, and indeed they are in a sense produced as scholarly artifacts by the technology of the photocopier, which means, for example, that students can be assigned individual corners of the monument. There are certainly a high number of essays of outstanding quality in each of the volumes, and as ever their titles do not always reveal the degree of interest they may hold for the individual reader. (For example, I would have been unlikely in the normal course of things to light on Donna T. Andrew's excellent piece in Volume 2, Noblesse oblige: Female Charity in an Age

Effects of acid‐base status on cardiac output

AnaesthesiaVolume 20, Issue 1 p. 89-89 Free Access Effects of acid-base status on cardiac output S. A. ALLAN CARSON, S. A. ALLAN CARSON SEATTLE, WASHINGTON, USA Supported by a grant from The John A. Hartford Foundation and NIH Grant NO. HE 05959-03Search for more papers by this author S. A. ALLAN CARSON, S. A. ALLAN CARSON SEATTLE, WASHINGTON, USA Supported by a grant from The John A. Hartford Foundation and NIH Grant NO. HE 05959-03Search for more papers by this author First published: January 1965 https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2044.1965.tb02485.x AboutPDF ToolsRequest permissionExport citationAdd to favoritesTrack citation ShareShare Give accessShare full text accessShare full-text accessPlease review our Terms and Conditions of Use and check box below to share full-text version of article.I have read and accept the Wiley Online Library Terms and Conditions of UseShareable LinkUse the link below to share a full-text version of this article with your friends and colleagues. Learn more.Copy URL Share a linkShare onFacebookTwitterLinkedInRedditWechat No abstract is available for this article. Volume20, Issue1January 1965Pages 89-89 RelatedInformation