Grandparent Generation Research Articles

CARCINOGENICITY OF IONIZING RADIATION: A LITERATURE REVIEW

Relevance: According to WHO, malignant neoplasms rank second in population mortality structure due to a constantly increasing influence of technogenic factors that have a direct carcinogenic effect on the body and suppress defense mechanisms. Ionizing radiation plays a special role in the development of cancer. It is used in industry, agriculture, medicine, and scientific research as a diagnostic tool in modern healthcare and radiation therapy for cancer treatment. The consequences of radiation influence are not only the result of a direct effect on the body but also a delayed one through generations of parents and grandparents. According to the radiobiological hypothesis, any level of radiation, no matter how small, poses a risk of long-term consequences, including cancer, in exposed people and their descendants of the first two generations. That is, cancerous tumors are likely consequences of the influence of radiation. Despite various theories of the biological effect of low doses of ionizing radiation, most authors attach primary importance to DNA damage in the manifestation of genetic effects (the concept of non-threshold mutational action).
 The study aimed to highlight the role of ionizing radiation in tumorigenesis.
 Methods: Data from MEDLINE, Embase, Scopus, PubMed, Cochrane Central Register of Controlled Trials was analyzed to select and analyze relevant information over the past 10 years using the keywords: gamma irradiation, spontaneous oncogenesis, prevention of oncogenesis.
 Results: Radiation exposure may increase the risk of cancer development due to epigenetic changes leading to increased genomic instability (GI) and/or specific suppression of tumor suppressor genes. Changes in the TP53 gene network expression occur; the most significant genes as predictors of carcinogenesis are ST13, IER3, BRCAI, LRDD, and MRAS. Epigenetic changes also influence individual susceptibility to radiation-induced cancer. In addition to the mutagenic effects of ROS and AFN, there is also evidence that oxidative stress plays a fundamental role in epigenetic modifications.
 Conclusion: As a result of radiation exposure, damage occurs that causes genetic and epigenetic changes, leading to changes in the level of protein expression due to changes in the methylation of cytosine residues in DNA, modification of histones, and regulation of microRNA expression.

CARCINOGENICITY OF IONIZING RADIATION:
 A LITERATURE REVIEW

Relevance: According to WHO, malignant neoplasms rank second in population mortality structure due to a constantly increasing influence of
 technogenic factors that have a direct carcinogenic effect on the body and suppress defense mechanisms. Ionizing radiation plays a special role in
 the development of cancer. It is used in industry, agriculture, medicine, and scientific research as a diagnostic tool in modern healthcare and radiation therapy for cancer treatment. The consequences of radiation influence are not only the result of a direct effect on the body but also a delayed
 one through generations of parents and grandparents. According to the radiobiological hypothesis, any level of radiation, no matter how small,
 ОБЗОРЫ ЛИТЕРАТУРЫ
 Онкология и Радиология Казахстана, №4 (70) 2023 45
 poses a risk of long-term consequences, including cancer, in exposed people and their descendants of the first two generations. That is, cancerous
 tumors are likely consequences of the influence of radiation. Despite various theories of the biological effect of low doses of ionizing radiation,
 most authors attach primary importance to DNA damage in the manifestation of genetic effects (the concept of non-threshold mutational action).
 The study aimed to highlight the role of ionizing radiation in tumorigenesis.
 Methods: Data from MEDLINE, Embase, Scopus, PubMed, Cochrane Central Register of Controlled Trials was analyzed to select and analyze
 relevant information over the past 10 years using the keywords: gamma irradiation, spontaneous oncogenesis, prevention of oncogenesis,
 Results: Radiation exposure may increase the risk of cancer development due to epigenetic changes leading to increased genomic instability
 (GI) and/or specific suppression of tumor suppressor genes. Changes in the TP53 gene network expression occur; the most significant genes as
 predictors of carcinogenesis are ST13, IER3, BRCAI, LRDD, and MRAS. Epigenetic changes also influence individual susceptibility to radiation-induced cancer. In addition to the mutagenic effects of ROS and AFN, there is also evidence that oxidative stress plays a fundamental role in
 epigenetic modifications.
 Conclusion: As a result of radiation exposure, damage occurs that causes genetic and epigenetic changes, leading to changes in the level of
 protein expression due to changes in the methylation of cytosine residues in DNA, modification of histones, and regulation of microRNA expression.

FAMILY FUNCTIONING: BRIDGING THE RELATION BETWEEN GRANDFAMILY HEALTH AND WELL-BEING

Abstract In research, it is important to utilize theories to ask and answer questions about a specific phenomenon. In grandfamily research, there is a need to utilize theory as a bridge to understanding the relationship between family functioning and grandfamily health and well-being. In this symposium, four presentations will discuss their work related to grandfamily well-being and how it was guided by theory. In Scott and Nadorff, Bowen’s Family Systems theory is used as a framework for examining the extent to which agreement on values and beliefs moderates the relation between intergenerational emotional closeness and well-being in the grandparent generation. Findings demonstrated that affectual solidarity rating and religious ideological differences between grandparents and grandchildren influenced grandparents’ well-being. Yancura & Barnett utilized the family life course framework in their study to examine how intergenerational conflict between the grandchildren’s parents and the caregiving grandparents predicted stress and depression in grandparent caregivers. Ye and Smith incorporated the family stress model that was developed by Conger and colleagues in their study. Findings suggested parenting practice profiles related differentially to the well-being of caregivers and the emotional and behavioral outcomes of the grandchildren. Musil, Jeanblanc, Zauszniewski, and Burant used McCubbin’s Resiliency Model of Family stress to examine how demographics, family demands, problem-solving/coping, resources, and situational appraisals affect depressive symptoms in grandmother caregivers. The inclusion of theory in these studies is significant. Without theory, study findings are nothing more than a pile of findings. Theory helps organize these findings in a meaningful way. This is a Grandparents as Caregivers Interest Group Sponsored Symposium.

Language Attitudes as Insights into Indigenous Language Shift and Maintenance

ABSTRACT This study explores language shift and maintenance of Indigenous languages in bilingual contact situations. It specifically examines how factors such as language attitudes favour and deter the use, maintenance and transmission of Nahuatl. Data on language attitudes were collected by means of interviews which covered the linguistic background, language use, language significance, language shift, language maintenance, and evaluations of Nahuatl varieties. Fifty-two adults, comprising bilinguals and Nahuatl monolinguals, were interviewed in either Nahuatl or Spanish. The general themes identified in the interviews were pro-Indigenous attitudes, referring to the importance of Nahuatl to individuals and the community, purist attitudes, concerning Nahuatl use, and anti-Indigenous attitudes, questioning the relevance of Nahuatl for socioeconomic advancement. The findings provide insight into the intergenerational transmission, language use in the home and community, language education, speakers’ beliefs, and internal and external influences about Nahuatl in Mexico. They provide new insights into the perspectives of adults who represent the parent and grandparent generations, important groups responsible for the transmission of Nahuatl to the younger generations.

An Interview with David Roediger

An Interview with David Roediger Jon K. Lauck JL: Where were you born? DR: The hospital in which I was born was in East St. Louis, Illinois. I have long been tempted to claim I'm "from" there, given how central that city has been to African American creative genius and to the tragedy of race in the Midwest. But in truth the life and livelihood of both my parents was in Columbia, Illinois, a dozen miles south. It was a village of two to three thousand, deeply German American, all-white, and built around grain milling and limestone quarrying. JL: How did your parents and grandparents come to be in this part of the country? DR: My family on both sides came to southern Illinois before the generation of my grandparents, overwhelmingly from what's now Germany but with one branch from Ireland. JL: A fairly large group of Germans immigrated to St. Louis in the early nineteenth century. Would you say your ancestors were part of that urban migration stream or were they more oriented toward farming and rural/small town living in southern Illinois? DR: My family connected to St. Louis much later, with some moving from Cairo, Illinois, and Columbia to the city for work in my parents' generation. The most lastingly German part of the family, my father's side, described itself as coming for religious reasons and to avoid conflicts during German unification. I think they sought rural life, but not a farm. Their religious bent, Missouri Synod Lutheranism, became the main arena for continued identification with one way of being German American. My paternal grandmother was a German speaker, though mostly without anyone to speak to. My mother's family was more [End Page 239] German than Irish in "blood" but just the opposite in identity. They lived near and centered life around an Irish American Catholic church in Cairo. JL: What was your parents' line of work? DR: My mother and her twin brothers became orphans before she was five, her mom dying as a result of childbirth and her dad in a railway work accident. She lived her first seventeen years in Cairo. Her aunts and grandmother sacrificed greatly to send her to two years of normal school for teacher training at Southern Illinois Normal College, now Southern Illinois University in Carbondale. She taught in Columbia for forty-nine years, mostly fourth grade. My dad followed his dad into work at the limestone quarry just outside Columbia. While his father worked as a mechanic, my father, back from the Navy and World War II, moved into the office as a bookkeeper. JL: What was your mother's maiden name and what did her family do for an occupation in Cairo? DR: She was born Mary Ann Lind. As noted, her dad was a railroad worker. Her mom was a housewife until dying very young. The aunts who worked to support the household in which she grew up had white-collar, or pink-collar, jobs. One kept books for a coal company and the other was a union phone operator, a job that required considerable skill and an absence of much accent. Opening those jobs to Black women was a demand of the Black United Front in Cairo, one that eventually succeeded but just before the positions were largely mechanized out of existence. When he served as lieutenant governor in the late 60s, Paul Simon sent Dick Durbin to fact find in Cairo. Durbin, now a U.S. senator from Illinois, was an aspiring Democratic politician then. The man taking him to his Cairo hotel room—we know this story because Durbin told it later to Barack Obama who made it public—warned that any use of the phone in the hotel would lead to phone operators relaying what was said to local white supremacists.1 JL: How did your parents meet and where and what year were you born? DR: My mother moved to Columbia to accept the first teaching job she was offered, just as the world war began. My father courted her as he was busily eating bananas in an attempt, ultimately successful, to meet the [End Page 240...

The Effectiveness Of Preserving Iban "Ensera" (Folktales) Through The Medium Of Wai Fm Radio In Miri Division

Iban is the largest ethnic group in Sarawak, constituting about 30% of the population of Sarawak. Like other Dayak in Sarawak, Iban did not have a writing system earlier. Instead, they relied on a rich oral tradition to pass on ancient knowledge and traditions. Being a component of the indigenous knowledge, “ensera” (Iban folktales) was transmitted through orality. The art of “ensera” or Iban storytelling is one aspect of the expressive arts of Iban oral literature. With the advent of globalisation and modernisation, much of the traditional cultures of the Ibans have eroded. As the present generation’s Iban Language proficiency is declining, Iban Literature is vulnerable to be gradually forgotten. The main purpose of this paper is to examine the effectiveness of preserving the oral tradition of “ensera” in Miri Division through the medium of the Iban radio weekly programme named “Pengigat Tuai”. The sample population for this study consisted of 75 respondents from four Iban longhouses and residential areas in Miri, who are active listeners of Wai FM from three categories; the child generation, the parent generation, and the grandparent generation. The study indicated that the preservation of Iban Ensera through the medium of radio is effective with majority listeners from the grandparent and parent generations.

Economic Development, Sociocultural Change and Quality of Life in Korea: Analysis of Three Generations Growing up in Colonial, Industrial and Digital Age

The article reviews key questions that are central to developing countries and provide a case study of South Korea (abbreviated as Korea): How could one of the poorest country in the world transform to become the 10th largest economy in the world? What are the psychological, relational, social and cultural impact of rapid economic development in Korea? How do these factors influence the subjective well-being, quality of life and happiness among three generations of Koreans? The first part of this article reviews the cultural history of Korea. The second part of this article reviews the rapid economic development that lifted Korea out of poverty into prosperity. The third part of this articles reviews the social and cultural changes that impacted the family, incentive structure and lifestyle of three generation of Koreans. The fourth part of this article reviews the impact of digital revolution on the psychological, economic and cultural life of Millennials and Gen Z (abbreviated as the MZ generation), and examine how they are different from their parent and grandparent generation. The fifth part of the articles reviews quality of life and social problems in Korea. In contrast to the economic prosperity that Koreans enjoy, the country is facing serious social problems with low marriage and fertility rate, high unemployment, divorce and suicide rate, and a bleak economic future for the MZ generation. The current situation in Korea is an example of Innovator’s Dilemma ( Christensen, 2016 ), where the economic and political model that accelerated economic growth is serving as an obstacle to innovation and change. The fifth part of this article reviews empirical studies conducted in Korea during the past 20 years focusing on subjective well-being, quality of life and happiness. The results indicate that social support received from close relationships and self, relational and social efficacy predict high subjective well-being, quality of life and happiness. In contrast, income and socio-economic status had very little impact on subjective well-being, quality of life and happiness. For the MZ generation, friends have become much more important than their parents in promoting happiness and online social support is emerging as an important factor. The information, knowledge and skills that they obtain from the online community are changing how they view the world, relate to others and live. The MZ generation represents the most educated, globally connected and socially conscious generation. They are starting a quiet revolution, demanding changes to social inequalities, discrimination and climate change that were create by and for the baby boomer generation.

FROM MANGAIEIROS GRANDFATHERS TO CHEMISTRY TEACHER: NARRATIVE OF THE ETHOS OF SOCIAL ASCENSION OF A FAMILY

The objective of this research is to identify the knowledge of a young man who became a professor of Chemistry who came from a generation of manga and illiterate grandparents, in this case this narrative was created articulated with the theorization of Bernard Charlot, Pierre Bourdieu, Constantin Xypas, Boris Cyrulnik, John Bowlby and Algirdas Greimas. The methodology used for data collection was the “Self-reflective Narrative Actancial” together with the family report. In view of the description, we identified the dynamics that make up the family and the characteristics of the “relationship with knowledge”, “the tutors of resilience”, “attachment theory”, the ways and reasons for understanding yourself, others and the world and understand social ascension. We conclude that the relationship with the knowledge of the character's narrative shows a turnaround in his life, from early years in basic education to higher education due to his unlikely school success, it is possible to conclude that there is an absence of some elements seen as indispensable to achieve the goal. school success. And during his trajectory the character had the help of teachers - tutors of resilience, and adjuvants who helped to overcome each obstacle and achieve academic success. The character was identified as a resilience tutor who is that person who goes beyond the idea of ​​helpers that allows us to overcome a trauma, they are people with whom the subject creates a bond.

Family background and cultural lifestyles: Multigenerational associations

Does family background link to cultural lifestyles beyond two generations? To address this question, we analyze three-generation data from Denmark with information on cultural consumption in the grandchild generation and information on economic, cultural, and social capital in the parent and grandparent generation. We report three key findings. First, we identify four cultural lifestyles in the grandchild generation (omnivore, middlebrow, popular, and inactive). Second, grandparents’ cultural capital is directly and positively associated with the likelihood that grandchildren exhibit the omnivorous lifestyle. Third, grandparents’ economic, cultural, and social capital also operate indirectly by being positively associated with parents’ cultural capital, which in turn is associated with the likelihood that grandchildren exhibit the omnivorous cultural lifestyle. Our results suggest that family background extends beyond two generations and that ancestors’ cultural capital has dynastic properties.

Childhood(s) through time: an intergenerational lens on flexible narratives of childhood in Irish coastal communities

ABSTRACT This paper explores extensive shifts in the (re)construction of childhood narratives in two small coastal communities in Ireland, through everyday rituals and practices which constitute meaning in a specific time and place. Although the specific time capsule of interest is childhood, this stage within the life course is explored from a relational intra/intergenerational perspective, over three generations of grandparents, parents, children and young people. The use of life biographies and ethnographic methods have provided rich insights into these shifting narratives, as those transitioning to youth and adult years are practicing ‘new’ negotiations played out amid broader structural changes in socio-economic, political and environmental spheres, within post-industrial Ireland. The power of place, of family and kinship structures, remain imperative for our participants, despite these extensive changes. This perspective considers the nuanced and fluctuant interplay of both structure and agency in terms of mediating intergenerational interdependencies across the life course, within increasingly individualised contexts.

Conversations about Mother: Mnemonic Strategies for Narrating Survival in (Post-) War Germany

This article explores the strong correlations between mnemonic strategies and mnemonic triggers within family narratives. Families form narrative collectives with their own codes of narrative evocation. One sentence, even only one word, might open up a bundle of memories shared by all immediate kin. Such sharing can, however, be practised and interpreted differently by each family member; stories are also utilised strategically to bond with one family member and sideline another. Given the specific German context of this analysis, its stories and mnemonic devices demonstrate strategies of collective and individual dissociation and victimisation. They also lead us to better understand how very normal, average Germans might have tried to live a decent life with Christian and left-leaning political values, while having no techniques, post 1945, for articulating or reflecting on either trauma or National Socialism and their lasting impact on their nation. As with most other families, the war and post-war period was dominated by memories of struggle and collective grief. Survival narratives use emplotments that can be traced through generations of grandparents, parents, and grandchildren. Exploring such transgenerational conversations enables us to widen the perspective from transgenerational trauma towards a framework of compassion and narrative agency.

Context in continuity: The enduring legacy of neighborhood disadvantage across generations

Neighborhoods may contribute to the maintenance of inequality in well-being across generations. We use restricted geo-coded National Longitudinal Survey of Youth data (NLSY 1979 and NLSY Child and Young Adult) to estimate the association between multigenerational exposure to childhood neighborhood disadvantage and subsequent adult exposure. Invoking cousin fixed effects models that adjust for unobserved legacies of disadvantage that cascade across three generations, we find that families where both parents and their children are exposed to childhood neighborhood disadvantage are likely to pass on the legacy of neighborhood disadvantage to successive generations, net of observed and unobserved confounders. Second, we find a direct intergenerational neighborhood association, net of observed and unobserved confounders. Third, we find that unobserved confounders nested in the grandparent generation explain away the intragenerational neighborhood association. These findings reorient neighborhood theory to more seriously attend to the interdependence of neighborhood-level and individual-level antecedents of inequality across generations.

The emotional heritage of postwar Germany: The transgenerational transmission of a guilt conflict

This clinical case study of a 60-year old woman suffering from recurrent depression brings to light the social situation of postwar Germany, during which time the patient grew up. Her life story is embedded within a discourse of emotional heritage involving National Socialist perpetrators. The text seeks to mediate between the inner world of the patient and the external world; that is, between the intrapsychic and the external social world. The adjustment mechanism described is part of her way of processing her Nazi father's wartime guilt. With this being case, it will be illustrated that children of Nazi-perpetrators are confronted with the paradox of finding their parents narcissistically lovable while, at the same time, identifying with their parents' defence mechanisms. To make optimal sense of the case study, relevant subject matter is drawn upon from Rainer Fassbinder's film ‘The Merchant of Four Seasons’, Heinrich Böll's novel ‘And Never Said a Word’ and Susanne Vega's song ‘Luka'. These associations with literature, film and music provide a way to contemplatively address the often difficult to bear countertransference. They also bring certain societal dimensions to the surface and help foster an understanding of the setting in which the patient finds herself. In this text, the hypothesis is advanced that the 1968 movement was a necessary development in German postwar culture. It represented a societal and psychological break with the generation of parents and grandparents who had experienced and participated in the war in order to make the unbearable intra-psychically bearable.

Compatibility of family and work: how do families in the Ruhr region/Germany deal with mobility-related challenges?

Mobility-related challenges severely impact on everyday lives of families with young children. Since this is especially true for families with children younger than ten, here we focus on the mobility coping strategies and patterns they develop to reconcile family and work life. The paper is based on a qualitative empirical study in which 40 mothers and fathers were interviewed in the Ruhr region in 2018. The results show that their most pressing mobility challenges are related to time-based and financial restrictions. Common strategies in adapting to these challenges are commuting by car, by involving the grandparent generation in childcare, and by reducing the mother’s (paid) working hours. Especially the interviewed mothers see the latter as a compromise rather than a satisfactory measure. Families who cannot resort to these strategies might be faced with social exclusion.

The Impact of Childhood and Adult Educational Attainment and Economic Status on Later Depressive Symptoms and Its Intergenerational Effect.

This study aimed to investigate a process accounting for the socioeconomic inequality in depressive symptoms from generation to generation. To examine the process, this study utilized data from three generations of grandparents, mothers, and daughters. This study employed data from the Korean Longitudinal Survey of Women and Families, collected from a large-scale national representative sample in South Korea. Conducting pathway analysis, the study tested direct and indirect pathways between mother’s socioeconomic status (SES) experienced in childhood and their offspring’s depressive symptoms through maternal SES and depressive symptoms in adulthood. This study found that early economic hardship increased the risk of depressive symptoms in daughters through maternal low education and depressive symptoms (β = 0.03, p < 0.05), which was consistent with the theoretical framework, which relied on a life-course model highlighting that early life experiences affect later adult health and can potentially have effects across generations. This finding suggests that interventions that work with maternal education and depression may benefit from efforts to break the likelihood of continuity of depressive symptoms into the next generation, especially for their own daughters.

Grandparents' wealth and the body mass index trajectories of grandchildren.

The aims of this study are to (i) examine associations between grandparents' wealth and grandchild's initial body mass index (BMI) in early childhood and its subsequent growth patterns, and to (ii) assess whether the associations are similar for white and black children. Data are from the U.S. Panel Study of Income Dynamics (PSID) and its supplemental studies of Child Development Supplement (CDS) and Transition to Adulthood (TA) (N = 2,128). Three-level growth curve models are used to analyze the association between exposure to grandparental wealth in early childhood and grandchildren's BMI growth trajectories, accounting for parental sociodemographic characteristics and maternal BMI levels. Children with less grandparental wealth in early childhood have higher initial BMI than children with more grandparental wealth. Further, increases in grandparental wealth in childhood are associated with a slower BMI growth rate. The wealth-body mass index associations are more evident among white children than black children. The study reveals a multigenerational social gradient to body mass index. Elevating the wealth levels of the grandparent generation could potentially reduce their grandchildren's obesity risk. The protective role of grandparental wealth seems to be more evident among white families than black families.

Features of the intergenerational transmission of family values

The article deals with the problem of intra-family intergenerational values transmission and, first of all, reproductive attitudes, the need for children, the values of family and child life. It emphasizes the importance of increasing the reproductive attitudes in the population to overcome the demographic crisis in modern Russia and the world as a whole. The complexity of correctly measuring value orientations and reproductive attitudes, the significant difference between the declared values and real reproductive behavior is noted.To study and predict the development of value orientations of the population, reproductive attitudes characteristic of modern youth representatives, it is necessary to study the process of intergenerational values transmission. Moreover, taking into account that the basic values of a family-children lifestyle are formed within the primary intra-family socialization, it is necessary to study the process of intra-family values transmission from the generation of parents and grandparents to children.The paper presents analysis results of three waves of the study devoted to family-children life performed in 2014–2016, based on a total base of 4500 respondents’ responses. Using correlation and multivariate analysis of variance for paired samples, it is shown that family values of parents are not fully transmitted to children, and the distortion occurs not only at the stage of acceptance of the transmitted values, but also at the level of primary communication. For respondents of different socio-demographic status, representing families with different numbers of children, the decline in the significance of the family is equally characteristic when they transfer the values to their children. In the light of this pattern, the task of working with families and young people becomes important, aimed at raising the status of the family and strengthening intergenerational intra-family interaction.

Cancer in Heterozygote Carriers of Fanconi Anemia Genes

▪Background: Fanconi anemia (FA) is an inherited bone marrow failure syndrome, characterized by a defect in DNA repair, increased frequency of birth defects, and high risks of malignancies. Relatives of patients with FA are concerned about the risk of cancer in themselves or other family members. Carrier grandparents with mutations in genes for FA were reported in 2007 to have no increase in overall cancer incidence, except for a higher rate of breast cancer among FANCC carrier grandmothers (Berwick et al, Cancer Research 67:9591, 2007); this study included 944 relatives among 312 families. Tischkowitz et al also did not find increased risks of cancer in 575 relatives among 36 families, except for prostate cancer (Tischkowitz et al, BMC Cancer 8:257, 2008). The relative risk of breast cancer associated with germline mutations in genes in the BRCA/FA DNA repair pathway in the general population not due to BRCA1 or BRCA2 is 5 to 10 fold (Couch et al, JAMA Oncology 3:1190, 2017), suggesting that heterozygotes for FA might be at increased risk. The FA cohort at the National Cancer Institute (NCI) is sufficiently large to again address the question of cancer in FA heterozygotes.Hypothesis: Patients heterozygous for a mutated gene in the BRCA/FA DNA repair pathway have an increased risk of cancer. Identification of FA genes with increased cancer risk in heterozygotes, and specific cancer types in relatives of patients with FA, would guide screening recommendations for these categories of family members, and studies to determine whether FA heterozygotes with cancer should be managed with modifications of drug or radiation doses.Methods: We evaluated cancer risks in relatives of probands in the NCI FA cohort. We collected self-report or proxy report data on the presence or absence of cancer, cancer type, age at cancer diagnosis for individuals with a history of cancer, and age at death from other causes or current age. We studied obligate heterozygotes (parents and offspring of probands with FA), relatives with a 50% probability of heterozygosity (grandparents), and relatives with a 2/3 probability of being carriers (siblings without FA). We determined the ratio of observed/expected cases (O/E) using data from SEER cancer registries, with adjustment for age, sex, and birth cohort. Confirmatory genotyping is being done by targeted panel next-generation sequencing for participants with DNA available.Results and Discussion: Our study includes 94 families. Twenty-one cancers were reported in 188 parents, with 24 expected (O/E 0.86, 95% CI [confidence interval] 0.53-1.31). Three hundred and twenty-seven grandparents had 89 cases with cancer, expected 125 (O/E 0.71, CI 0.57-0.88). There were 122 siblings, with 1 cancer case and 4 expected (O/E 0.26, CI 0.01-1.46). Among 12 offspring there was 1 case of leukemia (O/E 1:0.12, CI 0.2-44.64). Specific cancers had increased O/E in parents (2 cases of salivary gland cancer, O/E 27.3, CI 3.31-98.66), grandparents (5 with liver cancer O/E 4.7, CI 1.53-10.96; 9 with leukemia O/E 2.42, CI 1.11-4.59), and a single case of acute myeloid leukemia in an offspring (O/E of 402.44, CI 10.19-2242.85). Four cases of prostate cancer in parents (O/E of 1.47, CI 0.4-3.76) and 8 in grandparents (O/E 0.47, CI 0.2-0.93) failed to support the suggestion by Tischkowitz et al that prostate cancer was significantly increased in male relatives (5 cases, O/E 3.1, CI 1.1-8.8). Missing data include birth dates, death dates, or cancer dates for 44 grandparents and 2 siblings.Our results suggest that heterozygotes for mutations in FA genes do not appear to have an increased risk of cancer compared with the general population, in agreement with data from other cohorts. Further analyses will be done after completion of genotyping the relatives, with the caveat that DNA may not be available from some of the grandparents. The NCI FA study is limited by the numbers of participants, and the missing data, particularly in the grandparent generation. In addition, data are reported by the individuals or their proxies, and medical record validation may not be possible; the types and ages of cancers cannot be confirmed. Although the types of cancer and risks in FA heterozygotes are similar to those in the general population, the potential concern that management of patients who are carriers of a defect in DNA repair may need to be modified requires future investigation. DisclosuresNo relevant conflicts of interest to declare.

Consanguinité, Isonymie et Age Précoce au Mariage dans les deux Provinces de Tétouan et M’diq-fnideq (Maroc)

The purpose of this work is to contribute to the description of marital practices in Northern Morocco, to follow the evolution of these practices, and to determine the motives for marriages between relatives. Thus our results show a highly significant positive correlation between the age of the two spouses (r = 0.619, p &lt;0.001), with the mean age of the mothers being 49.03 ± 6.56 years, while for the fathers it is 56,02 ± 6,16 years with a difference of 7 years between the two spouses in the current generation. For consanguineous marriages, we identified 51 relatives, namely a frequency of 25.4% for the generation of studied couples GCE, 13.3% for the generation of paternal grandparents GGPP, and 17.5% for the generation of maternal grandparents GGPM. The intergenerational comparison reveals a highly significant increase in the percentage of consanguinity, ranging from the generation of grandparents (15.4%) to that of the studied couples (25.4%), with a difference of 10% (p˂0.001). These results also show that there is a strong association between the prevalence of consanguineous marriages and the group of women under 19 years old (p = 0.002), whereas for husbands it is noted that There is no association between marital status and age at marriage. The coefficient of consanguinity estimated by isonymy is almost twice as large as the coefficient of inbreeding estimated by genealogy.

A invenção da infância

Na comunidade de Feira Nova, um pequeno povoado rural, pertencente à cidade de Orobó, no Agreste pernambucano, Nordeste do Brasil, há um ideal de infância que se encontra relacionado ao não trabalho, à escolarização e à ludicidade. Contudo, essa compreensão de infância não foi vivenciada pelas gerações de avós e mães das crianças da geração contemporânea. Essa negação está, sobretudo, assentada na necessidade que lhes foi imposta pelo trabalho precoce e pela ausência total ou parcial de escolarização. Diferente das predecessoras, a geração atual de crianças encontra-se determinantemente marcada pela escolarização e largamente ausente do trabalho infantil, o que vem configurando uma importante mudança na forma em que a infância é vivenciada nesse contexto. O presente texto refletirá sobre essas mudanças que reverberam em uma maior atenção para as crianças no meio rural e surgem a partir de um processo de institucionalização da infância. Esse processo ganha força a partir da implementação e efetivação de programas sociais de transferência condicionada de renda, a exemplo do Programa Bolsa Família, que nesse contexto vem mudando, entre outras coisas, o lugar de socialização das crianças rurais e as marcas geracionais da infância.