Grand Theory Research Articles

How liberalism accommodates far-right social movements: on “mainstreaming” and the need for critical theory in far-right studies

Abstract Scholarship on social movements, racism, and nationalism increasingly falls under the purview of “extremism studies” and its subfield “far-right studies.” Prominent extremism scholars have developed generalist theories purportedly explaining far-right politics and power dynamics (or “mainstreaming”) across liberal societies. They define “far-right” as “illiberal” politics promoting dehumanization, exclusion, and inequality. Their theory of mainstreaming suggests that “the” far-right is a coherent entity that “enters” mainstream institutions or discourse from the outside. For these scholars, strengthening liberal-civic principles prevents far-right political power (mainstreaming). I call these approaches “grand theory templates,” which I critique for simplistic interpretations of power and for overlooking critical theory scholarship showing how liberalism accommodates far-right politics. Using the Canadian nationalist movement as a case study, I show how liberal chauvinism can be crucial to empowering right-wing populist movements. My data include over 40 hours of participant-observation at 20 right-wing events and 35 interviews with 42 current leaders and members of on-the-ground nationalist groups. Right-wing nationalists foregrounded liberal-civic ideas, such as “security,” “rights,” “objectivity,” and “tolerance,” to advance anti-Muslim sentiment and populist conspiracism. My findings suggest that far-right movements can gain power by embracing liberalism’s ambiguity and contradictions. In other words, mastering liberal messaging can be essential to the growth of far-right movements, challenging any easy dismissal of these politics as “illiberal.” Altogether, “top–down” grand theory templates oversimplify political distinctions and power, compromising research design and analysis. I advocate for more granular and “bottom–up” inductive approaches that prioritize sociological traditions over theories recently popularized by extremism scholars.

Sociology in the 21st century: between fragmentation and integration

The article is analyzing current sociology in the context of fragmentation and integration periods in the discipline history. The first integrative wave in the history of sociology was in the 1920s– 1950s. It appeared in grand theories by P.Sorokin, T.Parsons, the Frankfurt school which united heterogeneous ideas from classics in models of society as system. After the paradigm crisis of the 1960s– 1970s and following spread of postmodernist discourse, the second integrative wave arose in form of theories overcoming gaps between concepts of determinist structures and constructivist agency (J.Habermas, A.Giddens, P.Bourdieu) as well as in form of metatheorizing (G.Ritzer, P.Sztompka, J.Alexander). Today’s fragmentation of sociology under conditions of metaparadigm crisis and post-globalization is provoked by the rising postcolonial discourse, by attempts to stigmatize western classics and to create theoretical alternatives to the ‘global North’ domination in knowledge production as well as by spread of conceptions opposing social reality of networks and flows to classical sociality of structures and agency (M.Castells, B.Latour, J.Urry, K.Knorr Cetina). The third integrative wave is expected to come in the 2020s displacing tendencies of disintegration, discrimination, growing gaps and rising barriers. Now theories are relevant as they create a coherent configuration of four types of structures: institutions, interactions, networks, and flows. The new subject matter for theorizing is constituted by their interconnections in forms of fields of structurations, scapes of assemblages, communications, platforms, projects, and events. A metaphor of augmented reality is integrating different concepts of social reality and it is overcoming constitutive distinctions in the last century sociology: between system and lifeworld, locality and globality, the private and public, the material and symbolic, the real and virtual, the physical and digital, etc.

VALUE OF THE COMPANY : THE MEDIATING RETURN ON EQUITY

The grand theory in this research was built by combining Signal Theory, Stakeholder Theory, and Agency Theory as a conceptual basis for hypothesis development. Signal Theory highlights how information companies convey, such as implementing Good Corporate Governance (GCG), can influence investor confidence and investment decisions. This study aims to analyze the impact of CSR and GCG on company value (Tobin's Q), mediated by financial performance, with a focus on Islamic Social Responsibility (ISR), Independent Board of Commissioners (IBC), and Institutional Ownership (IO). They are using a quantitative method. The data is derived from the annual financial reports of 39 banking companies listed on the Indonesia Stock Exchange (IDX) from 2017 to 2021. The purposive sampling technique was chosen to ensure that the sample used was relevant and could provide valid data to test the relationship between the variables studied and answer the research hypothesis comprehensively. Secondary data was collected from www.idx.co.id, and path analysis was employed as the analytical method. The findings reveal that CSR, ISR, IBC, and IO positively and directly influence company value (Tobin's Q). These results underscore the critical role of CSR and GCG in shaping a company's financial performance and market value.

JLT-Gespräch: Die Praxis der Literaturtheorie

Abstract JLT Talks offers a new format for discussing current topics in the field of literary theory. It was inspired by the focus of this special issue, which foregrounds the practice of literary theory. Although the amount of praxeological work has increased in recent years, there are only a few studies that deal specifically with literary theory. The participants in the discussion – Eva Geulen, Steffen Martus, and Carlos Spoerhase – explore the challenges facing a practical analysis of literary theory. They discuss what it might mean to move from the concept of theory to the concept of theorizing, and where the expected advantages and possible deficits of a praxeological approach and reconstruction of theorizing might lie. One focus is put on the questions of how theorizing can be conceptualized, which indicators are to be assumed, to what extent it differs from other practices in literary studies, and which forms and norms of theorizing should be analysed praxeologically. The discussion outlines a spectrum of theorizing practices, ranging from the establishment and implementation of ›grand theories‹ and the theoretical reflection of conceptual foundations to smaller-scale practices, such as abstraction and generalization. In addition, the analytical view of the activities and claims associated with ›theory‹ is distinguished from literary theorists’ self-reflection (self-understanding). Various features are discussed which indicate practices of theorizing, including abstracting, generalizing, explaining and disciplining scientific exchange. In addition, the discussants consider to what extent there are different ›degrees‹ of theorizing, and emphasize the need to distinguish between theory as a result and theory as an activity or process. As proposed, theorizing can be understood as an activity that shapes processes of literary research as a whole and is determined by the subject matter. It becomes clear that practices of theorizing should not be viewed in isolation, but rather in their interplay with other practices, especially practices of interpretation. Further questions that are addressed include the following: What do ›grand theories‹ with general explanatory claims such as deconstruction or systems theory achieve, and to what extent have they changed literary studies? How can theorizing be better conveyed in university teaching? The ›standard‹ approach – reading theoretical texts, deriving methodological consequences from them, and applying them to literary texts – is considered to be inadequate. Instead, in teaching, stronger emphasis should be put on theorizing as an intellectual and collaborative activity. This could be achieved by integrating practices of trial and error into the teaching of theory. The advantage of a theoretical orientation, in the sense of abstraction as well as the generalization of problems and statements, is undisputed, especially with regard to communication and exchange with the international academic community: a common theoretical basis seems to promote international exchange, while facilitating interdisciplinarity. Nevertheless, the question arises as to whether there is a certain ›level of theory‹ that guarantees international and interdisciplinary connectivity. What costs are associated with a specific level of generalization? To what extent is the development of abstract ›grand theories‹ driven by a striving for symbolic capital? Finally, the notorious question of the material required for a comprehensive praxeological analysis of theorizing is addressed.

CONJUNCTIVE RELATION OF GRAMMATICAL COHESION ON FOURTH SEMESTER STUDENTS’ ACADEMIC ESSAY WRITING OF STBA JIA

This research aims to analyze the types of conjunctive relation and the use of all types of each word in academic essay writing of fourth-semester students of STBA JIA. It focuses on 1) identifying the conjunctive item and 2) determining the use of all types of each word of the conjunction of grammatical cohesion on fourth-semester students’ academic essay writing of STBA JIA. The grand theory used for this research is Halliday and Hasan (1976). This research uses a qualitative methodology in which the researcher is knowledgeable about the academic essays, types, and the use of all types of each word of the conjunction of grammatical cohesion. The 20 pieces of data describe the types of conjunctions and show the relation between the use of all types of each word. The percentage of types of conjunction consists of Temporal 74.5%, Adversative 16.3%, Additive 4.1%, and Causal 5.1%. Based on the data, the dominant type of conjunction is Temporal. This research could be further examined and as a reference to assist understanding of conjunctive relation of grammatical cohesion and expected to give some advantages especially for the researcher himself, the respondents, and all university students toward their writing skills.

BUILDING A PEOPLE'S ECONOMIC ECOSYSTEM THROUGH THE SYNERGY OF COOPERATIVES AND MSMES FOR GOLDEN INDONESIA 2045

This article analyzes strategies for building a people's economic ecosystem through optimizing synergy between cooperatives and MSMEs in order to realize the vision of Golden Indonesia 2045. Using a literature analysis and secondary data approach, this study explores the concept of the people's economic ecosystem, the role of cooperatives, the challenges and opportunities of MSMEs, and the synergy strategy between the two sectors. The implementation of the grand theory of growth and equity was also discussed as a policy foundation. The results of the analysis show that strengthening the digital ecosystem, optimizing collaboration between stakeholders, and developing a data-based monitoring system are the keys to building effective synergy between cooperatives and MSMEs. This study concludes that with the right strategy, the synergy of cooperatives and MSMEs can be the main driver in creating inclusive and sustainable economic growth towards Golden Indonesia 2045. Policy recommendations include strengthening digital infrastructure, improving cross-sector coordination, and developing a comprehensive evaluation system to support evidence-based decision-making in the development of the cooperative and MSME sectors

Preventing Mental Disorders: The Significance of Recognizing Nice Girl Syndrome Symptoms in Gaskell's Ruth

This study explained Nice Girl syndrome in Elizabeth Gaskell's Ruth to prevent mental disorders. A mental disorder is a clinically significant disruption in cognition, emotion regulation, or behaviour. There are several mental disorders, including Nice Girl syndrome. Beverly Engel's Nice Girl syndrome was the study's grand theory. The Nice Girl Syndrome theory was used to analyze Elizabeth Gaskell's Ruth's female characters' thoughts and behaviour. This study revealed seven of ten signs of Nice Girl syndrome, such as "other people's feelings and needs are more important than her own", "she believes that she will be treated nice and fair as long as she is nice and fair", "other people thought about herself is more important than her self-esteem, health, and safety", "she will be accepted and loved if she is good and perfect", "she believes that she does not have the right to stand up for herself or act on her behalf", "she believed that anger is a destructive emotion and should not be expressed directly to those with whom she was angry", and "she believes that it is better to avoid conflict at all costs".

Efek Kesesuaian Kompensasi, Komitmen Organisasi, dan Kepuasan Kerja pada Kecenderungan Kecurangan

The study aims to analyze the effects of compensation suitability, organizational commitment, and job satisfaction on fraud tendencies. This study was conducted in LPDs throughout Buleleng Regency. This research uses Fraud Hexagon Theory as a grand theory. The number of respondents was 84 people consisting of chairman, secretary and treasurer in 28 LPDs who were selected using the area sampling method. Data collection used a closed questionnaire that was distributed directly. The analysis technique uses multiple linear regression analysis with the help of SPSS 26. The research results show that compensation suitability, organizational commitment and job satisfaction have a negative and significant effect on the tendency to fraud, both partially and simultaneously. This result means that the higher the suitability of compensation, organizational commitment and job satisfaction, the tendency for fraud to decrease

The Impact of Phentagonal on the Economic Resilience of the South Kuta Community

This research took as its object the South Kuta Subdistrict Office, Badung Regency, which aims to examine the Pentagonal Impact on the Economic Resilience of the South Kuta Community using the main theory, namely the grand theory (Van Holk, 2008) which suggests that what forms resilience and these factors interact with each other throughout life. This research uses quantitative methods using a questionnaire and a sample of 92 people from the South Kuta community, as well as five hypotheses using SPSS V 2024 with multiple regression. The results of this research found: 1. Human Resources showed a negative and insignificant influence on the economic resilience of the people of South Kuta, 2. Natural Resources showed a significant and positive influence on the economic resilience of the people of South Kuta, 3. Social Capital showed a positive influence but no significantly to the economic resilience of the South Kuta community, 4. Financial Capital shows a negative and significant influence on the economic resilience of the South Kuta community, 5. Economic Resilience has a simultaneous influence on Human Resources, Natural Resources, Social Capital, Financial Capital so that they become one unit in the South Kuta Community. Implications of this research found: 1. Policies in developing Human Resources, 2. Sustainable Management of Natural Resources, 3. Strengthening Social Capital, 4. Access to Financial Capital, 5. Increasing economic readiness and adaptation, 6. Development of local initiatives.

Organizational Culture and Motivation Affect Employee Job Satisfaction at LPD Badung Regency

This study focuses on LPD in Badung Regency. The objective is to test whether Organizational Culture and Motivation influence Employee Job Satisfaction by applying the Grand Theory of Stewardship (Davis et al., 1997). The research method used is Multiple Regression Quantitative with 93 samples, analyzed using SPSS Version 24. Research Results the Organizational Culture variable (X1) has a significant positive effect on job satisfaction at LPD in Badung Regency, The Motivation variable (X2) has a significant positive effect on job satisfaction at LPD in Badung Regency, Job Satisfaction (Y) has a significant positive simultaneous effect on organizational culture, motivation, and job satisfaction, which can therefore be simultaneous at the Village Credit Institutions in Badung Regency. Implications this research can provide answers regarding the influence of organizational culture and motivation variables on employee job satisfaction within the behavior of Village Credit Institutions in Badung Regency. The impact is substantial.

The Influence of Entrepreneurial Orientation, Market Orientation, Learning Orientation on Marketing Performance Mediated by SME Marketing Capabilities to Support the Achievement of the Sustainable Develoipment Goals

Objective: The research objective is to analyze the influence of entrepreneurial orientation, market orientation, learning orientation on marketing performance mediated by MSME marketing capabilities to support the achievement of the Sustainable Development Goals. Theoretical Framework: This research uses the Resource Base View (RBV) theory and Dynamic Capabilities as the grand theory. This research uses a quantitative approach with a survey method. Method: The variables studied were Entrepreneurial Orientation, Market Orientation, Learning Orientation, Business Size, Marketing Capability and Marketing Performance. The population is all owners of sandal shoe SME that are supported by the government in Mojokerto City East Java Indonesia by taking a sample of 208 people. Data collection used a questionnaire with a Likert scale of 1 to 5.Data testing uses path analysis, mediation test. Results and Discussion: Entrepreneurial Orientation, Market Orientation and Learning Orientation have a direct effect on Marketing capxbility and Performance. Apart from that, learning orientation has an indirect effect on marketing performance through the mediation of marketing capabilities. By increasing entrepreneurial orientation, market orientation, learning orientation and marketing capability, it can improve the Marketing Performance of MSMEs. This can encourage the success of the Sustainable Development Goals, namely reducing poverty and increasing the welfare of SME. Research Implications: when SMEs have excellent entrepreneurial orientation, market orientation and learning orientation , there is a tendency to use existing resources more effectively so that they can develop their business optimally. For this research, marketing performance in the shoe industry is very important to develop. Originality/Value: The originality of the theoretical model in this research contributes to the development of RBV theory, as well as the implementation of dynamic resource capabilities in SME.

De-anthropocentrification now: a call for problematizing revisions of human-animal positions in social thought

This article adds to an evolving literature arguing for revised human-animal positions in social thought. It elaborates on how writings fundamental to the modern human world ought to be problematized for their anthropocentric assumptions. It offers a way forward for approaching such “de-anthropocentrification” methodologically, and for the social sciences to thereby adjust their impact for sustainable futures. An implicit debate about the applicability of social constructionist theory to nonhuman animals provides an exemplary case to highlight the need for this turn in social thought. The article thus argues for the grand theory of social constructionism being applicable to a wide range of nonhuman animals too, and how this could have extensive consequences for embedding human abilities and experiences in a wider cosmos of social life and its unfolding.

Interpreter's Contribution in Conference Interpreting and Indonesia Education

The aim of this study is to report the interpreter’s contribution in conference interpreting and explore their contributions to the Indonesia's education. The grand theory used in this research is theory of interpreter's contribution proposed by Souza (2017). Qualitative research was utilized to collect and analyze data, employing open-ended interviews with professional interpreter as participant. The study found that interpreters play an important contribution in bridging communication gaps and ensuring effective communication in diverse educational settings such as importance of experience, technique, and overall skills in determining an interpreter's contribution. Additionally, the overall skills of an interpreter, including their cultural competence, adaptability, and ability to handle stress, are crucial to ensuring successful communication in educational contexts. By leveraging it, interpreters significantly contribute to the educational environment, promoting inclusivity and mutual understanding.

Pengaruh Pengendalian Intern, Kepatuhan Dan Kompensasi Manajemen Terhadap Perilaku Etis Karyawan Pada LPD Karangasem Bali

This research takes as its object the Village Credit Institution (LPD) in Karangasem. The aim is to test the influence of internal control, compliance and management compensation on employee ethical behavior using grand theory. Stewardship (Daviset al, 1997).Quantitative Multiple Regression Research Method with a sample of 108 and data analysis using SPSS Version 24.Research Results (1) Internal Control (X1) has a positive and significant effect on the Ethical Behavior of Village Credit Institution Employees in Karangasem Bali, (2) Compliance (X2) has a positive and significant effect on the Ethical Behavior of Village Credit Institution Employees in Karangasem Bali, (3) Management Compensation (X3) has a positive and significant influence on the Ethical Behavior of Village Credit Institution Employees in Karangasem Bali, (4) Employee Ethical Behavior (Y) has a positive and significant influence simultaneously on Internal Control, Compliance, Management Compensation so that it becomes one unit in the Village Credit Institution in Karangasem Bali Research Implications This research found that the influence of the variables Internal Control, Compliance, Management Compensation on the Ethical Behavior of Village Credit Institution Employees in Karangasem is very large

Pengaruh Komunikasi Kerja Dan Komitmen Organisasi Terhadap Kinerja Pegawai Tetap Non Pegawai Negeri Sipil Di Rumah Sakit Umum Pusatprof. Dr. I.G.N.G. Ngoerah

This research took the research object at the Prof. Ngoerah Central General Hospital with the aim of analyzing the influence of Work Communication, Organizational Commitment on the Performance of Non-Civil Servant (PNS) employees using the grand theory of Management of State Civil Apparatus Law of the Republic of Indonesia Number 5 of 2014, supporting Organizational behavior management theory. This research uses quantitative methods, questionnaires with sampling samples and the Slovin formula with four hypotheses. This research found: 1. Work Communication has a positive and significant effect on the Performance of Permanent Non-Civil Servant (PNS) Employees at Prof Ngoerah Central General Hospital 2. Work Communication has a significant positive effect on the Performance of Permanent Non-Civil Servant (PNS) Employees at Home Prof Ngoerah Central General Hospital, 3. Organizational Commitment has a positive and insignificant effect on the Performance of Permanent Non Civil Servant Employees (PNS) at the Central General Hospital Prof Ngoerah, 4. Organizational Commitment does not mediate work communication on the Performance of Permanent Non Civil Servant Employees (PNS) at Prof Ngoerah Central General Hospital. The implications of this research contribute simultaneously to Prof.Central General Hospital. Ngoerah, this research also found that Organizational Commitment has an insignificant effect so it is necessary to carry out further research.

Exploring the uncharted influence of family social capital in entrepreneurial ecosystems

PurposeThe purpose of this research is to develop theory, thereby attending to the existing knowledge gap regarding the impact of family firms on entrepreneurial ecosystems (EEs). Reducing such a gap is both timely and relevant given the ubiquity of family firms across the globe and the lack of theoretical development at the intersection of EE and family firm literatures. By employing social capital theory in a propositional theorizing approach, this article presents unique propositions that enrich current understanding of the EE phenomenon.Design/methodology/approachOur method adopts a three-step propositional theorizing approach. The first step outlines our conceptualization, drawing on social capital theory and identifying multiple levels of analysis pertaining to EEs and family firms. The second step precisely identifies the constructs used for the theorization process, drawing upon relevant literature. The third step involves proposition building, which produces our findings.FindingsAs a result of our propositional theorizing method, we developed 10 theoretical propositions to explain interactions between family members, nonfamily entrepreneurs, family firms and new ventures in the EE, thereby focusing on the social elements of the EE and reducing its conceptual complexity while extending the explanatory power of family social capital in the EE.Research limitations/implicationsDespite being increasingly relevant in research, policy and practice discourse, EEs remain under theorized. By theorizing in this context, we provide explanations of the mechanisms to explain social interactions between family members, nonfamily entrepreneurs, family firms and new ventures and how such interactions are likely to provide better access to the untapped resources in the EE. Furthermore, our theorization also identifies underexplored research areas paving the way for future scholars.Practical implicationsThis article is relevant to practitioners and policymakers interested in creating balanced, inclusive and effective EE policies and interventions. Our theorization generates insights that complement a bottom-up approach where the state assumes a facilitating role for actors such as family firms to positively impact their EE. This research is both timely and necessary because, if unaddressed, it will lead to ineffective and potentially exclusionary policies and EE interventions.Originality/valueWe contribute to the literature by synthesizing the two domains and thereby advancing knowledge at the intersection of EE and family firm literatures. We strengthen the link between two burgeoning research areas through a propositional theorizing mode of theory development. Under the assumptions of a grand theory, social capital theory, we highlight the benefits that derive from social interactions in the EE between family firms and other EE actors.

Evaluasi Pelayanan Publik di Pelabuhan Roro Dompak Provinsi Kepulauan Riau

The service standards for the Roro Dompak port Kepulauan Riau Province are the parameters used as guidelines for the implementation of services and the objectivity of the criteria for assessing the quality of services to the community so that there is guidance on the obligations and promises of organizers to stakeholders in the context of quality, fast, easy, affordable and measurable services. The aim of the research is to analyze the evaluation of Public Services at Roro Dompak port Kepulauan Riau Province. Qualitative Research Method with primary data collection such as closed interviews and secondary data obtained from the Kepulauan Riau Province Transportation Service. Data analysis uses triangulation techniques and uses grand theory based on two approaches: process-oriented evaluation and results-based evaluation. Process-oriented evaluation focuses on the process of providing public services, including accountability, responsibility and responsiveness. Results-based evaluation focuses on public service outcomes, including effectiveness, economics, and efficiency. The research results show that the Roro Dompak port Kepulauan Riau Province has several strengths and weaknesses in providing public services to the community. Its advantages include its strategic location, adequate basic facilities and efficient operations. However, the weaknesses are limited capacity, inadequate infrastructure, and lack of transparency. This study also identified several areas that need to be improved, including increasing port capacity, improving infrastructure, and increasing transparency and accountability. Additionally, the study suggests that ports should focus on improving their responsiveness to community needs, increasing effectiveness in providing services, and reducing costs. Overall, this study provides a comprehensive evaluation of the public service performance of Roro Dompak Port and highlights areas that need improvement to increase its effectiveness in providing public services to the community Kepulauan Riau Province.

Quo Vadis, Historical International Relations? Geopolitical Marxism and the Promise of Radical Historicism

John Maclean’s 1988 call “Marxism and IR: A Strange Case of Mutual Neglect” has generated a rich bounty of Marxist studies and paradigms in International Relations (IR). This cross-pollination merged in the 1990s with the “historical turn” and shaped the sub-fields of International Historical Sociology and International Political Economy. But has it left its mark on how IR is practised today? We argue that while Marxism has spoken significantly to the discipline, mainstream IR, even Historical IR, has been largely impervious to Marxist arguments, drawing the standard charge of economism and structuralism. Rectifying these critiques, we suggest that conventional historical studies of “the international” remain methodologically and substantively impoverished. We exemplify this by showing how leading Historical IR studies of “systems change” fail to explain the inside/outside and public/private differentiations constitutive of the modern international order and to integrate the “levels of analysis” they presuppose. We further argue that this rejection has been facilitated by influential Marxist IR paradigms, which ultimately privilege structuralism over historicism: While Neo-Gramscians initially mobilised “historicism” to dissolve claims about the “sameness” of international relations across time and space, the approach became identified with the reified master-category of “hegemony”. Uneven and Combined Development, in turn, has gravitated towards matching Neo-realism’s claim to theoretical universality by insisting on transhistorical model-building and nomological “grand theory”. Both approaches remain over-sociologised and fail to address international politics. Drawing on radically historicist Political Marxism, this article shows how its substantive socio-political premises explain the historical formation of the contemporary international order and re-unite the “levels of analysis” theoretically to provide a framework for non-reductionist and non-economistic accounts of historical international relations. This requires an answer to the agentic challenge of Neo-Classical Realism by reincorporating grand strategy, diplomacy, and international politics into a reformulated perspective of Geopolitical Marxism to track the full historicity of the making of international orders.

Determinants of the Ability of Spi Personnel in the Prevention and Detection of Fraud at State Universities (PTN) in Indonesia

This research aims to test, analyze and apply grand theory to the determining factors of SPI personnel's ability as internal auditors in educational sector institutions, namely competence, independence, work experience, professional skepticism and spiritual intelligence in the prevention and detection of fraud in state universities and apply research variables to state university management who want to improve the internal audit function (SPI). This research uses quantitative methods. The data source used in this research is primary data measured using a Likert scale obtained directly from respondents via a questionnaire. The population in this study were all SPI personnel at PTN Indonesia in the State University category under the auspices of the Ministry of Education, Culture, Research, Technology and Higher Education. The sampling technique is using a census technique or total sampling with a sampling method using the non-probability sampling _Convenience Sampling method. The analysis technique uses IBM Statistical Product and Service Solution (SPSS) 24.0 software. Partial and simultaneous research results show that competence, work experience, professional skepticism and spiritual intelligence have a positive and significant effect on fraud prevention and detection, while independence does not have a positive and significant effect on fraud prevention and detection.

Global Performances of a Belated Concept

This article uses a global concept history approach to critically engage with the semantically overdetermined and contested concept of modernity at the turn of the twentieth century. Eschewing grand theories, a more empirical method is applied by investigating the history of modernity as a concept used by historical actors. It thereby seeks to reveal anachronistic readings of it, as well as unearth the global scope of modernity performances. Tracing first West-European and then Ottoman-Turkish modernity translations (modernité, die Moderne, modernity, yeñilik, ʿaṣrīlik), the article shows how marginal this concept was in West-European discourse. The Turkish translations, in contrast, became central in indigenous reform rhetoric; ʿaṣrīlik (1916) even displayed a level of theoretical abstraction that West-European modernity concepts only acquired later. This analysis argues that the global circulation of the historical modernity concept was propelled by its semantic indeterminacy, normativity, and Eurocentrism, and thereby also critique modernity as an analytical concept.