Grammatical Parallelism Research Articles

Grammatical Parallelism in Aphasia: A Lesion-Symptom Mapping Study.

Sentence structure, or syntax, is potentially a uniquely creative aspect of the human mind. Neuropsychological experiments in the 1970s suggested parallel syntactic production and comprehension deficits in agrammatic Broca's aphasia, thought to result from damage to syntactic mechanisms in Broca's area in the left frontal lobe. This hypothesis was sometimes termed overarching agrammatism, converging with developments in linguistic theory concerning central syntactic mechanisms supporting language production and comprehension. However, the evidence supporting an association among receptive syntactic deficits, expressive agrammatism, and damage to frontal cortex is equivocal. In addition, the relationship among a distinct grammatical production deficit in aphasia, paragrammatism, and receptive syntax has not been assessed. We used lesion-symptom mapping in three partially overlapping groups of left-hemisphere stroke patients to investigate these issues: grammatical production deficits in a primary group of 53 subjects and syntactic comprehension in larger sample sizes (N = 130, 218) that overlapped with the primary group. Paragrammatic production deficits were significantly associated with multiple analyses of syntactic comprehension, particularly when incorporating lesion volume as a covariate, but agrammatic production deficits were not. The lesion correlates of impaired performance of syntactic comprehension were significantly associated with damage to temporal lobe regions, which were also implicated in paragrammatism, but not with the inferior and middle frontal regions implicated in expressive agrammatism. Our results provide strong evidence against the overarching agrammatism hypothesis. By contrast, our results suggest the possibility of an alternative grammatical parallelism hypothesis rooted in paragrammatism and a central syntactic system in the posterior temporal lobe.

الصنعة البديعية عند أحمد شوقي: دراسة تحليلية بلاغية لقصيدة "غاندي بطل الهند"

The embellishment elements are the most important in achieving internal rhyme in Arabic poems because the value of poetry is based on the impact it has on the minds of readers and listeners through its musical structure. As a result, this study focuses on Ahmed Shawqi's poem "Gandhi Hero of India," with the objective of revealing the rhythmic and semantic functions of each of the rhetorical styles jinās, ṭibāq, tawāzī al tarkībī, and Taqsīm. This study adopted the analytical method, which analyzes the poetic verses according to the science of Badīʿ. The importance of the study is reflected in the fact that it sheds light on the extent to which the poet invests these literary devices in displaying images and emotions consistent with the nature of the text. The study concluded that the poet used al jinās al nāqiṣ in its most prominent patterns, the ṭibāq in its linguistic and contextual forms, and he also distributed the two words of these two literary styles between the two halves of the poetic verse, which strengthens the poem rhythmically and semantically. It also concluded that the complete and partial grammatical parallelism on the vertical and horizontal levels provided the poem with a distinct rhythm and semantic richness, in addition to the phenomenon of al Taqsīm al ʿaḍūḍī which played a role in moving the internal rhyme that drew readers' attention to the text's content.

The processing of the ambiguous object pronoun in German monolingual and highly proficient L2 speakers with L1 Georgian

Aims and objectives: The current study examines the role of grammatical and positional parallelism on ambiguous German pronoun resolution in monolingual speakers and highly proficient L2 speakers with L1 Georgian. In particular, the study asks whether an object pronoun ihn in a sentence initial position could refer to the non-subject antecedent in a preceding subject–verb–object sentence. Furthermore, it investigates whether L1 and L2 speakers show similar preferences when resolving ambiguous object pronouns. Methodology: Two visual world eye-tracking and two offline experiments were conducted with L1 and L2 speakers of German. During the eye-tracking session, the task was simply to look and listen, while in the offline test, participants were required to decide on the assumed referent of the ambiguous pronoun. Data and analysis: Linear-mixed effect models were applied to the eye-movement data. Two-sample t tests were used in the analysis of the offline data. Findings and conclusions: Eye-movement results revealed a bias toward the subject antecedent in L1 speakers, while the L2 speakers showed a non-subject preference when resolving the referent of the object pronoun. The offline experiments supported the eye-tracking findings of both groups, particularly as regards the role of grammatical parallelism in the resolution of ambiguous pronouns by the L2 speakers. These findings are interpreted in the context of language-specific processing strategies in anaphora resolution. It appears that L1 and L2 speakers may be using different information-structural cues to resolve ambiguous pronouns. Concretely, a less strongly internalized knowledge of the target language or the influence of the first language may produce alternative processing mechanisms in L2 speakers. Originality: This study fills the research gap on ambiguous object pronoun resolution of L1 and L2 speakers of German. Implications: The findings of this study add additional information to the growing body of research into pronoun resolution. It focuses on the resolution of the German object pronoun within an information-structural framework of language processing in L1 and L2.

A grammatical description of the placeholder are in spontaneous Japanese

Abstract When a speaker encounters a word-formulation problem in interaction, she may use a placeholder to saturate the syntactic slot of the target expression in the unfolding sentence. Japanese exhibits the placeholder are, which is assumed to derive from the demonstrative are ‘that.’ Despite rich studies on placeholders, no serious attention has been paid to grammatical parallelism and differences between a placeholder and its original lexical counterpart. In this paper, we focus on the nominal placeholder are (and its predicative variants) and the demonstrative are ‘that,’ and propose the set of criteria which capture their parallelism and differences in non-discrete terms.

Varying Means of Grammatical Parallelism in the Church Slavonic Translations of Psalms of the 11th–16th Centuries

As a metrically organized poetic text, the Psalter is built on the principle of substantive and formal parallelism of verses and stanzas in the Hebrew text as well as in Greek and Church Slavonic translations. In the article, based on the material of Slavic translations of different times (from the Sinai Psalter of the 11 th century to the Psalter of 1552 by Maximus the Greek), cases of assimilation / dissimilation of grammatical forms in parallel text structures are considered. The variability which arises in the process of dissimilation has neither genetic (South Slavonic vs East Slavonic, archaic vs new, standard vs non-standard forms), nor functional (literary vs non-literary forms), but rhetorical nature of stylistic variation, conditioned by the structure of the text. The analysis revealed that in early Slavonic psalter redactions the choice and the number of variable grammatical forms are limited; the texts of the 16 th century, namely the Psalms of 1552 translated by Maximus the Greek, are particularly characterized by stylistic grammatical variability, concerning the most different forms (from the substantive Gen. and Dat. cases to the aorist and perfect in the 3 rd person). The examined cases of the dissimilated grammatical forms in parallel contexts of the Psalter are supported by some original Maximus the Greek's works, so that these forms should be considered as stylistic variants of the literary Church Slavonic language.

СУГЕСТИВНИЙ ПОТЕНЦІАЛ ПОЛІТИЧНИХ ПРОМОВ ЛІДЕРІВ ДЕРЖАВ

The paper examines the suggestive potential of political speeches of state leaders. The author argues that the greatest political addresses given at turning points in history demonstrate a programming effect and, consequently, are intended as texts with suggestive features. The current study proves that rhythm is the essential feature of a suggestive text. The rhythm is a complex phenomenon built on the balanced alternation or repetition of certain elements (formal and semantic). The distinctive rhythm for political address is established via lexical and, broader, semantic repetition of key verbal elements carrying dominant meanings which comprise two opposite functional textual groups via grammatical (morphological and syntactic) patterns or parallelism, accompanied by phonetic repetition. Such repetition serves the communicative-pragmatic purpose of the suggestor, namely, to consolidate the dominant meanings. The results of this study indicate that emotiogenic attributes (or qualifiers) aimed at emotional "charging" of the target audience are the primary means of suggestion. The texts of political speeches contain the elements of solemn rhetoric and pathetic appeal to the sacred forces. Political addresses of state leaders provide a strong impetus for creating meaningful public narratives favouring one or another political course of society. Furthermore, an informative political speech, which employs suggestive techniques, serves as a potent tool to exercise power over the target audience and as a means to shape public opinion and influence the mood in society. Finally, the political leader plays the role of an authoritative communicator who organizes, structures the individual's picture of the world, helps to resist communicative warfare and gives people a sense of order in a life of chaos.

Effects of grammatical roles and topicality on Vietnamese referential form production

We conducted two studies on the use of null and overt pronouns and noun phrases in Vietnamese, with a focus on referents’ grammatical roles, grammatical parallelism and topicality. Vietnamese overt pronouns differ from English-type languages as they also function as kin terms. The first study investigated narratives and finds that referential form choice is influenced by the grammatical role and grammatical position of the antecedent: When the subject of the current clause refers to the subject of the preceding clause (subject parallelism), we find a high rate of (null and overt) pronouns. Lack of parallelism triggers mostly NPs. When the object of the current clause refers to the object of the preceding clause (object parallelism), we also find more pronouns than in non-parallel cases. Interestingly, null pronouns only occur in parallel cases. Crucially, we find no clear differences in the distribution of null vs. overt pronouns, suggesting that grammatical roles and parallelism have the same effects on both pronoun types. Using passivization to manipulate topicality, Experiment 2 further investigated the null vs. overt pronoun choice and found that pronouns are strongly preferred for topicalized subjects in passives and that null pronouns exhibit a stronger sensitivity to topicality than overt pronouns. To our knowledge, these experiments are the first experimental investigation of a kin-term-based pronoun system.

Grammatical Parallelism in the Qur’ān

Parallelism – or, as it is called in Arabic, al-muqābala occupies a central position in the rhetorical discipline of ‘ilm al-badī‘. Parallelism is used as a means of textual ornamentation or embellishment and can be divided into several types that are based on the semantics of parallelism and its formative structure. Parallelism in Arabic has received a considerable amount of attention from Arabic rhetoricians, and this has facilitated an understanding of the essence of parallelism in Arabic – its types, structures and meaning. However, there are some lacunae in their descriptions concerning the function and thematic restrictions of parallelism in the Qur’ān. The current article, which focuses on grammatical parallelism where the two stichos of parallelism are the same with respect to syntax and morphology, shows that parallelism has some important roles to play in textual arrangement. It may, for example, conclude a thematic section, indicate a turning point in the text or clarify what has been said previously. In addition, it is shown that parallelism is not used at random in the Qur’ān but rather is restricted to repeated themes which carry the most important messages of the Qur’ān, such as God’s Might or the behavioral patterns of believers and non-believers; or it can be used as a stylistic device.

Grammatical parallelism effect in anaphora resolution: Using data from Russian to choose between theoretical approaches

In the present study we explored structural parallelism, the preference of hearers to connect an unaccented pronoun to a referent occupying the same syntactic position. The traditional linguistic approach is based on the fact that referential preferences are associated with specific linguistic properties of potential antecedents of pronouns. Discourse-coherent approach is based on a hearer`s coherence-driven expectations about discourse continuation and supposes a structural parallelism effect to be a by-product of establishing relations, which provide the coherence of discourse. From this point of view, parallel reading is caused by information structure. In order to investigate the role of grammatical and information structures in the parallelism effect, and to choose between the theoretical approaches, we addressed a flexible word-order language, which has several ways of focusing, such as Russian. The two experiments demonstrated that the use of non-contrastive focusing strategy reveals parallelism bias to be equally strong for both subject-subject and object-object dependencies. We found that syntactic roles’ congruence is insufficient for the parallelism effect. Instead, parallel elements are required to occupy the topical position in the information structure of their clauses to provide the parallel reading. This evidence showed that structural parallelism effect is driven by information structure and is a by-product of establishing more general discourse relations, which provide its coherence.

Reading Comprehension: A Guide for Non-English Lecturers at Higher Education in Central Java, Indonesia

This paper attempts to find out the reading ability of the non-English lecturers at Higher Education in Central Java, Indonesia; to find out the language factors that affect the reading ability and to develop the reading comprehension guide for the lecturers. Research and Development (R&D) was employed in this research in order to develop a model on reading comprehension guide. Eighty non-English lecturers from several universities in Central Java were taken as samples. The data were in the forms of numeric and non-numeric. The result shows that the average score of the reading ability of the lecturers is 54.24. It indicates that their reading ability is very poor. While the factors that affect their reading ability are among others grammatical mastery, cohesion, pronouns, parallelism, and conjunctions. The lowest score was on grammatical mastery and cohesion 38,5% while the highest score was on conjunctions with the score of 56,25%. It can be concluded that the lecturers of non-English department have poor ability in reading, and therefore, it is worth developing a model on reading guide for them.

Прагматическая направленность пояснительной связи

The article considers explication connection pragmatics as one of the language syntactical system resources of effecting the communicants within a complex syntactic whole. The first and foremost basis for such consideration is semantic identity of the sentences – components of complex wholes united by interpredicate correlations. Such semantic identity is reflected in the grammatical parallelism of the correlating predicate forms, expressing specification or generalization in accordance with the pro- or retroposition of the verb of wide semantics to do and any related verb in the syntactic whole. The opposition of grammatical forms reveals additional expressive meanings. Pragmatics of explication connection as a means of effecting communicants depends on the author’s personal position to choose certain linguistic means for expressing his communicative intentions.

The nature of regressions in the acquisition of phonological grammars

<p>Children’s acquisition of their L1 phonological grammar is typically understood as a gradual progression from an initial universal state towards a language-specific one, in which learners incrementally change their grammars to better approximate the target. One challenging problem for this view, however, are the many reports of ‘U-shaped development’ in which production temporarily regresses, diverging further from the target rather than drawing closer. Based on existing and novel analyses of longitudinal data, this paper argues that phonological regressions should <span style="text-decoration: underline;">not</span> be captured directly within the normal workings of children’s error-driven mechanisms for grammar learning. It also identifies a kind of regression that seems plausible but is nonetheless apparently unattested: one in which markedness constraints flip-flop over time, so that improvement on one marked structure entails regression on another. With this initial empirical base, the paper then demonstrates that an error-driven OT-like learner which stores its errors and imposes certain persistent biases can in fact easily regress in the unattested way. Section 5 discusses how OT’s grammatical parallelism is in part responsible for creating the unattested regression pattern, and how a serial constraint-based grammar like Harmonic Serialism (McCarthy 2007 <em>et seq</em>) avoids this regression. </p>

Grammatical Parallelism in the Translation of Advertising Texts with Particular Reference to English and Arabic

Advertising is a specific genre which uses many techniques to persuade no matter the circumstances. One of the techniques used in advertising is grammatical parallelism. This study is generally intended to investigate and describe grammatical parallelism in the translation of advertising texts with particular reference to English and Arabic. The study should also provide an insight into the techniques of advertising in two different cultures in order to demonstrate that the cultural background is evident in advertising. Furthermore, the study will point up some of the main problems posed by the translation of advertising texts, taking into consideration that advertising translation, both production and products, is a part of a socio-cultural system. We will also focus mainly on the textual part, particularly, grammatical parallelism in the translation of English and Arabic advertisements. We will draw in defining and describing grammatical parallelism on Jakobson model (1960).

An Analysis of the Literary Structure of the Zand ī Wahman Yasn

In this article it is maintained that the extant Zand ī Wahman Yasn is a work which was composed to be recited orally. In it mythological and historical material familiar to both storyteller and audience is woven into an integral text whose purpose is to interpret contemporary events. An analysis of each chapter shows how various rhetorical devices belonging to every level of language are used to underscore the contents and give cohesion to the text. These devices include alliteration and assonance, grammatical parallelism, and clusters of synonyms. Different types of dialogues and monologues are discussed and comparisons are made with other extant texts with apocalyptic themes.

Shakespeare's Eager Adonis

Adonis rebuffs her, because Hunting he lov'd, he laugh'd to (line 4). The critical tradition has discussed in great detail Adonis's refusal to love.2 But, importantly, this line does not begin with a refusal. Rather, it introduces Adonis with a positive predicate: he loves hunting. Moreover, the but that conjoins his predilection for hunting with his antipathy to has dialectical overtones: Adonis would seem to love more as an alternative to the hunt than as an independent proposition. The two characters thus articulate distinct forms of love that present competing models of desire. Furthermore, the poem provocatively interrelates models of desire and language. In the stanza cited above, if Adonis alights, Venus will reward him with 'a thousand honey secrets.' Not only does Venus promise the linguistic reward of 'secrets' for erotic surrender, her proposal of 'honey secrets' as 'meed' (reward, punning on mead [honey liquor]) also intertwines these linguistic treats with the honeyed sexual 'secrets' also on offer ('honey' denoting moreover sexual bliss).3 And while Adonis straightforwardly loves hunting, he does not simply scorn Venus-as grammatical parallelism would have him do-but rather laugh[s] to her

Literary Usage of a Russian Folk Song Meter

JHIIIL OAlI-TO eCCT, MJI3 cepAnimall , Apyr, X X X X X X X x X 9 xa H c T6T CO 30 o0i 1e n a1ro6m13i1 ueT. X XXX X xx xi In regard to metrical organization, the lines all have ten syllables and they are divided by a fixed break into two symmetrical five-syllable hemistichs. A constant phrase stress3 falls on the third syllable of each hemistich, but word stresses, at least in this song, are distributed sporadically. The lines have dactylic endings which are unrhymed except for the fifth and sixth lines where rhyme results from grammatical parallelism.

Poetry of grammar and grammar of poetry

Poetry of grammar and grammar of poetry

Proto-Quechumaran: An Ethnolinguistic Note

Similarities between two languages can come about in various ways: (1) by parallel but independent development; (2) by one language borrowing from the other (or even by mutual borrowing); and (3) by common genetic origin. Thus it has recognized for a long time that Quechua and of the Andes region of South America are remarkably similar in phonology and grammar parallel enough to make it probable that not (1) alone is correct but either (2) or (3). Consequently, this question has been debated since 1888 when Steinthal (462-64) affirmed that the two languages were genetically related and mutual exchange of loans was secondary. More recently, Jijon y Caamano (1943:604) has argued genetic relationship on the basis that the grammatical structure is fundamentally the same. On the other hand, Uhle (1912:604) recognized this grammatical parallelism but denied that there was any phonological relationship. Mason (1950:560) recognized both the grammatical and phonological parallelism but added that lexical roots seem to have little in common, except a large number, perhaps as much as one-fourth of the whole obviously related and probably borrowed by one or the other language. Hoijer (1946:27) is noncommittal: Aymara is said by some who have worked on it to be related to Quechua. No evidence of this has been published however.' McQuown (1955:561) says rather pointedly that ar-

Grammatical Parallelism and Its Russian Facet

We have learned the suggestive etymology of the terms PROSE and VERSE-the former, oratio prosa < prorsa < proversa 'speech turned straightforward', and the latter, versus 'return'. Hence we must consistently draw all inferences from the obvious fact that on every level of language the essence of poetic artifice consists in recurrent returns. Phonemic features and sequences, both morphologic and lexical, syntactic and phraseological units, when occurring in metrically or strophically corresponding positions, are necessarily subject to the conscious or subconscious questions whether, how far, and in what respect the positionally corresponding entities are mutually similar. Those poetic patterns where certain similarities between successive verbal sequences are compulsory or enjoy a high preference appear to be widespread in the languages of the world, and they are particularly gratifying both for the study of poetic language and for linguistic analysis in general. Such traditional types of canonic parallelism offer us an insight into the various forms of relationship among the different aspects of language and answer the pertinent question: what kindred grammatical or phonological categories may function as equivalent within the given pattern? We can infer that such categories share a common denominator in the linguistic code of the respective speech community. Of these systems the biblical PARATJLETLISMUS MEMBRORUM was the first to attract the attention of Western scholars. In 'The Preliminary Dissertation' to his translation of Isaiah, first published in 1778, Robert Lowth laid down the foundations of a systematic inquiry into the verbal texture of ancient Hebrew poetry, and adopted the term 'parallelism' for poetics: