Grammatical Doctrine Research Articles

Abu Ali al-Randi (d. 616 AH): His life and grammatical impact (2)Abu Ali al-Randi (d. 616 AH): His life and grammatical impact (2)

Arabism, care for it, and manufacturing in it, but for it to reach me from his classrooms, and what he has stood on it is a saying about him, and the opinions of the abnormalities are in a way To introduce this character and its grammatical efforts. The research began in its second part of the third topic, which was entitled (Abu Ali Al- Randi’s opinions and grammatical directives), by studying a number of grammatical and morphological issues, reaching (18) issues, followed by a statement of the most important features of the grammatical doctrine of Abu Ali Al-Randi, and at the end The research is a conclusion in which the most important results that the researcher reached, revealed, or confirmed were recorded. Keywords: Abu Ali, Randi, grammarian.

Grammatical Efforts of Sayid Muhammad Reda Al-Araji Al-Hilli in his Book (Tahdhib Al-Farayid fi Sharh Al-Fawayid)

When studying a book of one of the great grammarians ، most university academic students intend to learn about his grammatical doctrine and curriculum، especially if he has special scientific opinions.And Al-Sayid Muhammad Reda Al-Araji is an immersed scholar، who was not mentioned in scientific encyclopedias of the grammar lesson، although he had special critical opinions that were not highlighted. Therefore، it was necessary to know his grammatical doctrine and to clarify his position on the evidence of the grammatical industry by looking at his grammatical effects and balancing them with what the grammatical schools and the prevailing doctrines went to.

The Grammatical Doctrine of Mohdhab al-Din al-Muhallabi (d. 583 AH): In his book “Nazm Al Fara’id” and “Hasir Al Shara’id”

الحمد لله والصلاة والسلام على سيدنا محمد صلى الله عليه وآله وصحبه وسلم أما بعد:
 إنَ استعمال المصطلح في أي علم من العلوم يدلّ على ثقافة ذلك العالِم، ومعرفته العلمية بذلك العلم، وبهذا يمكن التعرف على مذهبه العلمي الذي يميل اليه. ومهذب الدين كغيره من العلماء استعمل مصطلحات نحوية كثيرة في كتابه (نظم الفرائد وحصر الشرائد ).
 وآثرت أنّ أدرس المذهب النحوي لديه في كتابه نظم الفرائد؛ لأقف على آرائه ومصطلحاته النحوية والمسائل الخلافية التي أوردها. غلب استعماله للمصطلح البصري على الكوفي. واستعمل مصطلح (الخفض) الكوفي فقط ولم يستعمل البصري. وأشار الى المسائل الخلافية في كتابه وذكر فيها رأي البصريين والكوفيين من غير ترجيح، من ذلك: مسألة نصب الفعل المضارع بعد واو الصرف، ومجيء (إن) المكسورة بمعنى (إذ)، وكون حاشا حرفا وليس فعلأ، وكذلك زيادة (ما)مع (إذ وحيث) وتبين بالأدلة من كتب النحويين ان زيادة(ما) هنا ليست مسألة خلافية بين البصريين والكوفيين كما ذكر هو.
 ويظهر أنّ مهذب الدين كان متأثرا بالمدرستين البصرية والكوفية تأثرا واضحا وذلك من استعماله لمصطلحاتهم وآرائهم، وذكر المسائل الخلافية بينهم. وعلى ما يبدو لي أنّه كان ميالا للبصريين أكثر، ويظهر ذلك من ذكره لآراء سيبويه أكثر من غيره من العلماء، واستعماله المصطلح البصري أكثر من المصطلح الكوفي.
 وأخيرا أسأل الله السداد والاستقامة وآخر دعوانا ان الحمد لله رب العالمين

قراءة عیسى بن سلیمان الشیزریّ الحجازیّ دراسة لغویّة

قراءة عيسى بن سليمان الشيزري الحجازي دراسة لغوية هاني الصبحي قسم اللغويات ,کلية اللغة العربية بالجامعة الإسلامية بالمدينة المنورة, المملکة العربية السعودية. البريد الالکتروني: hanialsobhi@iu.edu.sa الملخص: موضوع البحث: قراءة عيسى بن سليمان الشيزري الحجازي - دراسة لغوية. هدف البحث: إعداد بحث لغوي قرآني خدمة لکتاب الله عز وجل، وحصر القراءات والروايات خاصة ما کان منها نقلا عن شيخه الکسائي، ولإيضاح أثر رواياته عن الکسائي في الدرس اللغوي. مشکلة البحث: توجيه القراءات والروايات الواردة عن عيسى بن سليمان الشيزري الحجازي. أهم النتائج: کثرة عدد القراءات الواردة عن أبي موسى الشيزري؛ إذ قارب عدد القراءات ثلاثا وعشرين قراءة، وتوافق بعض القراءات مع المذهب النحوي الکوفي، وانفراد أبي موسى الشيزري ببعض الروايات عن الکسائي، ووجود روايات رواها الشيرزي عن غير الکسائي، واتضاح أثر الروايات في الدرس اللغوي. الکلمات المفتاحية:عيسى بن سليمان- الحجازي – الشيزري – قراءة the Reading of Isa bin Sulaiman Al-Shaizari Al-Hijaazi ALinguistic study Hani Alsobhi Department Of Linguistics, Faculty of Arabic Language, Islamic University Of Madinah, Saudi Arabia. E-mai: hanialsobhi@iu.edu.sa Abstract ResearchTopic: The Linguistic study of the Recitation of Isa bin Sulaiman Al-Shaizari Al-Hijaazi Research Objective: Preparing a linguistic study of the Qur’an in the service of the Book of Allah, the Exalted and limiting the readings and narrations, especially those that were quoted from his Sheikh Al-Kisaa’iy, and to clarify the impact of his narrations on Al-Kisaa’iy in the linguistic lesson. Research problem: guarding the readings and narrations received from Isa bin Sulaiman Al-Shaizari Al-Hijaazi. The most important results: The large number of readings reported by Abu Musa Al-Shaizari. As the number of readings approached twenty-three, and some readings coincide with the Kufic grammatical doctrine, Abu Musa Al-Shaizari was alone in some narrations ‎ from Al-Kisaa’iy, having narrations‎ narrated by Al-Shaizari from other than Al-Kisaa’iy, and the effect of the narrations in the linguistic lesson became clear. Keywords: Isa Bin Sulaiman - Al Hijaazi - Al Shaizari – Reading.

مواضع التقدیم المعترض علیها لدى معربی القرآن الکریم

الملخص مجيء اللفظ في غير موضعه من سنن العرب في کلامهم، له علته التي تتلمس، والتي جعلتهم يأتون به على هذا الوجه، مخالفا الترتيب الأصلي للجملة، سواء أکان هذا التقديم على سبيل الوجوب، أم على سبيل الجواز، وهذا التقديم وضع له النحويون قواعد وضوابط تضمن لهم عدم مخالفته سنن العرب في کلامها، فاعتمدوا على ما سمع من العرب مما ورد فيه تقديم، فوضعوا القاعدة موافقة لکلام العرب، فقالوا: التقديم هنا واجب؛ لأنه يوافق ما تکلمت به العرب، وجائز هناک؛ لأنه لم يخرج عن سنن العرب في کلامها، ولا يجوز هنالک؛ لأنه مخالف لما ورد عن العرب، وکان النحويون في بعض مسائل التقديم بين من يمنع التقديم في موضع من المواضع، وبين من يجيزه في نفس الموضع؛ معتمدين في ذلک على المذهب النحوي الذي جعلوه قاعدة يلتزمون بها، ويحکمون بها على ما ورد وما قيل؛ ولذلک نجد بعضهم يعترض على بعض في القول بالتقديم في موضع واحد من المواضع. ومن مواضع التقديم ما وقع فيه اعتراض من بعضهم على بعض، وقد تجلى ذلک عند بعض معربي القرآن الکريم؛ فبينما نجد معربا يعرب الآية على وجه يقول فيه بالتقديم، إذ بمعرب آخر يعترض عليه ويرفض هذا التقديم؛ بحجة أن القول بالتقديم يخالف القاعدة النحوية. وقد جاءت هذه الدراسة لتقف على مواطن الاختلاف هذه؛ ولترجح ما رأته راجحا بالدليل. Abstract The occurrence of the word misplaced from the Sunnah's of the Arabs in their speech, has its own cause that gropes, which made them come up with it in this way, contrary to the original order of the sentence, whether this introduction is by way of necessity, or as a matter of permissibility, and this introduction grammarians have set rules and regulations that include They have them not to contradict the Sunnah's of the Arabs in their speech, so they relied on what the Arabs heard from what was mentioned in the introduction, so they set the rule in accordance with the words of the Arabs, so they said: Presentation here is a duty. Because it corresponds to what the Arabs have spoken, and it is permissible there; Because it did not deviate from the Sunnah of the Arabs In her words, it is not permissible there; Because it contradicts what was reported by the Arabs, and grammarians in some matters of presentation were between those who prevented presentation in one of the places, and those who permitted it in the same place; They relied in this on the grammatical doctrine, which they made a rule that they adhere to, and judge by it on what was stated and what was said; Therefore, we find some of them object to others in saying the presentation in one place. Among the points of presentation was the objection of some against one another, and this was evident among some of the admirers of the Noble Qur’an. Whereas we find an Arabist expressing the verse in a way, in which he says the introduction, as another Arabist objects to it and rejects this presentation. On the pretext, that saying the introduction violates the grammatical rule.

توهیمات أبی حیان للنحویین فی منهج السالک فی الکلام على ألفیة ابن مالک - جمعٌ ودراسةٌ

الملخص : تناول هذا البحث ظاهرة توهيم أبي حيان للنحويين في شرحه ألفية ابن مالک المسمى بـ(منهج السالک في الکلام على ألفية ابن مالک)، وقد تنوعت بين توهيمات في الآراء والمذاهب النحوية، أو في نسبة رأي إلى عالم، أو في حکاية إجماع عن النحويين، أو إيهام کلام لعالم ما خلاف المراد منه. وتکتسب دراسة هذه التوهيمات أهميتها من المکانة العلمية البارزة لکل من الناظم والشارح، وأن أبا حيان لم يسبق إلى معظم هذه التوهيمات، وتأثير أبي حيان في الخالفين؛ إذ تابعوه في أکثرها. وقد هدفت هذه الدراسة إلى الوقوف على أسباب هذه التوهيمات، وطرق أبي حيان في التوهيم، وبيان مدى إصابته فيها. ومن أبرز نتائج هذه الدراسة: - أن أبا حيان کان يسمي من يوهمه غالبا. - أن أکثر النحويين الذيين وهمهم أبو حيان في منهج السالک هو ابن عصفور، ثم ابن مالک، ثم الجزولي. - أن التوهيمات الواردة في منهج السالک انحصرت في عدد من الأبواب النحوية مذکورة في البحث. - أن أبا حيان کان مصيبا في توهيمه للنحويين في جميع المسائل الواردة في هذا البحث عدا مسألة واحدة. Abstract The title of the research: (Abu Hayyan's delusions for grammarians in ( Manhaj As-salik fi ’l-kalam ala Alfiyyat Ibn Malik - collection and study) - Dr. Ahmed Mohammed Al-Jundi. This research deals with the phenomenon of Abi Hayyan’s delusion of grammarians in his commentary at Alfiyyat Ibn Malik called ( Manhaj As-salik fi ’l-kalam ala Alfiyyat Ibn Malik - collection and study), and it varied between delusions in opinions and grammatical doctrines, or in the ratio of opinion to a scholar, or in the unanimous tale of grammarians, or Illusory speech to a scholar other than what it intended. The study of these delusions gains its importance from the prominent scholarly position of both the Regulateser and the commentator, and that Abu Hayyan no one preceded him to most of these delusions, and the influence of Abu Hayyan on those who came after him. They followed him in most of them. This study aimed to find out the causes of these delusions, and Abu Hayyan's methods of delusion, and to show the extent of his accurate it is. Among the most prominent results of this study: - That Abu Hayyan used to mention the name of those who delude him often. - That the grammarians most delusions to Abu Hayyan in Manhaj As-salik is Ibn Osfour, then Ibn Malik, then Al-Juzzouli. - The illusions mentioned in the Manhaj As-salik are limited to several grammatical chapters mentioned in the research. - That Abu Hayyan was correct in his delusion of grammarians in all the issues mentioned in this research except for one issue..

AlMalaqi grammatical opinions in Mughni Al-Labib's Book: A linguistic descriptive study

This paper is concerned with studying Al-Maliqi’s grammatical opinions, which mentioned in Mughni al-Labib by Ibn Hisham Al-Ansari, as it deals with the study six grammatical opinions mentioned by Ibn Hisham explicitly to al-Mulqi, these opinions came in a sequence according to the way they were presented in the book, and they were discussed by showing the opinion of Al-Maliqi, then Ibn Hisham, and the researcher's opinion. The study concluded that Ibn Hisham was not an imitation of one of the grammatical doctrines. Based on grammatical principles; Especially the origin of hearing, Ibn Hisham took frequent Quranic readings, and considered the noble prophetic hadith, and poetry in the ages of his protest, and he was not imitating a particular school, but rather brought together these schools, and came out with some opinions about it. Based on the results, a number of recommendations and proposals were presented.

منهج التقعید النحویّ فی المذاهب النحویَّة (دراسة وصفیّة نحویّة)

المستخلص: سوف تحاول هذه الدراسة إمعان النظر في مناهج التقعيد النحوي في المذاهب النحوية المختلفة ؛ محاولة کشف اتجاهات المدارس النحوية في عملية وضع قواعد النحو ورسم ضوابطها ، وسوف تدلف إلى مناحي إفادة المذهب اللاحق من المذهب السابق أو المذاهب السابقة له . ولعل الذي دفع للتطرق لهذا الموضوع حاجة الدرس النحوي إلى کشف الستار عن طرق هذه المدارس النحوية في عملية التقعيد ؛ إذ يمکن لهذا الأمر أن يعطي إشارات لطبيعة اختلافات آراء العلماء النحويين في المسائل النحوية المختلفة والذي نجده متناثرا في المصنفات العديدة ، خاصة بين المذهبين الأولين (البصري والکوفي) ، وقد تظهر الدراسة بعض الحقائق عن جوانب من اجتماع علماء کل منهج من المناهج الثلاث المتأخرة ( البغدادي والأندلسي والمصري ) على بعض الرؤى النحوية التي تصلح لأن يوسم بها کل مذهب منها . وسوف يتتابع الحديث فيما يلي بدءا من تقديم قصير ، ثم التطرق إلى المذاهب النحوية الخمس البصرية والکوفية والبغدادية والأندلسية والمصرية ومنهج التقعيد النحوي في کل مدرسة ، ويختم بخاتمة يستبين فيها أهم ما توصلت له الدراسة من نتائج وتوصيات . Abstract: this study will attempt to examine the methods of grammatical grammar in various grammatical schools; try to uncover the grammatical schools' tendencies in the process of establishing grammatical rules and charting their disciplines. It will be divided into the following doctrines of the previous doctrine or the previous doctrines. Perhaps this has led to the need to discuss the subject of the need for grammar lesson to reveal the ways of these grammar schools in the process of escalation; it can give signals to the nature of the differences of opinion of grammar scholars in the various grammatical issues, which we find scattered in many works, especially between the two first schools The study may show some facts about the aspects of the meeting of scholars of each of the three late approaches (Baghdadi, Andalusian and Egyptian) on some of the grammatical visions that are suitable to label each doctrine. The speech will be followed by a short introduction, then the five grammatical doctrines, kufiyya, Baghdadiya, Andalusia and Egypt, and the grammatical approach in each school. It concludes by summarizing the main findings and recommendations of the study.

Mytacism in Latin grammarians

Abstract This paper focuses on the different definitions of the so-called mytacism in Latin grammarians (from the early imperial period to twelth-century treatises), starting from an assessment of the textual basis of their statements. Mytacism is a vitium orationis which affects the phonetic realization of the final group vowel + [m] when followed by another vowel; mytacism also raises various phonetic and rhetorical issues such as weakening of the sound [m], nasalization of the preceding vowel, elision and hiatus. Two competing theories in modern scholarship (weak nasal consonant versus nasalized vowel) try to explain the pronunciation of the final group vowel+[m] followed by another vowel; however, ancient grammar does not possess a theoretical and terminological framework stringent enough to give an accurate phonetic description of this sound. Finally, the paper argues that mytacism is a linguistic mistake associated with the ancient perception of word boundary; its varying definitions allow us to recognize at least an elementary “phonological awareness” in ancient grammatical doctrines.

The articulus according to Latin grammarians up to the early Middle Ages: The complex interplay of tradition and innovation in grammatical doctrine

Ancient Greek grammar, and in particular its parts-of-speech system, provided the conceptual and terminological basis for the description of the Latin language. This transfer caused a number of (sub)categorial “frictions”, due to the structural differences that exist between both languages. A specific instance is that of the article, ἄρθρον or articulus, which was considered (part of) a separate part of speech in Greek, but which is absent from Latin. In this paper we discuss the views and comments expressed on this issue by Latin grammarians up to the early Middle Ages. While some of the grammarians deny that there is an article in Latin, others state that it does exist, but that it does not “count” as a separate part of speech, or that it is “substituted for” with the demonstrative pronoun. Their comments are illustrative (a) of the various adaptive strategies followed in the “bargaining situation” constituted by the projection of the Greek partsof-speech system upon the Latin language; (b) of transformations undergone by the Graeco-Latin grammatical legacy in late Antiquity and the early Middle Ages; and (c) of a push chain of changes in the anaphoric-deictic (sub)system of Latin pronouns.

A Trace of Similarity within Even Greater Dissimilarity

This article readdresses the Przywara-Barth controversy concerning analogia entis. The main point of our analysis is the question of whether the concept of analogy presented by Erich Przywara was in line with the classical Aristotelian-Thomistic definition and use of analogy in theistic predication. First, we ask about Przywara’s strong conviction that analogy is primarily a metaphysical and not merely a grammatical doctrine. Secondly, after presenting the complexity of Aquinas’ notion of analogy, as well as the variety of opinions on this subject among his commentators, we analyze (1) the objectives of Przywara’s view of analogia entis, (2) his grounding it in the terminology taken from the typology offered by Cajetan and juxtaposing analogia proportionalitatis and analogia atributionis, and (3) his introduction of the concept of “a new ‘attributive analogy’” proceeding from above to below and sustaining the tension within analogia entis. We show that Przywara remained a faithful student and interpreter of Thomas, where this makes Barth’s accusation that the Catholic doctrine of analogia entis puts God and creatures on a common plane of being unjustified.

Die arabische Sprachwissenschaft: Ein Vergleich zwischen den Basra und Kufa Schulen

Arabic Linguistics: A comparison between the Basra and Kufa Shools
 Arabic linguistics developed in the medieval period, it also has its place in the historiography of linguistics. Arabs were concerned with language and grammar such as lexicology, lexicography, phonetics and phonology; Arabic linguistics was marked by great scholars like EL Farahidi, EL Douali, Sibawayh, Ibn El Djini and other linguists. There were Arabic grammar schools like Basra and Kufa which have different opinions. There have been debates and controversies concerning both schools Basra and Kufa in order to discuss their principles of Arabic Grammar. Most scholars claimed that Basra and Kufa were the two schools permanently rivaling each other. This paper is concerned with history of Arabic Linguistics through comparative insights on the approaches adopted by the Kufa and Basra schools. They do, indeed, have two differing linguistic and grammatical approaches. The school of Basra was generally more philosophical when it comes to formulating the system of Arabic grammar while the school of Kufa based its assumptions on evidence drawn from classical texts. However, though Basra school referred more to analogy does not mean that Kufa school did not also refer to linguistic corpora in classical texts. It can be concluded, then, that the differences between the two grammatical schools were terminological at best, but mostly fictitious, the essential criterion for belonging to either school was being one's background rather than the adaptation of a particular grammatical doctrine; if not even the two schools were subsequently created as a myth that could be excellently exploited for personal purposes.

A propósito de las fuentes gramaticales francesas en la Gramática general española de J. Gómez Hermosilla (Madrid, 1841)

Resumen En este artículo nuestra finalidad ha sido evaluar, desde el punto de vista de la doctrina gramatical, los Principios de Gramática General (1841 [1835]) de José Mamerto Gómez Hermosilla (1771–1837), calibrar las aportaciones de sus fuentes francesas – Beauzée, Condillac y Destutt de Tracy – y describir cómo se utilizaron éstas. El método para tal fin ha consistido en contrastar de forma precisa la macroorganización, así como la teoría sobre el sustantivo, en las obras francesas mencionadas y en la española. Nuestro propósito era un mejor conocimiento de la recepción y de la adaptación en España de lo que se puede llamar genéricamente Gramática general. El estudio nos ha permitido destacar que J. M. Gómez Hermosilla se sirvió de sus fuentes francesas con originalidad.

Zur Grammatik in Paris, Bibl. nat. MS lat. 7491

Paris, Bibliothèque nationale, MS. lat. 7491, contains a Latin grammatical tract with close affinities to the texts discussed in Der hibernolateinische Grammatiker Malsachanus and in the well-known Expossitio Latinitatis of the Anonymus ad Cuimnanum (ed. by Bischoff and Löftsedt in 1992). Many of the unusual linguistic forms of the previously discussed texts are here confirmed, and the Paris tract identified as another source for the study of Hiberno-Latin grammatical doctrine in the early middle ages.

A Thirteenth-Century Interpretation of Aristotle on Equivocation and Analogy

This paper is a case study of how a few short lines in two of Aristotle’s logical works were read in the thirteenth century. I shall begin with a quick look at Aristotle’s own remarks about equivocation in the Categories and the Sophistical Refutations, as they were transmitted to the West by Boethius’s translations. I shall continue with an analysis of the divisions of equivocation and analogy to be found in an anonymous commentary, on the Sophistical Refutations written in Paris between 1270 and 1280. I have chosen this author’s work to focus on, because it offers a remarkably full account which brings together the elements found in many other logical works from the second half of the thirteenth century. In the course of my analysis I shall attempt to show the part played by four different sources: (1) the Greek commentators of late antiquity; (2) the new translations of Aristotle’s Physics and Metaphysics; (3) the reception of Arabic works, particularly the commentaries of Averroes; and (4) new grammatical doctrines, notably that of modi significandi. At the same time, I hope to throw some light on the development of the doctrine of analogy as it was understood by late thirteenth-century logicians.

‘Grammaticus ludens’: Theological Aspects of Langland's Grammatical Allegory

The grammatical allegory of Piers Plowman C, Passus 3, has aptly been designated ‘the ugly duckling of the C revision.’ Since Skeat's day the passage has been described as ‘tedious and puerile,’ ‘irrelevant,’ ‘unintelligible and barren of all interest.’ More recently, John Alford's admirable article on the history of grammatical metaphor has situated the passage in a long literary tradition, and thus opened the way for an appreciation of its virtues, however strange they may seem to moderns. From the goliardic song to the sermon, from venality-satire to the Donatus moralizatus, authors throughout the Middle Ages built wordplays and metaphors, sometimes extended ones, on the technical terms of Latin grammar. For the medieval preacher, various kinds of pride go before a casus, or fall: pride of name (nominative), pride of descent (genitive), pride of wealth and munificence (dative), and so on; for the goliard, one becomes genitivus as a result of too much bedroom conjugation For Langland's grammatical allegory, though, critics have had less success explaining the use of grammatical terms and doctrines. Alford gives a brief five-page treatment to the passage, focusing mainly on the analogy between grammatical rules and the rule of law; although he aptly notes the punning use of terms such as ‘kynde’ for the Incarnation and ‘case’ for a legal suit, he does not address the use of ‘relacion rect and indirect’ or ‘adiectyf and sustantyf’ around which the passage is built. On the other hand, the article which gives the most detailed explanation of Langland's grammatical doctrines still has trouble relating them to the exempla of husband and wife, master and laborer, and son and servant, and even to the key notions of meed and mercede, confessing in places that ‘Conscience's precise intentions must remain a mystery.’

Norma, Uso Y Autoridad En La Teoría Lingüística Del Siglo XVI

Summary The paper discusses the significance of the concepts of ‘norm’ and ‘usage’ in the linguistic debate in 16th-century Spain. The understanding of what should be accepted as ‘norm’ and what as ‘(grammatical) correctness’ was far from uniform in that period. The concept of ‘authority’ with regard to these questions reveals various interpretations; it is by no means a simple transfer of a Latin classicist model. The authority on what should be regarded as ‘standard’ in the 16th-century discussion appears to have been established along the lines of the importance given to ‘usage’ and the meaning that each grammarian attached to this term. In this paper, altogether three positions are identified: (1) A number of scholars support the Quintilian codification and maintain the classical tradition; (2) others do not recognize any other authority but that of ‘common usage’, understood as the linguistic habits of the speakers, either in terms of a speech community (Valdés), or in terms of the individual speaker (Aldrete), and 3) those who consider ‘reason’, i.e., logic, as the sole principle guiding both grammatical doctrine and linguistic usage (Sanctius).

The grammatical doctrine of the Real Acadedemia Española (1854)

Summary The Grammar of the Real Academia Española (1713) constitutes one of the fundamental chapters of Spanish linguistic thought. It is a required point of reference for all grammarians and has decisively influenced the evolution of grammatical thought. Therefore, the continuing importance of theoretical contributions of Academic bodies is stressed precisely at the present historical moment, in which the most significant progress in linguistic theory may accrue from the process of permanent critical revision of the past. The Grammatical doctrine of 1854 has been chosen as the object of this study for two reasons, both of which derive from the fact that this doctrine constitutes a modification of that of 1771. On the one hand, two periods in the history of linguistics (the 18th century and the beginning of the 19th) can be compared. On the other hand, we may discover to what extent theoretical and practical aspects concur in the two texts. This factor is of great importance since the instrumental nature of all grammar depends on the adaptation of these two aspects. An attempt is made to illustrate both publications by locating historical-cultural points of reference of the period in order to arrive at an objective evaluation of the significance of this doctrine. However, to attain such a goal, the work is analyzed in terms of the work’s original setting, its nature and its aims. The formal structure of the grammar is analyzed and the contents corresponding to the theory are carefully examined. We may deduce from this study that the doctrine of 1854 may be considered ‘traditional grammar’, due to the normativism and logical-grammatical parallelism which underlie its contents as well as the rational method advocated as the criterion which determines the majority of the definitions. For these reasons, the doctrine of 1854 is far removed from the earlier theoretical position stated in the 1771 grammar; it can be inscribed in the category of philosophical grammars of the 19th century. Furthermore, it is argued that the complete edifice of current Spanish grammar is built upon these foundations. Then, the present state of grammar cannot be understood by a simple face-lifting. The grammatical mould is made of many centuries of reflection on the same subjects. To ignore it would be foolhardy. Therefore it is argued that we must return to the foundations where we will find the indelible data which will assist us in interpreting the ever ephemeral present on which future grammars will inevitably be erected, erected.

L'ellipse chez Apollonius Dyscole

JEAN LALLOT: Ellipsis in Apollonius Dyscolos. Ellipsis and pleonasm are viewed as symmetrical with respect to a middle state, normal discourse. In this pathological view of language, the trouble may be considered mild because excess and lack are properties of the signifiant only, while the signifié remains unaffected. Diagnosing ellipsis implies a grammatical doctrine, which is based on the notion of the internaI rationality of language -as the middle state does not coincide with piûse usage. Exaroples of ellipsis and function of the contexte

A Trace of Similarity within Even Greater Dissimilarity

This article readdresses the Przywara-Barth controversy concerning analogia entis. The main point of our analysis is the question of whether the concept of analogy presented by Erich Przywara was in line with the classical Aristotelian-Thomistic definition and use of analogy in theistic predication. First, we ask about Przywara’s strong conviction that analogy is primarily a metaphysical and not merely a grammatical doctrine. Secondly, after presenting the complexity of Aquinas’ notion of analogy, as well as the variety of opinions on this subject among his commentators, we analyze (1) the objectives of Przywara’s view of analogia entis, (2) his grounding it in the terminology taken from the typology offered by Cajetan and juxtaposing analogia proportionalitatisand analogia atributionis, and (3) his introduction of the concept of “a new ‘attributive analogy’”, proceeding form above to below and sustaining the tension within analogia entis. We show that Przywara remained a faithful student and interpreter of Thomas, which makes Barth’s accusation that the Catholic doctrine of analogia entisputs God and creatures on a common plane of being, unjustified.