Grammatical Categories Of Number Research Articles

THEMES OF GRAMMATICAL FORMS IN THE NOMINATIVE SYSTEM

<p><span>The grammatical phenomenon of transforming a grammatical form into a new topic, as a representative form of speech or as a topic within a paradigm, we will call grammatical thematization. This phenomenon has been quite widespread in the historical development of the morphological structure of Albanian language. It is spread throughout the morphological system of variable parts of speech. Thematizations of grammatical forms are new linguistic states obtained for psychological, social, and linguistic reasons. In the noun system, the most numerous and obvious cases of thematization of grammatical forms are observed in the grammatical category of number. The most common process has been to use many grammatical plural forms as singular. These conversions from the plural form to the singular are generally called singularized plurals. Due to the occurrence of this phenomenon in different periods - often even in very old periods - they have completely replaced the singular and formed a new plural. The thematization of grammatical forms should not only be ascertained but should also be followed historically. However, the paper deals with special issues that can serve as a starting point for further studies and in-depth studies.</span></p><p><span><strong>Keywords:</strong> Thematization, grammatical form, noun system, grammatical category.</span></p>

THEMES OF GRAMMATICAL FORMS IN THE NOMINATIVE SYSTEM

The grammatical phenomenon of transforming a grammatical form into a new topic, as arepresentative form of speech or as a topic within a paradigm, we will call grammatical thematization. Thisphenomenon has been quite widespread in the historical development of the morphological structure ofAlbanian language. It is spread throughout the morphological system of variable parts of speech.Thematizations of grammatical forms are new linguistic states obtained for psychological, social, and linguisticreasons. In the noun system, the most numerous and obvious cases of thematization of grammatical forms areobserved in the grammatical category of number. The most common process has been to use many grammaticalplural forms as singular. These conversions from the plural form to the singular are generally calledsingularized plurals. Due to the occurrence of this phenomenon in different periods - often even in very oldperiods - they have completely replaced the singular and formed a new plural. The thematization ofgrammatical forms should not only be ascertained but should also be followed historically. However, the paperdeals with special issues that can serve as a starting point for further studies and in-depth studies.

Infixation in the Americas: A Cross-Linguistic Survey

This article gives an overview of American infixes, with a focus on their morphosyntactic properties. A large-scale survey of both North and South American languages reveals several patterns, such as: (i) infixes fall within one of five categories, number, person, tam, voice/valency, and word formation; (ii) infixes usually have non-infixal allomorphs and are generally highly restricted in their distribution; (iii) few languages have more than one infix; (iv) a conspicuous number of infixes contain a glottal consonant. An attempt is made to explain morphosyntactic patterns with respect to the diachronic origin of infixes. It is concluded that the abundance and diversity of American infixes call out for further research on their formal and functional properties. Such studies would promise to inform, for instance, diachronic theories of morphophonology and morphosyntax, accounts of the inflection-derivation continuum, and our understanding of the semantic and grammatical category of number.

Grammatical equivalence of the translation of the novel “Laskar Pelangi” by Andrea Hirata into English through Google Translate

Translation is important in understanding foreign cultures, including the ones exposed in novels. This study aims at investigating the grammatical equivalence of the translation of an Indonesian novel “ Laskar Pelangi ” by Andrea Hirata into English through Google Translate, from which the data collected. The method was qualitative with content analysis that covered five grammatical categories of number, gender, person, tense and aspect, and voice. The findings indicated the following points; Since Indonesian language has no category of number, most of nouns are translated as singular nouns in English. The third singular persons in Indonesian language, ‘ dia ’ and ‘-nya ” show no sex, the translation depends on the context, otherwise it is translated as a male person. Indonesian words “ kami ” and “ kita ” are translated with “ we / us ”, and the translation indicates no dimensions of familiarity and formality for the first and second singular persons “ saya, aku ” translated by the word “ I / me ”, and “ kau, kamu, anda ” by “ you .” Indonesian language has no tense and aspect, where the verbs do not conjugate to express temporal or aspectual distinctions. It has the equivalence when the text source is written with time. When the source text is passive, the English verbs are written in a passive voice. The translation distortion is related to semantics and grammar. As the conclusion, the grammatical equivalence of the translation of the novel is low.

Functional-semantic field of quantity (number) in systematically different languages

This article studies the problem of the functional-semantic field of quantity (number) in systematically (structurally) different languages. The author analyses various language structures with the meaning of quantity obtained from 18 monolingual and bilingual dictionaries. The peculiarities of the functioning of these structures are recorded based on a continuous sampling from the literary and journalistic works of the English, American, Russian, and Japanese authors. The research considers the ontological category of quantity (number) conceptualizing in a language and being a language category of quantitativeness. The analysis is performed based onliterary and journalistic works, colloquial language. It is established that the category of quantity (number) is essential for all the languages studied. The grammatical category of number is represented through the opposition of singularity and plurality, duality. The functional-semantic field of quantity (number) is represented through four main parameters: composition, measurability, deviation, and state. The research results are that the author discovers that the functional-semantic field of quantity consists of two quantitative macrofields – definite and indefinite.

Numerals in the Mongolian Language

This paper is devoted to the etymology of numerals and classification of numerals in the Buryat language. This paper reveals similarities and differences in the terms “numeral” and “number”. In the linguistic research it is established that numerals in the Mongolian languages have a specific set of grammatical properties which distinguishes them as a significant part of speech. The basis of numerals is their special relation to the grammatical number. Numerals that express the concept of number cannot be correlated with the grammatical category of number. Numerals cannot take plural affixes. The lexical meaning of numerals is associated with the notion of plurality. Numerals can be combined with nouns and identify countable objects.

Comparison of Personal Pronoun between Arabic and Its Indonesian Translation of Koran

The system of pronoun in Indonesian language and Arabic is diverse. This becomes the main consideration of the emergence of the current study. This comparative-descriptive-qualitative study aims at comparing the Indonesian translation of Quran with its Arabic version to differentiate pronouns of both languages in relation to gender (male, female, neutral), grammatical categories of number (singular, plural, dual), and tenses (past, present, and future). Al-Qur’an which is written in Arabic is then compared to the Indonesian translation of it. Moreover, the objects of the research are personal pronouns and the data are all linguistic units consisting of personal pronouns in the Indonesian translation of Quran compared to its Arabic version. The data were collected through content analysis. Then, the comparative and distributional methods were employed to analyze the data. The findings show that in terms of gender, personal pronoun has different translation in the two languages. Indonesian does not distinguish the personal pronoun that refers to male or female, while Arabic does. In terms of quantity, Indonesian first person pronoun kami ‘we’ is commonly used for plural. However in the translated verses, kami ‘we’ refers to both singular and plural. Furthermore, in terms of tenses, Indonesian and Arabic utilize different systems. Indonesian does not distinguish the pronoun in terms of past, present, or future act, while Arabic adjusts the grammatical conformity between the verb and the subject or between the adverb and the subject in relation to number, person, and gender to express an element of tense.

Grammatical number of English nouns in English Learners' Dictionaries

Chinese and English belong to different language families, so they often have different forms of expression. Chinese has no definite grammatical category of number and has almost no number inflection. Plural meaning is usually implied in the syntactic structure or in the context by a bare noun, or is expressed through the plural marker 们 and the numerical adjectives such as many, numerous and each, as well as by quantifiers and reduplications. However, English nouns express number category by inflection as well as by quantifiers at times, so their grammatical number is far more complicated than that of Chinese nouns. From the point of view of grammatical form, English nouns are often considered as countable and uncountable nouns. Uncountable nouns cannot be directly modified by a numeral without unit specification, nor can they be combined with an indefinite article. Thus, cheese is quantified as three slices of cheese. However, uncountable nouns can also be quantified without specifying a unit of measurement, such as much coal. A number of uncountable nouns can be used in the plural form to mean ‘a large amount of’ as in the following example from Longman Dictionary of Contemporary English (hereinafter, LDCE) ‘The ship drifted into Turkish territorial waters’. In such cases, although water is uncountable, it has the plural form. In some cases, native English speakers can turn the theoretical uncountable nouns into countable ones (Landau, 2001). There seems to be no absolute boundary between countable and uncountable nouns.

Gothic Relative Clauses Introduced by and Revisited

The Gothic invariant relativizers and have been analyzed in different ways. Von der Gabelentz and Loebe (1836/1846), Harbert (1992), Klinghardt (1877), and Streitberg (1910) treated and as indeclinable relative particles. Musić (1929) and Wright (1954), on the other hand, regarded them as relative pronouns. The present study shows that in the attested Gothic, and do not form a symmetric system with the opposition of gender. In addition, and appear to lack the grammatical categories of number and case applicable to the pronominal relativizers in Gothic and therefore cannot be classified as pronouns. Significantly, the elements and are reserved for certain types of antecedents and constructions, which might indicate that diachronically, they might have been in complementary distribution with relative pronouns, as suggested by Delbrück (1909). Synchronically, however, it is impossible to account for overlapping distribution of the relativizers and , the relative pronoun based on the demonstrative, and the complementizers and .

The Influence of the Grammatical Category of Number on Neuter Nouns in Slovene Dialects

Abstract This paper discusses the gender changes that can take place in neuter nouns in Slovene dialects on the basis of number (singular, plural and dual). Using linguistic geography methods and material collected for the ongoing ‘Slovene Linguistic Atlas’ (SLA), the forms of a selected neuter noun are presented on three linguistic maps, which show the geographical spread of the gender changes. The paper also draws a comparison with earlier syntheses of these phenomena in Slovene.

Personal collective in Chinese

Plural markers in some languages are quite unlike their Indo-European counterparts in that their use does not depend only on number but also on other considerations (pragmatic, perspective-related and so on). This article gives an insight into how such plurals work, based on a careful analysis of the suffix -men in Mandarin Chinese.The notion of personal collective is what universally underlies the so-called plural of personal pronouns. Benveniste (1966) has shown that in this case pluralization does not amount to an addition or multiplication of elements, but to what he calls ‘amplification of persons’, that is, a collective. In Chinese it is this pronominal plural that has been extended, under certain conditions, to nouns.It is claimed that the occurrence of -men is governed by the conjunction of number (n>1) and person (reference to a subject-origin). Grammatical person is taken to refer to the space (and positions within it) organized around a subject-origin, normally the speaker. -Men requires that entities be related to a human locator who performs the role of the deictic centre and acts as the origin of point of view. The required conditions are by definition met with personal pronouns, which is why -men is obligatory, but are seldom satisfied with nouns, which is why the latter take the suffix only rarely. Most remarkably, when nouns are not reducible to pronouns, the occurrence of -men is associated with a shift in perspective. The group is considered from the point of view of a locator distinct from the speaker, not from that of the speaker. The speaker being essentially free to shift his viewpoint or not, this explains why -men is optional (though not arbitrary) with nouns in such contexts. Note that, all else being equal (n>1), the contrast between N and N-men is not one of number but of point of view (external versus internal point of view). In summary, the suffix operates in all cases with reference to a subject-origin, either the speaker or a protagonist whose point of view is provisionally adopted by the narrator.The case of Chinese, far from being exotic, is a meaningful illustration of the interaction between the grammatical categories of number and person. This study opens up new typological perspectives in terms of grammaticalization of the pronominal versus nominal plural across languages.

Semantic/pragmatic equivalence through formal and motivational shift

Abstract How would translators approach a process in which they have to make decisions on mapping the grammatically enforced regular number mechanism of a language such as English onto a system like Japanese, where there is no regular coding of number in a noun phrase? Utilising the concepts of motivation for representation of number, and of ‘formal-shift’ (Catford, 1965), this paper demonstrates that in spite of the lack of a grammatical category of number, there is a coherent mechanism that expresses number distinction in Japanese, either implicitly or explicitly, and that in order to achieve the full semantic and pragmatic intent expressed in English in terms of the number of referents, translators have quite a complex task in deciding ‘when’ and ‘how’ to mark number in Japanese. The paper shows that the ‘one’ and ‘more than one’ opposition regularly coded in English is interpreted into a more complex system of number conception in Japanese, namely ‘one’, ‘more than one’, ‘collective image’ and ‘unspecified’. It also draws attention to the various linguistic devices used in Japanese to express number distinction outside the scope of a noun phrase. The paper advocates the usefulness of the approach suggested here for examining instances of transfer of meaning between two typologically distinct languages.

More Than One

This paper surveys the grammatical category of number, by which we distinguish groups or sets of two or more similar entities from a singular or solitary entity. The ways in which the English language signifies plurality are reviewed, and irregular and null plurals are identified and classified. The interaction of form and meaning is explored, particularly with respect to collective and mass nouns. Common exceptions to basic grammatical patterns are discussed as well as recurring errors and misunderstandings pertaining to plural forms.

Linguistic typology and reconstruction: The animacy hierarchy and its implications for the Indo-European inflectional number category

Typological considerations have recently come to play an important role in the reconstruction of Proto-Indo-European. This paper explores the use of the so-called animacy hierarchy as a means of illuminating the status of the grammatical category of number in both verbal and nominal paradigms just prior to the dissolution of the Indo-European speech community. Specifically, on the basis of extant data, the animacy hierarchy implies that the late Indo-European conjugational system included a general (first/second/third person) plural marker and that animate nouns, though not inanimate nouns, were regularly inflected for number.

Number/Person Errors in an Information-Processing Perspective: Implications for Form-Focused Instruction

Errors in inflectional morphology have usually been called local on the assumption that they do not interfere with comprehension. Such errors have been considered to be the cause of negative emotional reactions rather than comprehension problems. However, the ESL data presented in this paper show that the grammatical categories of number and person can play an important role in establishing cognitive continuity of textual occurrences (i. e., can have discourse-cohesive functions). In such cases, the number/person errors are not local but global, as they do affect text comprehension. Such global problems point to the cognitive salience of the number/person inflections in some contexts. Because incomplete acquisition of these inflections can be attributed to their being not salient enough on most occasions to capture the selective attention of adult learners, it is likely that we can facilitate their learning by increasing their occurrence in language input contexts that raise their cognitive salience. Doing this will ensure that the feature is noticed and processed for meaning more often, thereby made easier to learn.

DU NOMBRE DANS LA LANGUE CHINOISE : A PROPOS DE -MEN

The grammatical category of number — unmarked singular vs marked plural — is lacking, right from its origin, in the Chinese language. Words used to indicate plurality can be already noticed, however, in documents prior to the Qin dynasty. Later, particles appear which play a similar role after personal pronouns and some nouns. -Men is one of them. Several hypotheses have been put forward about the origin of this suffix, which would date back to five centuries ago. In modern Chinese, -men is used as a plural marker for personal pronouns, which can therefore be said to possess the grammatical category of number. Nouns behave quite differently. While a noun that is marked with -men must be interpreted as "plural", an unmarked noun can be interpreted as either "singular" or "plural". -Men can only be used after both animate and humain nouns that are generally definite and when an indefinite numbering operation is implied ; its presence seems to indicate totality. The Chinese language has other means at its disposal to specify the number of nouns. Consequently, -men is not likely to be more widely used.

Grammatical Function and Russian Stress

Russian stress alternations are usually considered capricious and unrelated to grammatical meanings, but this paper argues that that is true only on the phonemic level. An analysis of such alternations in terms of underlying morphophonemic entities and ordered rules makes it clear (1) that Russian stress shifts are clearly correlated with the grammatical categories of number and case, and (2) that all stress shifts in the Russian substantive can be described by a single alpha-switching rule with varying environmental conditions. By listing the unmarked singular stem in the lexicon, generating the plural stem therefrom, and then generating the several case forms within each number stem, one obtains a simplification of the stress-shift rules and a generalization of their applicability. It is thus shown that a number of Russian words heretofore considered exceptional can all be covered as members of a single class.