Grams Of Water Research Articles

NATURAL HAZARD ELIMINATION USING ELECTROCHEMICAL PROPERTIES – WATER FLOOD

A combination of science is a way to accommodate various effective phenomena that could influence the entire life cycle. Recently, emphasis has been placed on the electrochemical polymerization mechanism that is involved in numerous technological applications, including sensors and detectors. Accordingly, daily promises were raised to eliminate life disasters and alleviate the challenges such as water floods as a part of weather changes, which could cause severe damage to life health explicitly, infrastructure, economic productivity, and much more. The proposal considers the matter via compromising the water overflow as well as eliminating the disaster that would come in no warning time and tackling the climate emergency flooding with the potential of water reclamation and offers scholarly suggestions by the requirements of the scientific approach. The investigation clarified the electromagnetic absorber beside the electrochemical polymerization through engagement in the flooded water track stations and the calculation result shows that 19.73% could be absorbed when using 300 grams of polymer gel capacity in 240 grams of water. Generally, the paper explores the electromagnetic flood disaster and how to address it to build a more secure forthcoming.

Wetting of alginate aerogels, from mesoporous solids to hydrogels: a small-angle scattering analysis

Mesoporous polysaccharide aerogels are versatile functional materials for drug delivery and wound dressing devices. The hydration and wetting of these aerogels control their application-related performance, e.g. the release of encapsulated drugs. Reported here is a detailed small-angle neutron scattering (SANS) analysis of the hydration mechanism of a calcium alginate aerogel, based on mathematical modelling of the scattering. The model accounts for the hierarchical structure of the material comprising a mesoporous structure, the solid skeleton of which is made up of water-swollen polymers. At large scale, the mesoporous structure is modelled as a random collection of elongated cylinders, which grow in size as they absorb water and aggregate. The small-scale inner structure of the skeleton is described as a Boolean model of polymer coils, which captures the progressive transition from a dense dry polymer to a fully hydrated gel. Using known physico-chemical characteristics of the alginate, the SANS data are fitted using the size of the cylinders as the only adjustable parameter. The alginate aerogel maintains a nanometre-scale, albeit altered, structure for low water contents but it collapses into micrometre-sized structures when the water content approaches one gram of water per gram of alginate. In addition to the wetting of aerogels, the model might be useful for the small-angle scattering analysis of the supercritical drying of gels.

Sustainable, Low‐Cost Sorbents Based on Calcium Chloride‐Loaded Polyacrylamide Hydrogels

AbstractSorbents are promising materials for applications in atmospheric water harvesting, thermal energy storage, and passive cooling, thereby addressing central challenges related to water scarcity and the global energy transition. Recently, hygroscopic hydrogel composites have emerged as high‐performance sorbents. However, many of these systems are fabricated with unsustainable and costly sorbent materials, which hinders their wide deployment. Here, the synthesis of high‐performance, cost‐efficient polyacrylamide hydrogels loaded with unprecedented amounts of calcium chloride is demonstrated. To this end, the swelling procedure of polyacrylamide hydrogels in aqueous calcium chloride solutions is optimized. The achievable salt loading in the hydrogel is characterized as a function of temperature, calcium chloride concentration in the swelling solution, and the hydrogel preparation conditions. The obtained hydrogel‐salt composites are shown to be stable under repeated sorption‐desorption cycling and enable water uptakes of 0.92 and 2.38 grams of water per gram of dry materials at 30% and 70% relative humidity, respectively. The resulting cost‐performance ratio substantially exceeds lithium chloride‐based systems. Further, the mechanistic insights on hydrogel salt interactions can guide the design of sustainable and low‐cost sorbent materials for future applications in water and energy.

How the Crosslinker Amount Influences the Final Properties of Hydroxyethyl Methacrylate Cryogels.

The investigation of the mechanical, thermal, and adsorption properties of hydroxyethyl methacrylate (HEMA) cryogels as a function of a reactant ratio is herein reported to better address materials for specific applications. To this aim, cryogels have been synthesized using different monomer/crosslinker (N,N'-methylene-bisacrylamide-MBAA) ratios. The study of SEM images made it possible to identify the trend in the material's macroporosity. As would be expected, the average measured pore width decreased as the amount of MBAA increased while the number of pores grew. Swelling capacity ranges from 8.7 gW/ggel (grams of water per gram of gel) to 9.3 gW/ggel. These values are strictly connected with the pore's size and distribution, revealing that the water uptake for the most crosslinked sample is inferior to other samples. The equilibrium-adsorption capacity (Qe) towards the methylene violet (MV) was also assessed, revealing no remarkable differences after 24 h of a batch test. As expected, thermogravimetric analysis (TGA) also showed no significant changes in stability that ranged from a maximum weight loss temperature (T Max) of 420 °C to 425 °C, which increased as a function of crosslinker content. Conversely, compression strength measurements showed a notable difference of about 50% in modulus (Ec), moving from the higher to the lower HEMA/MBAA ratio. These new comparative results indicate how slight variations in the reactant's ratio can steadily improve the mechanical properties of the HEMA cryogel without affecting its adsorption efficiency. This can be helpful in the design of materials for water and energy purposes. Since swelling properties are needed in the case of biomedical applications, the HEMA/MBAA ratio should be tuned versus high values.

CONTEÚDO DE ÁGUA INTRACELULAR E EXTRACELULAR COM DIETAS DE CARREGAMENTO DE CARBOIDRATOS

ABSTRACT Introduction: In prolonged physical activities, water replacement and muscle glycogen content are limiting factors in marathon runners. Carbohydrate-loading (CHO) in the days prior to endurance competition is a commonly employed method to optimise muscle glycogen stores and optimise exercise performance. Since each gram of muscle glycogen binds ∼2.7-4 grams of water, water retention may occur during carbohydrate-loading diets. Objective: To evaluate differences between CHO loading strategies (Bergström and Sherman) on intracellular (ICW) and extracellular (ECW) water content. Methods: Twenty-three runners were randomly allocated to two interventions (Bergström and Sherman) in a crossover design. Participants underwent a baseline evaluation before 3 days of glycogen depletion followed by 3 days of carbohydrate loading with a washout of 30 days consisting of normal diet and training. Multifrequency bioimpedance (BIS) was used to assess ICW and ECW at Baseline, Post-depletion and Post-CHO to determine any differences between Bergström and Sherman protocols. Blood samples were also obtained to assess potassium levels. Associations between ICW and ECW and muscle glycogen were determined. Results: There were no differences in ICW or ECW content between the two interventions at any moment. There was an effect of time for ICW, with an increase from Post-depletion to Post-CHO without any difference between interventions. Plasma potassium decreased from Baseline to Post-depletion in both conditions. There was no difference in muscle glycogen content between interventions or moments. Conclusion: There were no differences in ICW and ECW content between the Bergström and Sherman interventions at any moment. Level of Evidence I; Tests of Previously Developed Diagnostic Criteria.

CONTEÚDO DE ÁGUA INTRACELULAR E EXTRACELULAR COM DIETAS DE CARREGAMENTO DE CARBOIDRATOS

Introduction: In prolonged physical activities, water replacement and muscle glycogen content are limiting factors in marathon runners. Carbohydrate-loading (CHO) in the days prior to endurance competition is a commonly employed method to optimise muscle glycogen stores and optimise exercise performance. Since each gram of muscle glycogen binds ~2.7-4 grams of water, water retention may occur during carbohydrateloading diets. Objective: To evaluate differences between CHO loading strategies (Bergström and Sherman) on intracellular (ICW) and extracellular (ECW) water content. Methods: Twenty-three runners were randomly allocated to two interventions (Bergström and Sherman) in a crossover design. Participants underwent a baseline evaluation before 3 days of glycogen depletion followed by 3 days of carbohydrate loading with a washout of 30 days consisting of normal diet and training. Multifrequency bioimpedance (BIS) was used to assess ICW and ECW at Baseline, Post-depletion and Post-CHO to determine any differences between Bergström and Sherman protocols. Blood samples were also obtained to assess potassium levels. Associations between ICW and ECW and muscle glycogen were determined. Results: There were no differences in ICW or ECW content between the two interventions at any moment. There was an effect of time for ICW, with an increase from Post-depletion to Post-CHO without any difference between interventions. Plasma potassium decreased from Baseline to Postdepletion in both conditions. There was no difference in muscle glycogen content between interventions or moments. Conclusion: There were no differences in ICW and ECW content between the Bergström and Sherman interventions at any moment. Level of Evidence I; Tests of Previously Developed Diagnostic Criteria.

Experimental investigation of various burner heads in residential gas stoves tested with hydrogen and natural gas blends

The current study is designed to investigate the effect of five different burner head geometries of gas stoves. The amounts of heat required for boiling 380 grams of water in a pot for a stove for these several burner heads are measured. The flow rates are set to be 3 L/min and 6 L/min for experimental tests. These experimental results show that the burner head with three lateral sets of holes and two circular sets of holes at the top gives the minimum heating time when burning natural gas alone. Once the hydrogen-natural gas mixture is used, the burner head with one lateral and three top circular sets of holes shows the best performance among others regarding heating time. The effect of the flow rate increase is also investigated. Once the flow rate doubles, the burner head with three lateral sets of holes offers the best performance. Based on the findings of the experiments, it can be said that burner heads with lateral sets of holes operate better than other geometries. When natural gas is utilized as fuel, it is observed that the burner head with three lateral sets of holes and two circular sets of holes at the top provided a 12% reduction in heating time compared to the conventional burner head. For the natural gas and hydrogen blends, the conventional burner head achieves the best in terms of heating time.

59 Dietary Fiber Source and Stage of Gestation Impact Water Balance and Fecal Physicochemical Properties of Sows

Abstract Providing soluble fiber in sow diets is known to increase satiety, reduce incidences of constipation, and decrease the rate of assisted farrowings due to its physicochemical properties. However, fiber sources commonly used in U.S. sow diets have negligible solubility and water holding capacity, but carbohydrases may improve these characteristics. The objective of this experiment was to evaluate the impact of soluble fiber from sugar beet pulp, insoluble fiber from corn DDGS, and carbohydrase supplementation on water balance and fecal physicochemical properties of sows at mid- and late-gestation. A total of 36 confirmed gestating sows (186 ± 4.6 kg BW) were blocked by parity and randomly assigned to a 2×2 factorial arrangement of treatments on d 28 of gestation (n = 8) with factors of fiber type [insoluble (IF; 355 g/d) or soluble fiber (SF; 98 g/d)] and enzyme supplementation (Rovabio Advance P10; Adisseo, Antony, France). Diets were fed from d 28 to 109 of gestation at a feeding level of 2.1 kg (SID-Lys 11 g/d and 4.5 NE-Mcal/d). Two 8-d periods of metabolism collections took place on d 50-59 (mid-) and 99-108 (late-) of gestation. Fresh fecal samples were taken from each sow on d 1 of each collection period and water balance was measured from d 4-7. Daily water allowance was set at 80 mL/kg of BW per day. Data were analyzed as repeated records using a linear mixed model with block as a random effect, and fiber type, enzyme supplementation, and period and their interactions as fixed effects. Daily water allowance was used as a covariate where appropriate. No interactions were observed among the main effects (P > 0.63), and there was no effect of enzyme supplementation on water balance or fecal physicochemical properties measured (P > 0.13). Sows fed SF had an increase ratio of grams of water excreted per gram of fecal DM (1.73 vs 1.96 g/g; Fiber P = 0.002) and had 76.6% greater fecal water binding capacity than those fed IF (5.18 vs. 9.15; Fiber P = 0.044). Irrespective of diet, sows in late gestation excreted 14.9% more water per g of DM in their feces (Period P < 0.001) and had increased fecal water binding capacity (5.02 vs 9.67%: Period P = 0.035). In late gestation, urine output increased by 30.5% (1182 vs 1543 mL/d; Period P=0.028) and estimated fecal moisture output increased by 12.3% (367 vs 412 mL/d; Period P = 0.015). Urine specific gravity increased by 0.6% in late gestation (1.00 vs 1.01 g/ml; Period P = 0.047). Sows fed SF had 22.3% less urine output (P = 0.045) but 21.8% more estimated fecal moisture output (P = 0.048). With decreased urine output and increased fecal moisture, these data suggest that there is a repartitioning of water, with greater water retention in the gastrointestinal tract of sows fed SF and during late gestation.

Use Of Papaya Fruit (Carica Papaya L) As A Stunting Prevention Effort

According to WHO, the prevalence of short toddlers becomes a public health problem if the prevalence is 20% or more. From the PSG results data in 2017, the prevalence of stunting in NTB Province was 37.2% higher than the national average of 29.6%. , 29 %. For the highest stunting prevalence in Sumbawa Regency, which is 41.9%, followed by Central Lombok 39.9%, Dompu 38.3%, Mataram City 37.8%, North Lombok 37.6%, Bima 36.6%, Bima City 36 .3%, West Lombok 36.1% and East Lombok 35.1%. The method used in this study is quantitative, which is to find out an accurate picture of the utilization or use of papaya fruit (Carica Papaya L). The population in this study were mothers who had children aged 1 -5 years. In this study, it can be concluded that most of the mothers under five have used papaya fruit (Carica Papaya L) as a stunting prevention. Based on the results of the study it can be concluded that most of the sex of toddlers is male by 56 (54%) and most of the mothers of toddlers have used papaya fruit by 77 (54%). In 100 grams of papaya fruit contains 450 milligrams, vitamin A, 74 milligrams of vitamin C, 86.6 grams of water, 0.5 grams of protein and 0.7 grams of fiber. The content contained in papaya fruit can increase appetite in toddlers so that it affects weight gain.

Studies on Lignite Quality Depending on Storage Conditions

Abstract A small increase in the relative humidity in the air in a coal deposit can cause a 1% increase in the moisture content of the deposit resulting in the probability of spontaneous ignition. By depositing the freshly extracted coal over the coal already in the deposit, there is a direct contact between the two surfaces that have different characteristics in terms of physical and chemical properties, so that the latter acts as a primer. The coal with a higher temperature gives up the excess temperature to the coal with a lower temperature, thus initiating the formation of self-heating nuclei followed by self-ignition ones. The phenomenon is easy to observe in the colder periods of the season and especially usually after rain, when the vapors resulting from the exchange of temperature between the two types of coal are released into the atmosphere. The common cause is the movement of water vapor through the deposit correlated with the adsorption on the coal granules. The heat of condensation of vapor at storage temperature is about 580 cal./gram of water. Condensing the amount of water required to increase the content from 3% of the weight of the coal to 4% leads to an increase in the temperature of the coal by more than 170C. This increase in temperature is sufficient to increase the oxidation rate by 5 times.

Moisture Content and Aromatic Compounds Determination in Transformer Oil Using Spectral Method

During operation, resulting from the thermochemical and electrical effects, the performance of the transformer oil decreases due to the measurement of the structural group composition. An increase in the content of the aromatic hydrocarbons leads to the appearance of a precipitate, and as well as due to its hygroscopicity, an increase in the moisture content. The latter is one of the transformer oil parameters that determines its quality. In power equipment, the presence of moisture of the order of 10 grams of water per ton of oil is allowed. At elevated water concentrations, there is a risk of the power transformers’ failure. The aim of the work was to develop new methods for determining the aromatic compounds and water contents in the transformer oil in small quantities. This goal was achieved by conducting spectral studies of the transformer oil samples in the UV range and constructing correlation lines to determine the moisture content and concentration of aromatic compounds. The most significant result of the article was the establishment of correlations between the optical density of the transformer oil in the region of 530 nm and the concentration of aromatic compounds and between the optical density in the region of 980 nm and moisture content in the oil. The significance of the obtained results lies in the fact that the optical method for determining the moisture content and aromatic hydrocarbons in transformer oils, using the constructed correlation lines, is highly accurate and does not require the use of additional reagents and complex calculations.

A comparative genomics examination of desiccation tolerance and sensitivity in two sister grass species

Desiccation tolerance is an ancient and complex trait that spans all major lineages of life on earth. Although important in the evolution of land plants, the mechanisms that underlay this complex trait are poorly understood, especially for vegetative desiccation tolerance (VDT). The lack of suitable closely related plant models that offer a direct contrast between desiccation tolerance and sensitivity has hampered progress. We have assembled high-quality genomes for two closely related grasses, the desiccation-tolerant Sporobolus stapfianus and the desiccation-sensitive Sporobolus pyramidalis Both species are complex polyploids; S. stapfianus is primarily tetraploid, and S. pyramidalis is primarily hexaploid. S. pyramidalis undergoes a major transcriptome remodeling event during initial exposure to dehydration, while S. stapfianus has a muted early response, with peak remodeling during the transition between 1.5 and 1.0 grams of water (gH2O) g-1 dry weight (dw). Functionally, the dehydration transcriptome of S. stapfianus is unrelated to that for S. pyramidalis A comparative analysis of the transcriptomes of the hydrated controls for each species indicated that S. stapfianus is transcriptionally primed for desiccation. Cross-species comparative analyses indicated that VDT likely evolved from reprogramming of desiccation tolerance mechanisms that evolved in seeds and that the tolerance mechanism of S. stapfianus represents a recent evolution for VDT within the Chloridoideae. Orthogroup analyses of the significantly differentially abundant transcripts reconfirmed our present understanding of the response to dehydration, including the lack of an induction of senescence in resurrection angiosperms. The data also suggest that failure to maintain protein structure during dehydration is likely critical in rendering a plant desiccation sensitive.

On the vibrational free energy of hydrated proteins

When the hydration shell of a protein is filled with at least 0.6 gram of water per gram of protein, a significant anti-correlation between the vibrational free energy and the potential energy of energy-minimized conformers is observed. This means that low potential energy, well-hydrated, protein conformers tend to be more rigid than high-energy ones. On the other hand, in the case of CASP target 624, when its hydration shell is filled, a significant energy gap is observed between the crystal structure and the best conformers proposed during the prediction experiment, strongly suggesting that including explicit water molecules may help identifying unlikely conformers among good-looking ones.

Determination of Moisture Content of Insulating Oils by CoCl2

Moisture content is one of the parameters of transformer oil that determine its quality. This parameter is one of the most critical, which is closely monitored. During the operation of transformer oil in the power equipment of electric power systems, about 10 grams of water per ton of oil is allowed, i.e. the permissible proportion of water is 10 ppm (ppm). The aim of the work is to develop a new method for determining the permissible proportion of water in transformer oil in small quantities. This goal is achieved by performing spectral studies of transformer oil samples in the UV and visible range with the addition of cobalt (II) chloride (CoCl2) powder. Сobalt (II) chloride has the ability to change its color depending on the amount of water of crystallization. The most significant result of the article is the conclusion, obtained on the basis of the recorded spectra, about the relationship between the optical density of the spectrum in the range of 360-490 nm and the moisture content of transformer oil when adding cobalt chloride powder. The significance of the results obtained is that the authors have proposed a new optical method for determining small values of the proportion of water in transformer oils, based on the dependence of the optical properties of cobalt (II) chloride on moisture content.This method has a very high sensitivity, low cost for determining the proportion of water and is very promising for solving problems of power energy.

Dissolution of condensed tannin powder-based polyphenolic compound in water-glycerol-acid solution

Dissolution of polyphenolic compounds from condensed tannins powder from wattle species was carried out using water-glycerol mixtures and sulfuric acid (H2SO4) as a catalyst. The study focused on parameters that can be adjusted to maximize the dissolution. The parameters of the dissolution process (mass of glycerol, mass of tannin powder, temperature and stirring time) were screened using a one factor at a time (OFAT) technique, while the optimum conditions were obtained using response surface methodology (RSM). Effects of the mass of glycerol, mass of tannin powder, temperature, and stirring time used on the percentage of dissolved tannin residue was apparent. The amount of undissolved tannin was used as the direct measurement in this study since there is no established method available to test tannin dissolution in water-glycerol-acid solution. The result from RSM based on 30 experimental sets showed that the lowest undissolved tannin powder value was 10% when 75 grams of tannin powder was mixed with 13.56 grams of glycerol, 86.44 grams of water, and 1.00 grams of sulphuric acid, at 75 °C temperature and 44.13 minutes stirring time.

Pectin–glycerol gel beads: Preparation, characterization and swelling behaviour

Low methyl-esterified pectin (AU701) was found to form gel beads with glycerol. Wet AU701-glycerol gel beads exhibited similar diameter and hardness compared to the AU701-Ca gel beads, prepared by ionotropic gelation with Ca2+ and used for comparison. The morphology of dry pectin gel beads determined by scanning electron microscopy revealed that the beads exhibited rough and grooved surface. The AU701-glycerol gel beads absorbed more grams of water than AU701-Ca gel beads (12.2 g vs 3.9 g per 1 g of the beads). Rheological properties and hardness of the AU701-glycerol gel beads improved with the increase of the pectin/glycerol ratio. Swelling behavior of the AU701-glycerol gel beads was determined after sequential incubation in simulated gastric (SGF) and intestinal (SIF) fluids. The AU701-glycerol gel beads swelled in SGF to a greater extent and revealed higher stability in SIF than the gel beads cross-linked by Ca2+.

Hybrid Drying of Murraya koenigii Leaves: Energy Consumption, Antioxidant Capacity, Profiling of Volatile Compounds and Quality Studies

This study aims to reduce the amount of specific energy consumed during the drying of fresh Murraya koenigii leaves by comparing four drying methods: (1) convective hot-air drying (CD; 40, 50 and 60 °C); (2) single-stage microwave-vacuum drying (MVD; 6, 9 and 12 W/g); (3) two-stage convective hot-air pre-drying followed by microwave-vacuum finishing–drying (CPD-MVFD; 50 °C, 9 W/g); and (4) freeze-drying as a control in the analysis sections. The drying kinetics were also modelled using thin-layer models. The quality parameters of dried M. koenigii leaves were measured including total polyphenolic content (TPC), antioxidant capacity (ABTS and FRAP), profiling of volatile compounds, colour analysis and water activity analysis. Results showed that CPD-MVFD effectively reduced the specific energy consumption of CD at 50 °C by 67.3% in terms of kilojoules per gram of fresh weight and 48.9% in terms of kilojoules per gram of water. The modified Page model demonstrated excellent fitting to the empirical data obtained. FD showed promising antioxidant activity. The major contributor of antioxidant capacity was TPC. The volatile compounds profiled by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry, namely, β-phellandrene (31%), α-pinene (19.9%), and sabinene (16%) were identified as the major compounds of dried M. koenigii leaves. Colour analysis showed MVD’s high performance in preserving the colour parameters of M. koenigii leaves under all conditions. The colour parameters were correlated to the antioxidant capacity and TPC. Water activity analysis showed that the water activity of M. koenigii leaves for all drying methods indicating that the conditions were microbiologically and shelf-stable. Pearson correlation showed the colour parameters of the leaves had a strong correlation to TPC. Overall, MVD showed promising energy consumption reduction and recovery in TPC and volatile compounds.

Development of Apis cerana District Extractor with innovation of Machinery and Pest control in Kumelembuai Village

This study aims to: 1). Knowing the development of Apis Cerana Honey BeesF.with extractor engine innovation 2). Control of pests that attack honey bees 3). Obtain products from honeybeesApis Cerana F.produced 4). Predict to what extent the quantity and quality of royal jelly products Apis cerana F.produced in the development of beekeeping in North Sulawesi, especially Kumelembuai Village, South Minahasa Regency. This research is expected to develop beekeeping in North Sulawesi, specifically the local bee Apis cerana in Kumelembuai Village. The benefits obtained from beekeeping development activities include increasing the income and nutritional quality of the community from beekeeping products such as honey, pollen, royal jelly, beeswax, propolis, bee venom. Conservation of natural resources, honey bees play an important role in helping the process of pollinating plants, in addition to beekeeping activities can also increase public awareness to participate in conservation efforts. North Sulawesi, especially in the village of Kumelembuai, can be developed using the methodqueen rearing best because it has bright prospects for cultivation in North Sulawesi. Honey bee cultivation is very profitable, in addition to increasing agricultural production (crop yields) and producing products from beesApis cerana namely honey, royal jelly, tepung sari, propolis, wax, bee venom which can all be utilized for human welfare. A number of studies have been carried out by various parties who feel an interest in the development of beekeeping, but the research conducted is still partial and limited to one or two environmental components, not integrated yet. It is hoped that this research can produce the best methods for developing beekeeping in the North Sulawesi kumelembu village. The research location will be conducted in the village of Kumelembuai, South Minahasa regency, North Sulawesi. Laboratory analysis is focused on the content of royal jelly products produced by honey bees Apis cerana F. Based on the results of data analysis and discussion in this study are as follows. 1. Research of the four methods namely Supersedure, Emergency cell, Miller and Doolittle produce superior methods, namely the method Emergency cell. 2. In the methodemergency cell artificial feeds provide queen cell formation and productionroyal jelly with a composition of 100 grams of sugar and 200 grams of water both cane sugar and palm sugar are higher than other treatments, although not significantly different. 3. Artificial feed with a composition of 200 grams of cane sugar and 200 grams of water gives a good effect on the fat content of royal jelly Apis cerana in the method emergency cell. 4. Product of royal jelly as a result of panelist evaluationin this study showed that the preferred odor was not pungent, slightly acidic and sticky taste on the tongue and the white color of the product of royal jelly honey bee Apis cerana

SINTESIS DAN KARAKTERISTIK BATANG TANAMAN RUBIK (CALOTROPIS GIGANTEA) SEBAGAI MATRIKS PLASTIK BIODEGRADABLE

Indonesian people consider the Rubik plant (Calotropis gigantean) is only a wild plants that have no benefits. It is often felled and thrown away. This study was aimed to provide the information the utilized these crops. This research was conducted to determine the ability and characteristics of Rubik stems (Calotropis gigantean) as an addictive substance plasticizer filler, where the rubrik plant was taken at the seaside area of Banda Aceh. Preparation of plasticizers from the filler of this rubric stem was used as an antiseptic and biodegradable plasticizer. The results of FT-IR spectra measurements of the filler plastics of this rubrik plant have a distinct tannin functional group absorption, at 923.850 cm-1 strong buckling numbers were indicated the presence of a potent buckling C-H group due to the presence of the aromatic groups in the tannin compound. For the SEM test, the plasticizer has a porous surface morphology of the outermost layer, this indicates the density of particles smaller than the plasticizer 2 grams of water compared to plasticizer 1 gram of water. The test of biodegradable and Aspergillus Niger fungi on time variations about 10 days were resulted in significant degradation. The rate of degradation with soil was greater than the Aspergillus Niger. Toxicity was used of Escherichia coli bacteria in medium of nutrient agar at 37°C with 48 hours incubation where in plasticizer has antiseptic to Escherichia coli.

Extraordinary water adsorption characteristics of graphene oxide.

The laminated structure of graphene oxide (GO) confers unique interactions with water molecules which may be utilised in a range of applications that require materials with tuneable hygroscopic properties. The precise role of the expandable interlayer spacing and functional groups in GO laminates has not completely been understood to date. Herein, we report the experimental and theoretical investigations on the adsorption and desorption behaviour of water in GO laminates as a function of relative pressure. We observed that GO imparts high water uptake capacity of up to 0.58 gram of water per gram of GO (g g-1), which is significantly higher than silica gel as a conventional desiccant material. More interestingly, the adsorption and desorption kinetics of GO is five times higher than silica gel. The observed extraordinary adsorption/desorption rate can be attributed to the high capillary pressure in GO laminates as well as micro meter sized tunnel-like wrinkles located at the surface.