Gram Of Dry Sample Research Articles

KAJIAN SINTESIS ASAM LEMAK HIDROKSAMAT MENGGUNAKAN MINYAK GORENG BEKAS

Fatty Hydroxamic Acids (FHA) has been successfully synthesized from used cooking oil. The purpose of this research was the enzymatic synthesis of fatty hydroxamic acids from used cooking oil and determine the optimum conditions, which includes three stages of processing, namely the oil preparation stage, the synthesis optimization stage and the characterization stage. At the oil preparation stage, the yield of used cooking oil was 29%. At the optimization stage, the optimum conditions for the synthesis of fatty hydroxamic acids from used cooking oil were at a temperature of 35oC for 25 hours with a ratio of lipase (gram) : hydroxylamine (mmol) equal to 1:500 and the ratio of lipase (gram) : crude bran rice (gram) was equal to 1:75. The number of hydroxamic acid groups in 1 gram of dry sample of fatty hydroxamic acid was 3,16 mmol. Based on the results of the analysis of the color test with Cu (II) and Fe (III), a complex color that is typical for the two metals which obtained with fatty hydroxamic acids, they were green and dark red. Whereas, from the FTIR analysis, the spectrum of the functional groups of hydroxamic acid was obtained.

Highly efficient and reusable CuAu nanoparticles supported on crosslinked chitosan hydrogels as a plasmonic catalyst for nitroarene reduction

The synthesis of CuAu-based monometallic (MNPs) and bimetallic nanoparticles (BNPs) supported on chitosan-based hydrogels for their application as catalysts is presented. The hydrogels consisted of chitosan chains cross-linked with tripolyphosphate (TPP) in the form of beads with an approximate average diameter of 1.81 mm. The MNPs and BNPs were obtained by the adsorption of metallic ions and their subsequent reduction with hydrazine, achieving a metallic loading of 0.297 mmol per gram of dry sample, with average nanoparticle sizes that were found between 2.6 and 4.4 nm. Both processes, metal adsorption and the stabilization of the nanoparticles, are mainly attributed to the participation of chitosan hydroxyl, amine and amide functional groups. The materials revealed important absorption bands in the visible region of the light spectra, specifically between 520 and 590 nm, mainly attributed to LSPR given the nature of the MNPs and BNPs inside the hydrogels. Subsequently, the hydrogels were evaluated as catalysts against the reduction of 4-nitrophenol (4NP) into 4-aminophenol (4AP), followed by UV–visible spectroscopy. The kinetic advance of the reaction revealed important improvements in the catalytic activity of the materials by synergistic effect of BNPs and plasmonic enhancement under visible light irradiation, given the combination of metals and the light harvesting properties of the nanocomposites. Finally, the catalytic performance of hydrogels containing BNPs CuAu 3:1 showed an important selectivity, recyclability and reusability performance, due to the relevant interaction of the BNPs with the chitosan matrix, highlighting the potential of this nanocomposite as an effective catalyst, with a potential environmental application.

Use of Coffee Bean Bagasse Extracts in the Brewing of Craft Beers: Optimization and Antioxidant Capacity.

Coffee bean bagasse is one of the main by-products generated by industrial coffee production. This by-product is rich in bioactive compounds such as caffeine, caffeic and chlorogenic acid, and other phenols. The aims of this work are to optimize the extraction conditions of phenolic compounds present in coffee bean bagasse and incorporate them into stout-style craft beers, as well as to determine their effect on the phenol content and antioxidant capacity. The optimal conditions for extraction were 30% ethanol, 30 °C temperature, 17.5 mL of solvent per gram of dry sample, and 30 min of sonication time. These conditions presented a total phenol content of 115.42 ± 1.04 mg GAE/g dry weight (DW), in addition to an antioxidant capacity of 39.64 ± 2.65 μMol TE/g DW in DPPH• and 55.51 ± 6.66 μMol TE/g DW for FRAP. Caffeine, caffeic and chlorogenic acids, and other minor compounds were quantified using HPLC-DAD. The coffee bean bagasse extracts were added to the stout craft beer and increased the concentration of phenolic compounds and antioxidant capacity of the beer. This work is the first report of the use of this by-product added to beers.

Antiglycation and antioxidant activities of the crude extract and saponin fraction of Tribulus terrestris before and after microcapsule release

ObjectiveThe present study investigated antiglycation and antioxidant activities of crude dry extract and saponin fraction of Tribulus terrestris. It also developed a method of microencapsulation and evaluated antiglycation and antioxidant activities of crude dry extract and saponin fraction before and after microcapsule release. MethodsAntiglycation activity was determined by relative electrophoretic mobility (REM), free amino groups and inhibition of advanced glycation end-product (AGE) formation. Antioxidant activity was determined by 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH), ferric ion-reducing antioxidant power (FRAP), nitric oxide (NO) and thiobarbituric acid reactive species (TBARS) tests. Microcapsules were prepared using maltodextrin as wall material and freeze-drying as encapsulation technique. Morphological characterization of microcapsules was evaluated by scanning electron microscopy, and encapsulation efficiency and microcapsule release were determined by total saponins released. Antiglycation and antioxidant assays were performed using crude dry extract and saponin fraction of T. terrestris before and after release. ResultsSaponin fraction showed an increase of 32.8% total saponins. High-performance liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry analysis showed the presence of saponins in the obtained fraction. Antiglycation evaluation by REM demonstrated that samples before and after release presented antiglycation activity similar to bovine serum albumin treated with aminoguanidine. Additionally, samples inhibited AGE formation, highlighting treatment with saponin fraction after release (89.89%). Antioxidant tests demonstrated antioxidant activity of the samples. Crude dry extract before encapsulation presented the highest activities in DPPH (92.00%) and TBARS (32.49%) assays. Saponin fraction before encapsulation in FRAP test (499 μmol Trolox equivalent per gram of dry sample) and NO test (15.13 μmol nitrite formed per gram of extract) presented the highest activities. ConclusionThis study presented antiglycation activity of crude dry extract and saponin fraction of T. terrestris, besides it demonstrated promising antioxidant properties. It also showed that the encapsulation method was efficient and maintained biological activity of bioactive compounds after microcapsule release. These results provide information for further studies on antidiabetic and antiaging potential, and data for new herbal medicine and food supplement formulations containing microcapsules with crude extract and/or saponin fraction of T. terrestris.

Study of Carbohydrate Hydrolysis From Arracacha Roots (Arracacia Xanthorriza Bancroft) to Produce Fermentable Sugars

In Colombia, approximately 855 840 tons of arracacha are produced each year. The unsalable postharvest arracacha root (Arracacia xanthorriza Bancroft) is not commercialized, mainly due to mechanical damage or small and misshapen roots. In this work, dry samples were characterized and subjected to two treatments: one using thermal hydrolysis, applying saturated steam at pressures of 0,1034 MPa, 0,2068 MPa, and 0,4137 MPa; and another one using hydrolysis with sulfuric acid in concentrations between 0,252,00 M. Then, the cake resulting from the hydrolysis and filtration process was enzymatically hydrolyzed (Liquozyme SC DS, Novozymes) at 1,5, 5 and 10 KNU/g (pH 6, 80 _C, 2 h). Fermentation inhibitors (acetic acid and furfural) were evaluated in the best pretreatment. The results showed that the treatment with sulfuric acid at 1,00 M (2 h) has high yields in reducing sugars added to enzymatic hydrolysis. The maximum level of fermentable carbohydrates per gram of dry sample (1,04 g/g) was also reached. Regarding the fermentation inhibitors of the reducing sugar, a higher concentration of acetic acid was found with a lower furfural content. Therefore, arracacha discards are a promising raw material to increase the supply of bioethanol.

Prospective use of fruit byproducts in Colombia according to their antioxidant capacity

Currently, the use of agro-industrial waste represents a viable alternative for obtaining valuable compounds that, in the case of biorefineries, is an opportunity for improvement. In this context, the aim of our study was to determine the flavonoid content and the antioxidant capacity of 30 byproducts from fruit processing in Colombia and propose possible applications. We analyzed the antioxidant capacity of the ethanolic extracts from each byproduct using the ferric reducing antioxidant power (FRAP) and the reducing power of antioxidant activity (RPAA) assays, as well as the oxygen radical absorbance capacity (ORAC) test. We found that tree tomato peels and stem and peach peels had a high flavonoid content, with values greater than 8,271.82 ± 702.70 μg quercetin per gram of dry sample. We also found that mango (22,676.57 ± 759.71 μg TE1/g Sdb, 3,692.38 ± 92.67 μg GAE/g Sdb), soursop (22,117.13 ± 754.94 μg TE1/g Sdb, 4,858.79 ± 156.71 μg GAE/g Sdb, 14,713.39 ± 757.95 μg TE2/g Sdb), grape (17,027.85 ± 765.11 μg TE1/g Sdb, 13,395.15 ± 659.31 μg TE2/g Sdb), peach peels (17,910.21 ± 1,424.33 μg TE2/g Sdb) and seeds (4,316.46 ± 112.00 μg GAE/g Sdb, 20,093.32 ± 1,317.93 μg TE2/g Sdb), and grape stalk (3,552.26 ± 31.63 μg GAE/g Sdb) showed a high antioxidant capacity in the different tests performed. Our results demonstrate that fruit byproducts have potential use in the pharmaceutical, ood, and cosmetic industry due to heir flavonoids content and their high antioxidant capacity.

Development of a method for determining oil absorption capacity in pulse flours and protein materials

AbstractBackground and objectivesThe conventional method for determining oil absorption capacity (OAC) in pulse ingredients involves mixing a sample with excess oil, centrifuging the dispersion, and then calculating the amount of oil absorbed. However, there are issues associated with the conventional method such as loss of the less dense materials through oil decanting process and reabsorption of oil by samples after centrifugation. Therefore, the objective of this work was to develop a method that could eliminate those concerns for determining OAC.FindingsA method for measuring OAC of flours or protein concentrates/isolates derived from pulses and soybeans was developed. The new method involved mixing 0.5 g sample with 1.5 ml canola oil intermittently for 20 min, centrifuging the inverted sample tubes at 600 ×g for 25 min, and measuring the amount of oil absorbed per gram of dry sample. Comparing to the conventional method, the new method used a lower sample to oil ratio (1:3 g/ml), and each test tubes were centrifuged upside down in an apparatus at a lower centrifugal force (600 ×g). A syringe barrel was used in the apparatus to hold a filter paper in place to prevent sample materials from draining out with the excess oil during centrifugation. Test efficiency increased due to combining steps of centrifugation and oil draining in the new method. Differences in OAC values determined by the new method were exhibited from various pulse and soybean materials.ConclusionsAmounts of oil absorbed by flours and protein concentrates/isolates from pulses and soybeans could be measured by the new method without accounting for the extra free oil trapped in the samples. The new procedure showed good within‐laboratory reproducibility. More samples could be tested with the new method due to its simplified procedure. Flours and protein concentrates/isolates from pulses and soybeans with different OAC values could be separated from each other using the new method.Significance and noveltyThe method developed was simple and reliable and could be applied to a variety of pulse and soybean ingredients.

Chemical Composition ofUrtica simensisGrown in Different Regions of Ethiopia

Leaf samples ofUrtica simensiscollected from different locations of Ethiopia were analyzed for their proximate compositions, total phenolic and flavonoid contents, antioxidant activities, and fatty acid profiles. The proximate analysis results revealed the presence of ash in the range 17.2–24.3%, crude fat 3.19–3.50%, crude protein 3.42–6.38%, crude fiber 9.37–14.0%, and carbohydrate 56.7–63.7%. The determined total polyphenols, flavonoids, and antioxidant activities ranged 2.18–4.84 mg gallic acid, 1.35–4.46 mg catechin, and 1.58–3.36 mg ascorbic acid, respectively, equivalents per gram of dry sample. High variability was observed for polyphenol and flavonoid contents while only random variation was observed for crude fat and carbohydrate among samples from different locations. In addition, the fatty acid profiles of the leaves were analyzed by using gas chromatography coupled with mass spectrometry. A total of 16 different fatty acids were detected in the samples. Linolenic, palmitic, and linoleic acids were the major fatty acids with average compositions of 36.6, 20.7, and 15.5%, respectively, of the total fatty acid. The result of this study revealed that the carbohydrate and ash contents of leaves ofUrtica simensisare exceptionally high to make the leaves a significant source of the dietary important chemicals. Additionally, the lipid fraction of the leaves was found to be rich in essential fatty acids (α-linolenic and linoleic acids) that are critically required in the human diet.

Maximising extraction yields of gallic acid and hesperetin from lemon myrtle (Backhousia citriodora) leaf using microwave assisted extraction

Lemon myrtle (Backhousia citriodora) is native to Australia and is well-known for its lemon aroma and traditional uses in foods and as a medicine. The leaves are rich in phenolics, and gallic acid and hesperetin are the major phenolic compounds. Microwave-assisted extraction (MAE) is known as an effective extraction technique for phenolics from plant materials. This study aimed to investigate the individual and interaction effects of microwave on the isolation of gallic acid and hesperetin from lemon myrtle leaf and quantify the part in total phenolic compound. This study also optimized the MAE conditions. Extraction solvent was acetone (50%) in water and extraction time, microwave power and sample to solvent ratio were tested for their optimal conditions. The results showed that extraction time and microwave power had a positive significant effect on gallic acid, but not on hesperetin; whereas, the sample to solvent ratio had a negative significant impact on both gallic acid and hesperetin. The optimal MAE conditions were 6 min, 630 W, and 2 g/100 mL. Under these conditions, 43.32 mg gallic acid and 21.51 mg hesperetin could be obtained from a gram of dry sample. These account for approximately 42% and 21% of extracted total phenolic and flavonoid content, respectively. The optimized MAE conditions are recommended for recovery of gallic acid and hesperetin from lemon myrtle leaves for further applications.

Chemical Composition and Physicochemical Properties of Essential Oil from Myrtus communis

Objective: The objective of the study was to extract the essential oil and to determine the physicochemical properties, chemical composition of the essential oil from Myrtus communis leaves by using GC-MS. Methods: 500 g of the powdered material (dried leaves) was subjected to hydro-distillation using Clevenger-type apparatus for 3 hours and the essential oil was dried over anhydrous sodium sulphate. The physicochemical properties essential oil such as solubility, density, specific gravity, refractive index, optical rotation, specific rotation, acid value, saponification value and ester value were determined, which are used to determine the quality of essential oils extracted from plant leaves. The chemical composition of the essential oil of Myrtus communis leaves was analysed using GC-MS. Results: The yield of essential oil of Myrtus communis leaves was 0.463  0.001 g/100 gram of dry sample which is 0.463  0.001 % (w/w) with pale yellow colour and pleasant odour. The essential oil of Myrtus communis leaves was slightly soluble in water and ethanol while it was soluble in chloroform, petroleum ether and ethyl acetate. The essential oil was subjected to GC-MS analyses, twenty eight components representing 99.949 % of the total oil composition. Conclusion: The present study indicates that the extraction of essential oil from Myrtus communis leaves and GC-MS analysis, the essential oil of this plant have a potential of secondary metabolites which can be exploited as a good source of bioactive substances.

Nutritional, functional and rheological properties of processed sorghum and ragi grains

AbstractThis study was undertaken to determine the effect of different treatments such as roasting, puffing and germination of white sorghum, red sorghum and ragi grains on physicochemical, antioxidant, protein, amylose, bulk density, colour index and rheological properties of respective flour. In case of ragi, after roasting treatment, total phenolic content (TPC) content for flour was increased from 0.331 ± 0.001 to 0.373 ± 0.004 mg of gallic acid equivalents per gram of dry sample. However, total flavonoids content was also increased slightly after different processing treatments. The rheological properties of respective flour were studied using Chopin Mixolab, where wheat flour dough profile acts as a reference to study the effect of different treatments. Dough elasticity which is expressed by the values of amplitude (Nm) was found to be low in case of untreated flour as compared to wheat flour dough. Elasticity values of untreated flour such as white sorghum, red sorghum and ragi were 0.02, 0.00 and ...

Phenolic contents, antioxidant and anticholinesterase potentials of crude extract, subsequent fractions and crude saponins from Polygonum hydropiper L.

BackgroundWe investigated Polygonum hydropiper L. (P. hydropiper) for phenolic contents, antioxidant, anticholinesterase activities, in an attempt to rationalize its use in neurological disorders.MethodsPlant crude extract (Ph.Cr), its subsequent fractions: n-hexane (Ph.Hex), chloroform (Ph.Chf), ethyl acetate (Ph.EtAc), n-Butanol (Ph.Bt), aqueous (Ph.Aq) and saponins (Ph.Sp) were evaluated for 1,1-diphenyl,2-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH), 2,2-azinobis[3-ethylbenzthiazoline]-6-sulfonic acid (ABTS) free radical scavenging potential. Further, acetylcholinesterase (AChE) & butyrylcholinesterase (BChE) inhibitory activities were performed using Ellman's assay. Moreover, total phenolic contents of plant extracts were determined and expressed in mg of gallic acid equivalent per gram of dry sample (mg GAE/g dry weight).ResultsAmong different fractions, Ph.Cr (90.82), Ph.Chf (178.16), Ph.EtAc (203.44) and Ph.Bt (153.61) exhibited high phenolic contents. All fractions showed concentration dependent DPPH scavenging activity, with Ph.EtAc 71.33% (IC50 15 μg/ml), Ph.Bt 71.40% (IC50 3 μg/ml) and Ph.Sp 71.40% (IC50 35 μg/ml) were most potent. The plant extracts exhibited high ABTS scavenging ability i.e. Ph.Bt (91.03%), Ph.EtAc (90.56%), Ph.Sp (90.84%), Ph.Aq (90.56%) with IC50 < 0.01 μg/ml. All fractions showed moderate to high AChE inhibitory activity as; Ph.Cr, 86.87% (IC50 330 μg/ml), Ph.Hex, 87.49% (IC50 35 μg/ml), Ph.Chf, 84.76% (IC50 55 μg/ml), Ph.Sp, 87.58% (IC50 108 μg/ml) and Ph.EtAc 79.95% (IC50 310 μg/ml) at 1 mg/ml). Furthermore the BChE inhibitory activity was most prominent in Ph.Hex 90.30% (IC50 40 μg/ml), Ph.Chf 85.94% (IC50 215 μg/ml), Ph.Aq 87.62% (IC50 3 μg/ml) and Ph.EtAc 81.01% (IC50 395 μg/ml) fractions.ConclusionsIn this study, for the first time, we determined phenolic contents, isolated crude saponins, investigated antioxidant and anticholinestrase potential of P. hydropiper extracts. The results indicate that P. hydropiper is enriched with potent bioactive compounds and warrant further investigation by isolation and structural elucidation to find novel and affordable compounds for the treatment of various neurological disorders.

PHYTOCHEMICAL SCREENING AND QUANTIFICATION OF TOTAL FLAVONOIDS OF CANNED WHITE ASPARAGUS (ASPARAGUS OFFICINALIS)

The present research had been conducted with phytochemical screening to identify the presence of secondary metabolites in canned white asparagus. Using colored reactive substances we intend to determine the presence of alkaloids, flavonoids, leucoanthocyanidins, tannins, saponins, quinones, triterpenes and anthocyanins. Using ultraviolet spectroscopy we also intend to quantify the total flavonoids. The research has found that the presence of alkaloids is questionable, Flavonoids are good, leucoanthocyanidins are moderate, tannins are not shown, saponins are moderate, quinones are low, triterpenes are not present and anthocyanins are not shown. The research has also found that the total flavonoids in canned asparagus are 1.16 mg of quercetin equivalent to one gram of dry sample, or 9.34 mg of quercetin equivalent to 100 g of drained sample. From the analysis we can conclude that even though the preserved white asparagus are sterilized, they keep the good amount of flavonoids, which are very important for the health of consumers.

Water stress detection in Sunagoke moss ( Rhacomitrium canescens) using combined thermal infrared and visible light imaging techniques

This study is a contribution to an ongoing research to develop a thermal-reflectance imaging system (TRIS) for detecting water stress in Sunagoke moss (Rhacomitrium canescens). The correlation between visual and thermal water stress symptoms in a sample of Sunagoke moss as a function of time and water content was evaluated. Visible light imaging was used to report changes in the surface structure and reflectance. Infrared (IR) thermal imaging was used to monitor transpiration patterns and the crop water stress index (CWSI) was used to quantify those changes. Grey-level concurrence matrix (GLCM) texture features were used to quantify changes in the sample surface structure while the RGB colour ratios were used to detect changes in its reflectance. The sample exhibited water-related stress at water contents below 1.5 g g−1 and above 3.0 g g−1 (grams of water per gram of dry sample). The maximum possible total uncertainty of IR temperatures for the sample was ±0.50 °C at 17 °C, ambient temperature. The maximum uncertainty of its visible light data was ±7.65 grey level attributed to the red bandwidth. The results showed a clear correlation between the water status of the sample and its CWSI, GLCM texture and RGB colour ratios. These results demonstrate the possibility of detecting both drought and flood water stress in Sunagoke moss by combining thermal and visible light imaging. Although Sunagoke moss was used in this study, this method is novel and could be extended to both biotic and abiotic stress detection in other plants.

PHASE TRANSITION OF LOCUST BEAN GUM-, TARA GUM- AND GUAR GUM-WATER SYSTEMS

Phase transition behaviour of neutral galactomannans, i.e., locust bean gum (LBG), tara gum (Tara-G) and guar gum (GG)-water systems is investigated. In this study, water content {Wc=(gram of water)/(gram of dry sample)} of these systems was varied from 0.2 to 3.6 g g-1. In the DSC heating curves, glass transition (Tg), cold crystallization (Tcc) and melting (Tm) were observed in all three samples. In addition, liquid crystal transition (T*) was observed in GG-water systems at a temperature higher than Tm. Using Tg, Tcc, Tm and T*, phase diagrams of each system were established. From the melting enthalpy of ice in the systems, three types of water, non-freezing water (Wnf), freezing bound water (Wfb) and free water were calculated. The maximum amount of Wnf was observed at Wc=0.7 g g-1, where Tg showed the lowest temperature. The amount of Wnf in LBG and GG is higher than that of Tara-G, whereas the highest amount of Wfb is found in GG. T* was only observed in GG-water systems. It is concluded that frequency of the side chains in the repeating unit of the main chains of these three galactomannan affects the frozen structure of the glassy state in the presence of water.

Gas chromatographic-mass spectrometric identification of phenolic acids in recent sediments

Saponification extraction of sediment samples was performed for the analysis of phenolic acids. After separation of phenolic acids by silica gel column chromatography, p-hydroxybenzoic, vanillic, syringic, p-coumaric ( cis and trans), ferulic ( cis and trans) and protocatechuic acids were identified, and the presence of o- and m-hydroxybenzoic acids was indicated by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry in lake, river and sea sediments. The content of each phenolic acid was less than 110 μg per gram of dry sample. These phenolic acids are mainly derived from vascular plants and their detritus.

Comparison of Atomic Absorption Flame Spectroscopy and the Official AOAC Method for Determining Copper in Plant Tissues

Comparison of Atomic Absorption Flame Spectroscopy and the Official AOAC Method for Determining Copper in Plant Tissues