Spike Grain Research Articles

ASSESMENT OF BIOMORPHOLOGICAL TRAITS IN DURUM WHEAT OF DIFFERENT ORIGIN

In the article, a total of 55 (8) local and (47) introduced durum wheat genotypes were used to evaluate the genetic parameters of some morphological and physiological traits. The research was conducted in the Field Laboratory of Grains and Legumes of Azerbaijan State Agrarian University in 2021-2022. In this study several phenological development phases of wheat genotypes structural elements of yield as plant height (cm), spike length (cm), number of spikes in the main spike (number), number of grains in the main spike (number), weight of 1000 grains (g) is comparatively discussed in detail. Introduced genotypes have been shown to have more local effects on genotypes.

Наследяване на стопански ценни признаци и хетерозис при хибридни комбинации зимен ечемик

The article presents the results of the analysis of the inheritance of the main economic valuable traits of barley hybrids of the first generation using indicators of the degree of phenotypic dominance and heterosis. 6 hybrid barley combinations were evaluated according to the following characteristics: plant height (cm), productive twining, length of main spike (cm), number of grains in main spike, grain weight per spike (g), grain weight per plant (g), mass of 1000 grains (g). The research was carried out at the Institute of Agriculture-Karnobat in 2022-2023. Highly productive varieties and samples of barley, Bulgarian selection and from introduction were used as parental forms. For each investigated trait, the arithmetic mean ( x ), the error of the arithmetic mean (S %), variation coefficient (VC,%), the degree of dominance (d/a), true (HP) and hypothetical (MP) heterosis were determined. Based on the variation and inheritance in the early F1 hybrid generations, conclusions were drawn regarding the value of the cultivars used and the type of inheritance of the traits analyzed.

Path Coefficient Correlation and Genetic Divergence in Bread Wheat (Triticum aestivum L.)

Genetic variation, heritability, genetic advance, correlation coefficient, path coefficient analysis and genetic divergence studied in wheat during rabi 2015-16 at oilseed farm of Chandra Shekhar Azad University of Agriculture &Technology, Kanpur (U.P). A collection of fifty wheat genotypes from different eco-geographic origin were evaluated for ten quantitative characters viz. days to 50 % flowering, days to reproductive phase, days to maturity, plant height (cm), number of reproductive tillers per plant, spike length (cm), number of grains per spike, grain weight per spike (gm.), test weight (gm.) and grain yield per plant (gm.).All the characters, under study showed considerable amount of variability, phenotypic coefficient of variability was higher than genotypic coefficient of variability.These traits exhibited higher variation for GCV and PCV across the environments. A persual of coeffiecient of variability indicates that PCV and GCV were quiet high for grain yield per plant. Moderate PCV and GCV were recorded in spike length and grain weight per spike and the lowest observed in days to maturityand days to 50% flowering. A high estimate of heritability was found for grain yield per plant. Genetic advance confirms the heritability estimate. High genetic advance was observed for grain yield (30.16) and minimum in days to reproductive phase (2.27). Genotypic correlation coefficients were higher than the corresponding phenotypic correlation coefficients for all the character combinations. Grain yield per plant showed highly positive association ship with plant height, spike length, grain weight per spike and number of grains per spike grain weight per spike. Genetic divergence was determined using D2 and all the fifty genotypes were grouped into eight clusters. Maximum inter cluster distances were observed betweenVI and VIII followed by cluster VII and VIII and cluster V and VIII. Cluster VII retains highest rank in spike length and grains per spike. Cluster-V holds first rank in days to flowering and days to maturity.On the basis of genetic divergence , it is suggested that the crosses between VIII ,VII , VI and V may be effective components in hybridization.

Optimizing Nitrogen Fertilizer Management Enhances Rice Yield, Dry Matter, and Nitrogen Use Efficiency

Optimizing nitrogen fertilizer management can effectively improve soil ecology, promote agricultural production, and increase the income of farmers and workers. Nitrogen fertilizer is an important factor in the growth and development of rice, and it is important to find out the optimal amount and frequency of fertilizer application for the super-hybrid early rice ‘Zhu LiangYou 819’ in Hunan Province, to give full play to its high quality and high yield characteristics. Various N fertilizer application frequencies (P1, basal–tiller fertilizer = 5:5; P2, basal–tiller–spike fertilizer = 4:3:3; P3, basal–tiller–spike–grain fertilizer = 4:3:2:1) and N application amounts (N1, 90 kg ha−1; N2, 150 kg ha−1; N3, 210 kg ha−1) were applied to the hybrid rice ZLY819. The results show that, under the same frequency of N application, ZLY819 had the highest yield, agronomic efficiency, and physiological utilization rate of N fertilizer with the N2 treatment, averaging 7.53 t ha−1, 18.10 kg kg−1, and 34.34%, respectively, with the yield under N2 being 19.38% higher than that under N1. For the same amount of N application, the yield, agronomic efficiency, partial factor productivity of N (PFPN), N contribution to seed, and N use efficiency (NUE) increased with an increase in the frequency of N application, mainly in the order of P3 > P2 > P1, whereby the yield of P3 was 10.11% higher than that of P1. According to the regression equation, the yield is higher when the amount of nitrogen application is 202.15 kg ha−1 and the fertilization frequency is four times. Appropriate N fertilizer management (P3N2) improved the rice growth characteristics, dry matter accumulation, crop growth rate, dry matter transport rate, dry matter contribution rate, and NUE, thus promoting an increase in the rice yield and efficient use of nitrogen.

A rapid, low-cost wheat spike grain segmentation and counting system based on deep learning and image processing

Spike grain number is a crucial parameter when estimating wheat yield. However, most methods predominantly focus on a single period, lacking universality. To achieve rapid and intelligent wheat spike grain counting from the filling stage to the mature stage, this study used different smartphones to obtain wheat ear images of different varieties and constructs the spike grain dataset required for deep learning segmentation model through image normalization and data enhancement. Then we propose a segmentation model called Multi-Attention TransUNet (MATransUNet) and a spike grain counting model (SGCountM) to achieve wheat spike grain counting. Our results indicate that, comparing with other models, MATransUNet achieves the best segmentation performance with strong robustness and generalization capabilities, achieving a mean intersection over union(mIoU) of 85.93%. Through the comparative analysis with manual counting results, our Method I, doubling the number of grains on one side of the ears, results in a root mean squared error (RMSE) of 4.38 and a coefficient of determination(R2) of 0.85; while the Method II, adding the grains on both sides of the ears, yields a RMSE of 3.13 and a R2 of 0.93. The counting accuracy significantly improves compared to not using the SGCountM. Moreover, transfer learning notably enhances the accuracy of the segmentation and counting model, enabling accurate spike grain counting from the filling stage to the mature stage. Finally, we integrate MATransUNet and SGCountM to design and implement a wheat spike grain segmentation and counting system (WeChat mini program). In practical tests, the mini program can effectively, accurately segments and counts wheat spike grain, demonstrating its feasibility and effectiveness. This research provides valuable insights into the intelligent application of wheat spike grain counting.

System of Wheat Intensification: An Innovative and Futuristic Approach to Augment Yield of Wheat Crop

There is a new method of wheat production called the System of Wheat Intensification (SWI) that manages seed treatment, seed rate, spacing, weeding, and watering. The SWI and traditional methods of wheat sowing differ from each other in terms of potential yield. In comparison to the traditional method of wheat sowing, SWI allows seed treatment, which increases the number of tillers, the number of grains in spike, and the weight of the grain. Wheat seeding in the traditional approach is done at a much closer distance than in the SWI method, which results in faulty germination as a result of increased competition between the plants. In SWI, proper root formation in the early stages of crop growth can be encouraged by increasing the space between plants and rows, as well as increasing the density of plants. For small and medium-sized farmers, it is a great way to boost productivity and income while reducing food poverty at the same time. Using organic manure instead of chemical fertilizer is a new strategy that helps support sustainable agriculture. To help the poorest farmers and enhance their productivity and profit, SWI should be recommended.

Response of Bread Wheat Cultivars to Deficient Irrigation: a Morphological and Molecular Study

During the agricultural season of 2022-2023, a field experiment was conducted at the second agricultural experiment station of the College of Agriculture - Al-Muthanna University in the Al-Bandar area (3 km from the city center) to study the molecular and phenotypic response of bread wheat cultivars to the effect of incomplete irrigation. An experiment was conducted using the Randomised Complete Block Design with split plots and three replications, the primary plots included the deficient irrigation factor, coded: D1 control, D2 tillering stage, D3 elongation stage, and D4 booting stage, while the secondary plots included cultivars and were coded V1 Mawada, V2 Bohuth22, V3 Baraka, and V4 IBAA99. The statistical analysis revealed that there were significant differences between the water stress stages. The D1 treatment produced superior spike length (13.17) cm. Regarding cultivars, the cultivar Baraka excelled in the majority of field characteristics, including spike length (17.09) cm, leaf area (42.33) cm2, number of grains per spike (67.78) grains spike-1 and grain weight (61.02) g. While the cultivar Mawadah excelled in the number of days up to 50% flowering (88.50), plant height (93.17), and spike m-2 yield (364.4), the cultivar IPA99 excelled in the number of spikes (364.4). Regarding the interpenetrate, it had a significant effect on the majority of the traits, as treatment D1V2 excelled in the number of spikes (396.7) spike m-2, while treatment D1V3 excelled in the number of grains per spike (76.11) grains spike-1 and treatment D1V4 excelled in grain yield (7.30) ton ha-1. The combination D4V1 was also superior in terms of the number of spikes m-2 (408.3). The D4V4 treatment produced a superior grain yield (8.54) ton ha-1. The results of the molecular analysis by ISSR-PCR technique indicated that the primer (HB13) had 33 bands, and the primer (HB14) had 40 bands. Electrophoresis on agarose gel revealed that the primer (HB15) recorded the highest number of bands with 57 bands, 41 differentiated and 16 common, representing the main binding sites.

Integrated Analysis of Metabolome and Transcriptome Reveals Insights for Low Phosphorus Tolerance in Wheat Seedling.

Low phosphorus (LP) stress leads to a significant reduction in wheat yield, primarily in the reduction of biomass, the number of tillers and spike grains, the delay in heading and flowering, and the inhibition of starch synthesis and grouting. However, the differences in regulatory pathway responses to low phosphorus stress among different wheat genotypes are still largely unknown. In this study, metabolome and transcriptome analyses of G28 (LP-tolerant) and L143 (LP-sensitive) wheat varieties after 72 h of normal phosphorus (CK) and LP stress were performed. A total of 181 and 163 differentially accumulated metabolites (DAMs) were detected for G28CK vs. G28LP and L143CK vs. L143LP, respectively. Notably, the expression of pilocarpine (C07474) in G28CK vs. G28LP was significantly downregulated 4.77-fold, while the expression of neochlorogenic acid (C17147) in L143CK vs. L143LP was significantly upregulated 2.34-fold. A total of 4023 differentially expressed genes (DEGs) were acquired between G28 and L143, of which 1120 DEGs were considered as the core DEGs of LP tolerance of wheat after LP treatment. The integration of metabolomics and transcriptomic data further revealed that the LP tolerance of wheat was closely related to 15 metabolites and 18 key genes in the sugar and amino acid metabolism pathway. The oxidative phosphorylation pathway was enriched to four ATPases, two cytochrome c reductase genes, and fumaric acid under LP treatment. Moreover, PHT1;1, TFs (ARFA, WRKY40, MYB4, MYB85), and IAA20 genes were related to the Pi starvation stress of wheat roots. Therefore, the differences in LP tolerance of different wheat varieties were related to energy metabolism, amino acid metabolism, phytohormones, and PHT proteins, and precisely regulated by the levels of various molecular pathways to adapt to Pi starvation stress. Taken together, this study may help to reveal the complex regulatory process of wheat adaptation to Pi starvation and provide new genetic clues for further study on improving plant Pi utilization efficiency.

Segmentation and counting of wheat spike grains based on deep learning and textural feature

BackgroundGrain count is crucial to wheat yield composition and estimating yield parameters. However, traditional manual counting methods are time-consuming and labor-intensive. This study developed an advanced deep learning technique for the segmentation counting model of wheat grains. This model has been rigorously tested on three distinct wheat varieties: ‘Bainong 307’, ‘Xinmai 26’, and ‘Jimai 336’, and it has achieved unprecedented predictive counting accuracy.MethodThe images of wheat ears were taken with a smartphone at the late stage of wheat grain filling. We used image processing technology to preprocess and normalize the images to 480*480 pixels. A CBAM-HRNet wheat grain segmentation counting deep learning model based on the Convolutional Block Attention Module (CBAM) was constructed by combining deep learning, migration learning, and attention mechanism. Image processing algorithms and wheat grain texture features were used to build a grain counting and predictive counting model for wheat grains.ResultsThe CBAM-HRNet model using the CBAM was the best for wheat grain segmentation. Its segmentation accuracy of 92.04%, the mean Intersection over Union (mIoU) of 85.21%, the category mean pixel accuracy (mPA) of 91.16%, and the recall rate of 91.16% demonstrate superior robustness compared to other models such as HRNet, PSPNet, DeeplabV3+ , and U-Net. Method I for spike count, which calculates twice the number of grains on one side of the spike to determine the total number of grains, demonstrates a coefficient of determination R2 of 0.85, a mean absolute error (MAE) of 1.53, and a mean relative error (MRE) of 2.91. In contrast, Method II for spike count involves summing the number of grains on both sides to determine the total number of grains, demonstrating a coefficient of determination R2 of 0.92, an MAE) of 1.15, and an MRE) of 2.09%.ConclusionsImage segmentation algorithm of the CBAM-HRNet wheat spike grain is a powerful solution that uses the CBAM to segment wheat spike grains and obtain richer semantic information. This model can effectively address the challenges of small target image segmentation and under-fitting problems in training. Additionally, the spike grain counting model can quickly and accurately predict the grain count of wheat, providing algorithmic support for efficient and intelligent wheat yield estimation.

Impact Foliar Spraying of NPK Nano Fertilizer on Yield Traits of Two Varieties of Bread Wheat (Triticum aestivum L.)

A field experiment was performed in two sites within Nineveh Governorate, the first site within the center of Mosul (Gleokhan) and the second site within the administrative boundaries of Namrod sub-district of Nineveh Governorate, which is (45) km away from the center of Mosul center. The treatments of the experiment was a three levels (1, 2 and 3 g.L−1) of NPK nano fertilizer and a fourth level of addition such as the control treatment (the traditional farmer method), and two varieties of bread wheat (Bhoth 22 and Abu Ghraib). was done Study the following qualities: number of spikes, spike length, number of spike grains, weight of 1000 grains, grain yield, biological yield, harvest index and straw yield. As for the results of the experiment, they were as follows: In the first study site (Gleokhan), no significant differences were observed between the levels of nano-fertilizer in most of the studied traits, and in the second site, the control treatment was significantly superior by recording the highest averages for most of the traits, and the spraying treatment 1 g.L−1 recorded a significant superiority for the weight of 1000 grains trait. Bhoth 22 outperformed Abu Ghraib with most of the studied traits and for both locations, while the Abu Ghraib cultivar was surpassed to Bhoth 22 in spike length and straw yield in the first location, spike length, number of grains per spike, and straw yield in the second location.

Evaluation of herbicide in growth and yield of bread wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) and associated weeds

This study was conducted for the aim of evaluating the performance of three types of selectivity herbicide to control weeds in the fields of soft wheat (bread wheat). A variety in the agricultural season 2020 - 2021 in two locations, the first site in Bashiqa district north of the city of Mosul on the rain line and the second site in the research station of the field crop department At the Faculty of Agriculture and Forestry, University of Mosul, the experiment was carried out Randomized Complete Design .The Results show two study sites recorded the highest average dry weight trait of the weed (82.28, 55.69) gm-2 and (18.33, 18.67) plants .m-2 sequentially, and differed effect from most herbicide coefficients at both sites. While the treatment of Lancelot and Claudia herbicide when applied the recommended concentration and recorded the lowest average dry weight of the weed and number at both study sites. All herbicide coefficients superiority significant the comparative treatment in the adjective (plant height, number of spikes, spike length, weight of 1000 grains, and grain harvest) in the first location and excelled in the adjective (plant height, number of grains in spike, and spike length) at the second location. Lancelot and Claudia’s treatment outperformed the rest of the studies in the grain quotient status and scored the highest average of (285.0, 277.5) gm-2 respectively at first position (349.26, 324.75) gm-2 respectively in the second position.

Inheritance and transgressive variability of the number of grains per ear in F1 – F2 soft spring wheat

The research was conducted in the experimental field of Bila Tserkva NAU with reciprocal F1 – F2 hybrids obtained from crossing modern soft spring wheat varieties of different genealogical origin: Elehiia Myronivska, Simkoda Myronivska, Struna Myronivska, Kollektyvna 3, Heroinya, Leguan, Azhurnaia. The standard variety was Elehiia Myronivska. The research program included the study of the nature of inheritance in F1 of the number of grains in the main spike and the establishment of the degree and frequency of transgressions in F2 in order to identify valuable breeding material for this trait. According to the trait "number of grains per ear", we identified hybrid combinations with high performance: Struna Myronivska/Simkoda Myronivska (52.7 pcs.) and Struna Myronivska/Elehiia Myronivska (51.8 pcs.). It was found that the inheritance of the number of grains in the ear in the studied hybrids was of the type of positive superdominance, the degree of dominance in direct crosses was in the range from +1, 9 in the hybrid combination Struna Myronivska/Heroinya to +87.0 in Struna Myronivska/Leguan, and in reciprocal crosses it ranged from +3.4 in Simkoda Myronivska/Struna Myronivska to +62.3 in Leguan/Struna Myronivska. The smallest range of variability in the number of grains in the ear is characterized by the hybrid combination Struna Myronovska/Azhurnaia (15 pcs.) with a variance index of 27.1. Indicators of coefficients of variation characterize F1 as an active formative process on the basis of the trait "number of grains in the ear". In F2 transgressive forms were identified in the combinations of crosses Heroinya/Struna Myronivska, Struna Myronivska/Elehiia Mironovska and Kollektyvna 3/Struna Myronivska, the degree of transgression of which was 51.4, 45.6 and 39.4 % at a frequency of 68.1, 38.6 and 14.4 %, respectively. It has been proved that the results of transgressive variability can increase the diversity of the soft spring wheat gene pool and provide valuable selection material. Key words: spring wheat, number of grains of the main ear, inheritance, variability, transgressions, adaptability, productivity.

Manifestation of phenotypic dominance in F1 and the degree of transgression in F2 by elements of productivity of the main ear of soft winter wheat

The results of the study of phenotypic dominance in F 1 and the degree of transgression in F2 by elements of productivity: the number and mass of grains and the length of the main ear of soft winter wheat are presented. The selection of parental components for crossing was formed according to the scheme of 7x7 diallel crossings: by productivity (Podolianka, MIP Kniazhna, MIP Yuvileina, MIP Dovira), nutritional direction (Chornobrova, Biliava, Sofivka). In F 1, according to the length of the main spike, heterosis or overdominance was determined in 25 crossing combinations (61.0 %). The highest manifestation of heterosis was found in reciprocal crossings: MIP Kniazhna ↔ Biliava, MIP Yuvileina ↔ Sofivka, MIP Kniazhna ↔ MIP Yuvileina, etc. According to the number of grains in the main spike, heterosis was found in 26 crossing combinations (63.5 %) of MIP Kniazhna ↔ Chornobrova, Chornobrova ↔ MIP Yuvileina, MIP Dovira ↔ MIP Yuvileina, etc. By the mass of grains from the main ear, overdominance was found in 29 crossing combinations (72.5 %) of MIP Kniazhna ↔ Chornobrova, MIP Yuvileina ↔ Biliava, Sofivka ↔ Chornobrova, etc. These groups have the highest value for selection practice. In F 2, most populations signifcantly exceeded parental components, which indicates a signifcant formative process and the possibility of selection. According to the length of the main ear, positive transgression was found in 96.7 % of the hybrid populations. According to the number of grains from the main ear, the degree of positive transgression was determined in 32 hybrid populations (80.9 %). According to the mass of grains from the main ear - in 40 studied populations (97.5 %). A high degree of transgression was characterized by hybrid populations where varieties were used as the maternal form: MIP Kniazhna, MIP Yuvileina, MIP Dovira, Sofivka, Chornobrova, etc. Key words: winter wheat, F1 hybrids, productivity elements, phenotypic dominance, F2 populations, transgression.

Effect of Planting Date and Spraying with the Physiological Stimulant (Appetizer) on the Growth and Yield of Wheat (Triticum aestivum.L)

A field experiment was conducted during the winter season 2022-2021 in the field experiments field of the College of Agriculture - Al-Qasim Green University in the south of Babylon province, located at latitude 32.40 north and longitude 44.39 east. In order to study the effect of planting date and stages of spraying with the physiological stimulant Appetizer on the growth and yield of wheat (Triticum aestivum L.)), the experiment was conducted by arranging the split plots according to the Randomized Complete Block Design (RCBD) with three replicates. The planting dates included the main plot T1, a suitable first date on 15/11 and T2 a second late date on 15/12, while the subplot included spraying with the physiological stimulant (Appetizer) according to the stages of wheat growth within the Zadoks classification, which was given the symbols (A0 without spraying and A1 stage, The results showed that the date of 11/15 was significantly excelled in the studied traits for plant height 83.24 cm, spike length of 11.82 cm, area of flag leaf 38.09 cm 2, chlorophyll content of 71.98, and number of grains in spike 43.6. grain. Spike -1 The number of spikes is 364. Spikes. m-2 The grain yield is 3.84 tons. ha-1 and the harvest index is 34.14%, As for the phases of spraying with the physiological stimulant Appetizer, they significantly excelled at the elongation and booting growth stage in the studied traits, including plant height 81.70 cm, spike length 11.80 cm, chlorophyll content 74.65, number of grains 48.9 grains, spike 1- and grain yield 4.17 tons. ha-1 and a harvest index of 37.75%. As for the area of the flag leaf and the number of spikes, they significantly excelled at the stage of tillering and elongation, as their mean values reached 40.08 cm2 and 368 spikes.m2 respectively. As for the interaction between the planting dates and the phases of spraying with the physiological stimulant (Appetizer), it was significant in all the studied traits. The interaction between the date of 15/11 and the phases of spraying with the physiological stimulant at the elongation and booting stage gave the highest average plant height of 84.14 cm and spike length of 12.57 cm. the content of chlorophyll and the number of grains in the spike is 52.7 grains. spike -1 and the grain yield is 4.66 tons. ha-1 and the harvest index is 40.64%. As for the area of the flag leaf and the number of spikes, the interaction was significant between the date of 11/15 and the spraying phase when treated at tillering and elongation averaged 45.29 cm2 and 381 spikes.m2 sequentially.

Physiological Effects of Biological Control Aureobasidium pullulans on Barley Varieties Infected with Rhizoctonia solani

In a greenhouse experiment, barley varieties infected with R. solani showed a significant decrease in plant height, number of leaves, spike number, and number of grains in spike while the treatment of these varieties with biological control Aureobasidium pullulans showed a significant increase in plant height, number of leaves, number of spikes, and number of grains in spike compared to untreated one. moreover, of biological control A. pullulans to R. solani induced a significant improvement in vegetative growth, In the treatment with biological control A. pullulans inaddition to R. solani, the highest rate of plant height was found in Aswad two rows variety and reaching 38.81cm. in the second reading, up from 16.52 cm. in the first reading. Among Rehan white six rows that received the treatment with R. solani alone, the lowest plant height, reached 22.08 cm. in the second reading, and it increased from the first reading. Ebaa 265 White six rows variety produced the most number in the treatment with biological control A. pullulans added to R. solani, reaching 8.66 leaves per plant., In the Nour white two rows variety, the lowest leaf rate was 6.6 leaves in the treatment R. solani alone. Aswad two rows variety exhibited the highest spike of barley when treated with biological control A. pullulans alone, reaching 5 spikes in the first, second, and third readings. Among the three readings, there were no spikes in Samir White variety when treated with R. solani alone. the average grains number in spikes, the highest rate was in the treatment of sterilized soil with formalin (control) in Aswad two rows variety which amounted to 7.67 grains in the second reading, up from 7.2 grains in the four reading. Biological control A. pullulans were added to R. solani in the variety Ebaa 265 White six rows, as it, and increased from 4.6 grains in the first to 9.8 in the second reading.

СОЛТҮСТІК ҚАЗАҚСТАН ЖАҒДАЙЫНДА ЖАЗДЫҚ АРПАНЫҢ КОЛЛЕКЦИЯЛЫҚҮЛГІЛЕРІН ЗЕРТТЕУ НӘТИЖЕЛЕРІ

The article presents the results of the study of collection samples of spring barley. The barley collection nursery was planted on the fields of the Laboratory of Genetic Resources of Grain Crops of the A.I. Barayev Research and Production Center. Field and laboratory assessments were carried out in accordance with the guidelines provided for the study and preservation of the worldwide barley collection (as specified by the N.I. Vavilov All-Russian Institute of Plant Genetic Resources). The barley samples sourced from Russia, Germany, Ukraine, Latvia, the Netherlands, as well as from the CIMMYT center underwent a comprehensive evaluation based on their agronomic characters. Throughout the research process, we measured parameters including plant height, the number of grains in the main spike, the weight of grains in the main spike, the weight of 1000 grains, and the yield of the studied samples. After conducting research over a three-year period, we identified the following barley samples among the 38 samples examined – early maturing: CP 060189 04 AB097S (CIMMYT), Knyazhich, Yastreb, (Russia), Kozak (Ukraine); productive: Berkut, Zavetniy, Knyazhich, Tonus (Russia), Kozak (Ukraine); samples distinguished by the number of grains in the spike: Bezenchukskiy 3 (Russia), CP 060309 FEG 126-1-A, CP 060030 BARI 6 B03-4375, CP 060268 UT 04B 208-D (CIMMYT) (CIMMYT); samples distinguished by weight of 1000 grains: Yastreb (Russia), CP 060135 04 AB093-A, CP 060768 MT 050241 (CIMMYT). These samples can be used as a source material in barley breeding programs under the climate conditions of the Northern Kazakhstan.

Correlações canônicas entre caracteres de trigo de alta e baixa herdabilidade via modelos mistos

ABSTRACT: Canonical correlation analysis based on genotypic correlations allows determining the associations between groups of traits and carrying out the direct or indirect selection of superior genotypes. This study investigated the existence of linear and multivariate relationships between high and low heritability traits via canonical correlation analysis based on genotypic correlations. The experiment was conducted at the Professor Diogo Alves de Melo Experimental Field at the Universidade Federal de Viçosa, in Viçosa, MG. 90 wheat cultivars were evaluated under a 9 × 10 alpha-lattice design, with three replications and plots consisting of four rows of three meters spaced at 0.20 meters. Canonical groups were established between spike height and plant height, days for heading, number of spikelets per spike, and number of grains per spike (Group I) and, spike weight, spike grain mass, 100-grain mass, hectoliter weight, and grain yield (Group II). There was dependence between the established groups, which allowed the investigation of the relationships between traits based on their genotypic values. The traits cycle and plant height can be used for indirect selection of genotypes superior in hectoliter weight and grain yield, which are important factors for industries and farmers.

STABILITY AND ADAPTABILITY OF YIELD AND YIELD RELATED TRAITS IN BULGARIAN TRITICALE (×Triticosecale Wittm.) CULTIVARS IN DROUGHT CONDITIONS

To determine the adaptability and stability of yield and its related traits during drought conditions in triticale, eleven contemporary Bulgarian cultivars were studied according to the indices yield, number of productive tillers, 1000 kernel weight and number of grains in spike, applying four parameters: regression coefficient and deviation from regression, ecovalence and stability variance of Shukla. Drought had a significant effect on the yield related traits, which differed considerably according to the different parameters of stability. The best combination of stability and adaptability according to number of productive tillers and 1000 kernel weight was observed in Bumerang and Doni 52. The parameter number of grains in spike behaved in a rather complex manner under conditions of drought and the separate stability parameters related to contradictory results. The widest adaptability according to this parameter was observed in cultivars Rakita, Lasko and Respekt. The stability and adaptability parameters of the separate yield traits was not functionally related to the same parameters of yield, which determined the investigated cultivars as developed according to a complex of traits and being suitable for growing under variable environments.

TRIPLE TEST CROSS ANALYSIS FOR DETERMINING GENE ACTION, GENETIC CORRELATIONS AND PREDICTION FOR YIELD AND YIELD COMPONENTS IN BREAD WHEAT

In two crosses of bread wheat (Gemmeiza11 x Misr1 and Gemmeiza12 x Misr2) to investigate gene action, genetic correlations and predicating new recombinant lines for days to heading, plant height, flag leaf area, number of spikes/plant, number of grains/spike, 1000-grain weight, spike grain weight and grain yield /plant, triple test cross was used. The starting materials for triple test cross was the F1 and their grand parents (P1 and P2) for the two studied wheat crosses. The first cross Gemmeiza 11 x Misr1 and the second cross was Gemmeiza 12x Misr2. The F1’s were selfed to produce F2’s grains. In order to create F1 and F2 plants, the obtained materials (F1 and F2 grain genotypes) and the parental genotypes were seeded together. Thirty individual F2 plants were randomly labeled from each cross and crossed back to their grand parents (P1 and P2) and F1 between then to produce three types of families L1 (F2i x P1i), L2 (F2i x P2i) and L3 (F2i x F1i) in each cross. On November 10, 2018, during the winter growing season, the triple test cross families (L1, L2 and L3), along with the parents, F1 and F2 in each cross, were seeded. Results showed that in the genetic system for the investigated features for two crosses, epistatic gene effects were significant. The types of epistasis (additive x additive, additive x dominance and dominance x dominance) were significant for all studied characters. For the majority of traits in both crossings, both additive and dominant genetic components were significant and involved in the genetic system. The average level of dominance for spikes/plant in cross 1 and spike grain weight in cross -2 was overdominance, while for the remaining characters, additive gene effects were more pronounced. The F value was positive and significant for 1000-grain weight in two crosses, suggesting that dominant genes controlling these characters were unidirectional. The highest proportion of inbreds excepted to outperform parental rang in cross 1 for days to heading and flag leaf area. In both crosses, grain yield per plant was positively and significantly correlated with number of spikes per plant, number of grains per spike, and 1000-grain weight, according to epistasis, additive, and dominance genetic correlations.

Effects of Planting Density on Root Spatial and Temporal Distribution and Yield of Winter Wheat

The root system is the only vital organ for plants to connect with soil moisture and nutrients and obtain feedback information. This research aimed to explore the response of different spike type winter wheat varieties to plant and row spacing configurations. Multi-spike and large-spike winter wheat varieties were used as materials. By setting different plant row configurations and planting densities, the spatial and temporal distribution of root length density, root diameter, root dry weight density, and the main control factors of root growth and development of winter wheat during the whole growth period were studied. The results showed that the root system was the most widely distributed and the root diameter was the largest in the 0–40 cm soil depth, with an average root system diameter of more than 0.5 mm. The root length density and root diameter peaked at the heading stage, decreased at the maturity stage, and the root dry weight density peaked at the jointing stage. The jointing stage and heading stage are the most vigorous periods of root growth in winter wheat, when the center of gravity of root growth in winter wheat is gradually moving down. Therefore, the rapid growth and elongation time of a root system can be effectively prolonged at the jointing stage and heading stage, and the root growth rate can be improved. Promoting root thickening can effectively meet the needs for water and nutrients, for the formation and filling of aboveground plants and grains, in the later stage, which is conducive to the formation of aboveground dry matter production and final yield. The root distribution was greatest in the 0–60 cm soil depth, accounting for 95.13–97.84% of the total root length. After the heading stage occurs, the upper roots begin to decline in large quantities. Thus, the jointing stage and heading stage require fertilization and other farmland management operations to increase root nutrients for the ground parts and dry matter accumulation to provide sufficient nutrients so that the number of effective panicles, grain weight, and the number of spike grains coordinate to achieve the highest grain yield. Results showed that the highest yield can be achieved with the planting pattern X2M1. A comprehensive analysis showed that the genetic characteristics of winter wheat varieties were different, and there were some differences in the correlation between wheat yield and root system at the different growth stages. The correlation between the root parameters and yield of multi-spike winter wheat during the overwintering-jointing stage was obvious. For large-spike type winter wheat in the jointing stage, the yield correlation is most obvious.