Grain In Bulk Research Articles

CEREAL STORAGE TECHNOLOGIES FOR AGRICULTURAL PRODUCERS

By storing the cereals immediately after harvesting in warehouses, or silos, in layers with a height of 2-3 m, the phenomenon of heating inevitably occurs, which leads to a decrease in quality and even to the degradation of the products in a relatively short time. Proper aeration is one of the most important processes in a grain storage system and is essential for maintaining the quality of stored products. A properly used aeration system helps control insect infestations and moisture migration, reducing grain damage and saving money. The paper will present the results of experiments for storing grain in bulk, in a warehouse with floor ventilation channels, for different products, depending on the variable elements: layer height for various seeds, product humidity, air flow speed, etc.

Application of Questionnaire Concerning the State of Conservation of Trucks and Highway BR-163 in the State of Mato Grosso - Brazil

Grain transport losses occur due to road conditions, trucks' state of repair, types of bodies, overload, loading and transport speed. These losses, besides affecting the economy, are also considered waste of food, environmental and social aspects. The objective of this work was to collect information from the drivers, through the application of questionnaires, on the type, age and state of conservation of trucks, car bodies, roof covers and tires, as well as conservation conservation of BR-163 highway in the state of Mato Grosso, Brazil. The study was carried out on the BR-163 highway, which is the one with the highest cargo flow for maize in the state of Mato Grosso. Interviews were conducted with approximately 500 truck drivers transporting grain cargoes of maize, in order to obtain information regarding: (a) State of conservation of the highways where they travel; (b) which part of the highways the greatest grain losses occur; (c) which grain is the most lost in road transport; (d) whether the truck driver has received any specific training to avoid grain losses; (e) whether the trucker adopts any procedure to reduce grain losses; among other information relevant to the study in question. It was observed that 59.70% of the trucks are owned by the companies, the other 40.30% are owned by the driver or are not tied to any company. It was observed that 42.90% of the trucks were manufactured between 2011 and 2015, that is, they are less than 8 years old. Of the evaluated trucks 39% of the evaluated trucks are bitrens, 32% rodotrens. The predominant bodies in the transport of grain in bulk are of the bulk type and bucket, with great predominance for grain. The data indicate that 87% of the trucks and 84% of the bodies are in good or excellent condition. The grain that is most lost in transportation, according to the drivers, is corn and soy, which together account for approximately 40% of the losses. It is concluded that grain losses in corn transport are occurring mainly due to poor conservation of BR-163 in the state of Mato Grosso. Holes and trepidation are the main culprits.

Change in quality parameters for brewing barley grain at fractionation

The change in the main quality parameters for brewing barley grain at fractionation has been studied to develop the method of their regulation. The barley grain of different fractions is proven unequal in the biochemical composition and the technological quality. The fractionation of the grain samples collected from the large homogenous grain bulks and the relevant analyses can provide the possibility to determine a wide range of quality parameters for the specific fractions and their grain-size dependencies. The basic parameters for the technological quality of barley grain in a certain bulk may be changed (raised or lowered) to the regulatory standards or the standards that consumers demand with the use of the appropriate top and (or) bottom sieve installation in the grain cleaning machines of secondary cleaning.

Effect of technological characteristics of powder material on the fluorescence intensity of elemental analytical lines

AbstractThe effect of technological and physical–mechanical characteristics of powder irradiators on the fluorescence intensity of elemental analytical lines was studied experimentally. Investigations were conducted with the use of ferroalloy powders of different grain size, in bulk and pelleted form, at various loads. A dependence of elemental analytical line intensity on the density of powders, both in bulk and pelleted at constant pressure, that was defined by the variation in particle size and surface interaction forces was found. Calculations revealed a correlation between the dependences obtained and the variation of the effective absorption characteristics of irradiators due to different concentrations of the solid irradiation phase, caused by the variations in density and autoadhesive properties of the particles. Variations in pelleting pressure led to similar dependences at other densities of the particle packing, the roughness of the irradiators not exceeding several microns and having a considerable effect on the formation of the irradiation layer. The parameters were found that have the greatest effect on the fluorescence intensity of powder materials. Copyright © 2003 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.

THERMAL CONDUCTIVITY AND DIFFUSIVITY OF SHELLED CORN AND GRAIN

ABSTRACT Increasing energy costs have stressed the importance of calculation of heat and mass transfer in a grain bulk in order to be able to optimize drying facilities. Therefore values for the thermal conductivity and diffusivity of grain and especially shelled corn were determined. The investigations were carried out for single kernels as well as for grain and corn in bulk. Thermal conductivity and diffusivity were found to be mainly dependent on moisture content. Regression analyses showed a good correlation between moisture content and thermal conductivity or diffusivity, respectively.

Water power and the plan of St Gall

An analysis of the scale used by the designer of the Plan of St Gall allows for no other conclusion than that the mill and mortars shown on this Plan were water driven. Because of the paradigmatic nature of the Plan this means that hydraulically operated mills and mortars were by the makers of the Plan considered to be standard equipment of a Carolingian monastery — a conclusion supported by a wealth of other documentary source material available for this period. The Romans knew the water mill, but made little use of it. Its general adoption and diffusion in Merovingian and Carolingian Europe is in this study attributed to the rise and spread of Benedictine monasticism. It received its primary impetus from the need to provide milled and crushed grain in bulk for communities of considerable size, including a leisure class of men who had to be freed from the normal chores of toiling for life so that their energies could be directed to their primary task: the Work of God ( Opus Dei). Water-powered trip hammers were in use in China before the birth of Christ. Their portrayal on the Plan of St Gall suggests that they were introduced in western Europe, not by Marco Polo, as some propose, but in the age of folk migrations or the early Carolingian Period.

Cooling bulk grain in the British climate to control storage insects and to improve keeping quality

AbstractA study of the properties of bulk grain, the heat production of insects and their rates of breeding shows that the cooling of grain in bulk by aeration should control granivorous insects. The grain temperature needs to be lowered to 17–22°, depending on the species of insect. Deterioration of the grain, particularly of its viability, must be avoided, before, during and after cooling by aeration; safe combinations are given for grain moisture content, storage temperature and storage time. Laboratory‐scale aeration experiments indicate that barley will not absorb moisture unduly if aerated with untreated air when the atmospheric relative humidity does not exceed 75% in autumn or 80% in winter.An example of the successful cooling of large bulks of malting barley by aeration with fans in commercial stores is described. Aeration for 56–94 h. at the rate of 0.16 cu. ft./m. of air per bushel of grain, in one to three stages, cooled 240,000 bushels (6000 tons) of malting barley in five fairly shallow stores within 3 months of the start of loading. Grain was cooled most quickly along the shortest distances between the aeration duct and the surface of a bulk.On the basis of a review of weather information for 12 years the British Isles were divided into three regions, good, satisfactory and doubtful for aeration. The barley stores described were in the good region. Design of aeration systems for British weather conditions is discussed, including automatic control of aeration.It is concluded that in British conditions cooling by in‐store aeration is a reliable, labour‐saving, economic method of avoiding the trouble caused by granivorous insects in stores of cereal grains. It should also enable some economies in the amount of drying or of cooling in dryers to be made. Of the cooling methods considered, in‐store aeration is the most economical method of cooling the grain.

食糧荷役設備(荷役および運搬機械特集)

食糧荷役設備(荷役および運搬機械特集)

Automatic Separation of Wet from Dry Grain for Storage

WHEN wheat is too damp for prolonged storing, which is usually true of the home-grown crop in Great Britain, deterioration, accompanied by heating and development of fungi, is commonly observed to occur first in small patches buried in the bulk. These are the wetter portions of the bulk. If all the grain is very damp, heating may spread from these foci throughout the bulk ; but even if this does not happen, development of fungi in such small areas may produce sufficient taint throughout the bulk to make the grain unfit for milling. This experience, common in the storage of English grain, has been confirmed in America by Kelly and others1 by extended storage tests. Consequently, in so far as it is affected by water-content, the storage life of a bulk of grain depends on the maximum water-content at any point, rather than on the mean water-content of the bulk. Hence, for any mean water-content, the maximum storage life is reached when variations from the mean are reduced to a minimum. Such variations are greatest in grain harvested by combine, often because of irregularities in ripening in the field ; but nonuniformity of water-content causes difficulty in storage of grain in Great Britain whatever method of harvesting is used. The variations might be brought to a minimum by thoroughly mixing every load of grain, but this is impossible without large-scale machinery, and even the handling plant of a large modern silo is barely adequate for the purpose. Consequently, it is seldom certain that grain in bulk is of uniform water-content. Nevertheless, mixing and thorough drying of the entire crop are the only methods at present available to ensure that English wheat shall have an adequate storage life. Increasing production is putting an extreme strain on drying facilities ; therefore, an alternative to drying the whole crop is desirable.

Modern Dock Appliances at Glasgow Harbour, Including the Handling of Grain in Bulk, Also Dredging Plant

Modern Dock Appliances at Glasgow Harbour, Including the Handling of Grain in Bulk, Also Dredging Plant