Graft Augmentation Research Articles

Composite Dorsal Augmentation.

Dorsal augmentation is one of the most challenging procedures in rhinoplasty. Solid grafts and diced fascia graft (DC-F) have been employed for this purpose with varying success. Warping, irregularities, and variability of final height are some of the potential pitfalls. The aim of this study was to assess the efficiency of the authors' approach combining multiple grafts for nasal dorsal augmentation. They described a technique employing composite dorsal augmentation that is a combination of a foundation layer utilizing high spreader grafts plus a dorsal gap graft combined with a contour layer of 3 possible types of fascia or DC-F grafts. The combination of the 2 layers for the nasal dorsum can be varied to achieve the required height to correct the patient's deformity and achieve the desired aesthetic goals. Fifty-one patients who underwent dorsal augmentation with composite technique between 2017 and 2020 were retrospectively reviewed. A step-by-step algorithm was applied to achieve the required dorsal height. The patients were divided into 3 groups according to the type of contour graft: double-layer fascia graft, segmental DC-F, or narrow thin full-length DC-F. Smooth continuity and increased projection of the nasal dorsum were achieved in all patients. Composite dorsal augmentation is an effective technique for dorsal augmentations requiring 4 mm or more of height increase. This technique allows to achieve dorsal augmentation employing a combination of grafts from a single donor site together with camouflaging dorsal irregularities and highlighting dorsal aesthetic lines. This algorithm allows optimization of patients' aesthetic profile.

Safety and Effectiveness of Single Session Mega Volume Fat Grafting for Breast Augmentation: A Space-Creating Concept and Clinical Experiences.

The main drawback of fat transfer breast augmentation is the need for multiple sessions of fat injection. For approximately 15 years, stem cells and the Brava device for breast expansion have been discussed and extensively investigated to address relevant challenges. However, the safety and effectiveness of autologous fat transfer as a single-session primary breast augmentation technique has not yet been standardized. The aim of this study was to achieve mega volume fat breast augmentation in a single session by developing a "space-creating" approach that emphasizes the use of highly purified fat to achieve an optimized surgical outcome with large-volume breast augmentation. Female patients who underwent aesthetic breast augmentation (October 2013-October 2020) involving the application of this space-creating technique for mega volume autologous fat transfer were retrospectively enrolled. Inclusion criteria were patients with hypomastia, breast asymmetry, and volume replacement following implant removal with BMI ≥18.5 kg/m2. After macrospace creation, highly purified fat was injected in several rounds during the procedure. A breast massage was performed between each stage (microspace creation). Breast circumference, nipple-inframammary fold distance, and cup size were recorded during 6 months of follow-up. Three hundred fifty-eight patients met the inclusion criteria. Average fat injection volumes of 510.9 mL in the right breast and 490.8 mL in the left breast resulted in at least a 2 cup size increase. The significant outcome remained stable at 6 months after surgery. The space-creating technique and the injection of highly purified fat achieves stable cosmetic outcomes of mega volume breast augmentation in a single session.

Fibular Strut Autograft as an Augmented Biological Plate: A New Modified Technique for Tibiocalcaneal Arthrodesis With Intramedullary Nail

Fibular Strut Autograft as an Augmented Biological Plate: A New Modified Technique for Tibiocalcaneal Arthrodesis With Intramedullary Nail

Rotator Cuff Repair with Graft Augmentation Improves Function, Decreases Revisions, and Is Cost-Effective

The purpose of this study is to evaluate the cost effectiveness of the use of extracellular matrix (ECM) augment at the time of primary rotator cuff repair utilizing a decision tree analysis. A decision tree model was created utilizing the existing literature for retear rates with and without dermal graft augmentation. Costs for rotator cuff repair (hospital and surgeon fees) were based on published studies and the cost for graft augmentation was based on institutional data. Utility measures were based upon EQ-5D (European Quality of Life 5 Dimension) scores to assess for improvement in quality adjusted life years (QALY) over a 10-year postoperative period with and without graft augmentation. Cost effectiveness was assessed using the incremental cost effectiveness ratio (ICER), or the incremental cost for per QALY with graft augmentation. Cost effectiveness is based on previous literature whereby an intervention is considered cost effective if the ICER is less than $50,000/QALY. On the basis of our decision tree analysis, total cost for rotator cuff tear without augmentation was $12,763, while the cost increased to $16,039 with ECM augmentation. With graft augmentation there was an improvement in 2.29 QALY, while there was an improvement of 2.05 without graft augmentation. The ICER of graft augmentation is $14,000/QALY, well below the cost effectiveness cut-off of $50,000/QALY. Sensitivity analysis showed the maximum cost of the ECM augment to be cost effective is $11,921. Graft augmentation does come with a significant upfront cost; however, on the basis of our decision-tree analysis, it may represent a cost-effective procedure. There is evidence to potentially consider more routine use in rotator cuff repairs, while being cost effective. Economic: Level IV: computer simulation model (Monte Carlo simulation, Markov model) with inputs derived from Level IV studies.

Open Reduction and Internal Fixation Using Double Plating with Biological and Artificial Bone Grafting of Aseptic Non-unions of the Distal Humerus: Clinical Results.

AimIntra-articular non-union of fractures is an uncommon but complex problem because in general, it is characterised by marked instability, pain, strength loss and significant functional limitation. The aim of this study is to report our prospective medium-term outcomes of the treatment of intra-articular, distal humeral aseptic non-unions using open reduction and internal fixation, augmented with artificial bone.Materials and methodsA retrospective case series of 16 patients with intra-articular, aseptic non-unions of the distal humerus was analysed for range of motion, pain, Mayo Elbow Performance Scores (MEPS) and Oxford Elbow Scores (OES) after 12 months. Mean age was 44 years (range, 18–84 years) and mean total follow-up was 43 months (range, 24–62 months).ResultsAll subjective and objective scores were significantly higher 12 months after treatment with internal fixation and artificial bone augmentation; the mean improvement on the MEPS was 18 points and 17 points on the OES. All patients returned to work, most without limitations. Autografts had worse outcomes compared to allografts regarding post-operative pain and time to return to work. No adverse events related to the artificial bone augmentation were seen and all fractures consolidated.ConclusionThe use of two locking plates and bone graft augmentation with autografts or allografts with artificial bone grafts is a successful treatment of intra-articular distal humeral non-unions after hardware failure or biological limitations.Clinical significanceThe use of artificial bone in the treatment of septic non-unions of the upper limb is safe. When no autograft is possible because of concurrent morbidity, it can be used alone or combined with an allograft to reconstruct the affected bone without leading to extra morbidity or complications.How to cite this articleRollo G, Vicenti G, Rotini R, et al. Open Reduction and Internal Fixation Using Double Plating with Biological and Artificial Bone Grafting of Aseptic Non-unions of the Distal Humerus: Clinical Results. Strategies Trauma Limb Reconstr 2021;16(3):144–151.

Augmentation of Distal Biceps Tendon Ruptures With the Lacertus Fibrosus: A Biomechanical Study in a Tendon-Deficient Model

Background: Chronic distal biceps tendon ruptures may require tendon graft augmentation secondary to tendon attrition or retraction. The lacertus fibrosus is a local, cost-effective graft that can be used to supplement reconstruction. Purpose: To compare the biomechanical strength of distal biceps tendon repairs with and without lacertus fibrosus augmentation in a tendon-deficient cadaveric model. Study Design: Controlled laboratory study. Methods: Sixteen fresh-frozen matched cadaveric pairs of elbows were randomized into 2 groups: (1) standard distal biceps tendon repair and (2) tendon-deficient (50% step cut) repair with lacertus fibrosus augmentation. All repairs were completed using an oval bone trough and 2 double-loaded No. 2 braided nonabsorbable sutures in a locked Krackow fashion tied over a lateral bone bridge. For the lacertus augmentation group, the lacertus was wrapped circumferentially in a tubular fashion around the tendon to restore the native size and incorporated into the Krackow suture. All specimens underwent cyclic loading and then were loaded to failure. Displacement, stiffness, load to failure, and mode of failure were recorded. Results: The standard repair and lacertus augmentation groups had similar displacements on cyclic loading (1.66 ± 0.62 vs 1.62 ± 0.58 mm, respectively; P = .894). The stiffness was significantly greater for the standard repair group (21.3 ± 2.5 vs 18.5 ± 3.5 N/mm; P = .044). Both groups provided excellent mean peak load to failure strengths, despite the standard repair group having significantly greater strength (462.4 ± 140.5 vs 377.3 ± 101.1 N; P = .022). The primary mode of failure in the standard repair group was fracture at the bone bridge (n = 5/8) compared with suture pullout (n = 4/8) in the lacertus augmentation group. Conclusion: Lacertus fibrosus augmentation of a tendon-deficient biceps repair was less stiff and had lower mean load to failure compared with repair of the native tendon in this cadaveric model, but these values remained biomechanically acceptable above critical thresholds. Consequently, lacertus fibrosus augmentation is a viable option for chronic distal biceps tendon ruptures with tendon attrition. Clinical Relevance: Chronic distal biceps tendon ruptures may require autograft or allograft reconstruction secondary to tendon scarring, shortening, attrition, and degeneration. The lacertus fibrosus is a cost-effective and low-morbidity local autograft that can be used to augment repairs.

3D-printed pre-tapped-hole scaffolds facilitate one-step surgery of predictable alveolar bone augmentation and simultaneous dental implantation

Despite the convenience of one-step surgery for alveolar bone augmentation and simultaneous dental implantation, achieving a suitable bone graft for predictable alveolar bone augmentation and stable dental implant placement via one-step surgery remains a huge challenge. Herein, a novel personalized scaffold with a pre-tapped-hole that could perfectly fit the dental implant was precisely fabricated by 3D printing technology. The biocompatible organic poly(lactic- co -glycolic acid) (PLGA) and osteoconductive inorganic materials (hydroxyapatite (HA) and β-tricalcium phosphate (β-TCP)) were used as composite materials with an appropriate viscosity for pre-tapped-hole scaffold fabrication (PLGA/HA/β-TCP, PHT). The PHT composite scaffold demonstrated a well-designed structure that could match perfectly with bone defect areas and the titanium screw, and proper mechanical property as high as 67.18 ± 7.40 MPa in Young's modulus and 4.85 ± 0.39 MPa in compression stress. Meanwhile, PHT scaffold exhibited excellent in vitro cellular biocompatibility and proper in vivo osteoconductivity in a rabbit bone augmentation model. In addition, results of micro-CT and histological analysis further confirmed that PHT scaffold was able to obtain adequate primary stability provided by the titanium screw, and offer adequate space maintenance ability for new bone formation. Therefore, this study provided a robust and effective strategy of precise 3D printing technology for one-step surgery of predictable alveolar bone augmentation and simultaneous dental implantation. A personalized composite scaffold with a pre-tapped-hole was precisely fabricated by 3D printing technology to facilitate one-step surgery of predictable alveolar bone augmentation and simultaneous dental implantation. The scaffold demonstrated perfect suitability with titanium screw, adequate space maintenance ability and good in vivo osteoconductivity, thus having the potential to facilitate one-step surgery. • Exploring a novel personalized PLGA/hydroxyapatite (HA)/β-tricalcium phosphate (β-TCP) (PHT) scaffold with a pre-tapped-hole that can fit perfectly with dental implant by 3D printing technology. • Endowing the PHT composite scaffold with a well-designed structure, perfect suitability with titanium screw, proper mechanical properties, as well as favorable osteoconductivity. • Developing the PHT composite scaffold placement and simultaneous dental implantation as an effective strategy for one-step surgery.

Sandwich osteotomy with interpositional grafts for vertical augmentation of the mandible: A meta-analysis.

Sandwich osteotomy is a technique for vertical augmentation based on the principle of a graft being placed between two pedicled native bones. The inherent vascularization helps in graft consolidation. The aim is to review the bone height gained, implant survival and pitfalls with sandwich osteotomy. The PICO model was used to identify the suitable studies for the review. Oxford level of evidence, Newcastle Ottawa Scale and Cochrane's tool for Systematic Reviews of Interventions was applied for identifying study quality. Meta-analysis was performed with the help of RevMan. Funnel plot was used to evaluate publication bias and bias during article selection. Difference in means was used as principal summary measure. Fixed effects model with inverse variance statistics was used. I2test statistics was applied to identify study heterogeneity. Forest plots were produced for the outcome variables with 95% confidence interval (CI) and overall treatment effects and subgroup effects at a significance level of 0.05. The overall implant survival rate ranged from 90%-100% and prosthetic survival rate from 87%-95%. An overall 6-10mm of bone can be gained in the anterior mandible and 4-8mm in the posterior mandible. A total of 1030 implants were placed of which 988 implants survived after the mean follow up periods (odds ratio: 0.77, 95% CI: 0.49-1.21). Implant survival is independent of the graft being used. Vertical augmentation in the posterior mandible is limited compared to anterior owing to the presence of inferior alveolar nerve and the keratinized tissue deficiency.

Predicted Dermo Fat Graft for Labia Majora Augmentation: The Original Article

Predicted Dermo Fat Graft for Labia Majora Augmentation: The Original Article

Case Report: Tibiotalocalcaneal Arthrodesis Utilizing a Titanium Mesh Implant for Limb Salvage after Failed Charcot Reconstruction

Category:Other; Ankle; Diabetes; TraumaIntroduction/Purpose:Tibiotalocalcaneal (TTC) arthrodesis has been employed as a mean to achieve hindfoot fusion and limb salvage. A particular challenge in limb salvage is achieving successful fusion in the setting of massive bone deficit. Several augmentation strategies have been trialed in this setting, such as structural allografts, 3D printed implants, fibular strut grafts, to name a few.Methods:We present a case describing TTC fusion for limb salvage utilizing a titanium mesh implant, combined with bone graft in the setting of massive bone deficit in an individual with Charcot arthropathy from Diabetes Mellitus and HIV after Pilon fracture, performed as revision procedure after failed Charcot reconstruction with a ringed external fixator and femoral head allograft with subsequent nonunion.Results:At last follow-up (22 months postoperative) patient is weight bearing as tolerated in Charcot Restraint Orthotic Walker boot. CT imaging at 18 months postoperative demonstrates stable implant and arthrodesis.Conclusion:Use of a titanium mesh implant is a reasonable option combined with bone graft for augmentation of TTC fusion in the setting of massive bone deficit.

A case series of traumatic extensor mechanism rupture managed by extensor mechanism reconstruction using Z-plasty of Quadriceps tendon and autologus tendon graft augmentation

Extensor Mechanism Injuries of knee are rare. True incidence of traumatic Patellar tendon rupture is unknown but is third in sequence after neglected Patellar fracture and quadriceps tears. Often the diagnosis or treatment of such cases are delayed, hence the biggest challenge here is to the need to bridge the gap caused by the contracted quadriceps muscle or the patellar tendon. i.e. Patella baja in quadriceps rupture and Patella alta in patellar tendon rupture. The goal of treatment is to bring down the displaced fragment and maintain its position by lengthening the contracted tissue and restore the Extensor mechanism through a bone to bone or a tendon to bone repair. We have treated 2 cases of delayed presentation of Extensor mechanism Injuries. The first case was a 40-Y-M with patella non union and the second case a 35-Y-M was a Left tibial plateau fracture (type -2) with ruptured Patellar tendon and associated ligamentous injuries. Both the patient were managed by reconstructing the Extensor mechanism.

A novel technique with Dacron vascular graft augmentation for knee extensor mechanism repairs: Technical note

Ruptures of the extensor apparatus can have different etiologies and be complicated by underlying situations. Direct repair is not always possible, and reconstruction procedures can be insufficient, which leads to the appearance of multiple augmentation techniques to improve the strength of these constructs. Despite the proven results of these techniques, numerous procedures are described without any gold standard. We present our augmentation method for repairing the knee extensor apparatus with a vascular prosthesis that facilitates healing, does not interfere with the primary procedure, has no donor morbidity or rejection risk, and allows earlier mobilization and rehabilitation. The technique was used in different cases with multiple etiologies that needed reinforcement, with promising results.

Fat graft augmentation rhinoplasty compared to costal cartilage graft in saddle nose panfacial fractures

ABSTRACTBackground: Panfacial fracture can cause nasal function and esthetics alterations, one of which is saddle nose deformity. Post-traumatic saddle nose could be treated with augmentation rhinoplasty to correct the nasal structure and function. It can use autologous material such as fat graft and cartilage graft. Purpose: To report the effect of fat graft augmentation rhinoplasty compared to costal cartilage graft on patients’ satisfaction of saddle nose panfacial fracture cases. Case report: Reporting two cases of panfacial fracture with saddle nose. The first case, a 22-years-old female with multiple facial fractures underwent plate and screw fixation and nasal fracture close reduction followed by augmentation rhinoplasty using fat graft. The second case was a 23-years-old male diagnosed as blow-out fracture treated with internal fixation and costal cartilage augmentation rhinoplasty. Clinical question: Does fat graft augmentation rhinoplasty result in a better satisfaction level than costal cartilage graft in panfacial fracture with saddle nose cases. Review method: Evidence-based literature searching was performed through Pubmed, Scopus and Proquest databases to evaluate the effect of rhinoplasty augmentation using fat graft compared to costal cartilage on patient satisfaction level. Result: One study showed patient’s high satisfaction level after fat graft augmentation procedure. Another study showed that satisfaction rates were also high in cartilage graft augmentation patients. Conclusion: The advantages of using fat graft augmentation are the more natural esthetic outcome, easy to perform and low morbidity. Rhinoplasty Outcome Evaluation (ROE) questionnaire could be used to evaluate the outcome of augmentation rhinoplasty with high sensitivity and specificity.Keywords: saddle nose, panfacial fracture, fat graft augmentation, costal cartilage graft, ROEABSTRAKLatar belakang: Fraktur panfasial dapat mengakibatkan perubahan struktur wajah disertai kelainan fungsi dan estetika hidung, salah satunya deformitas saddle nose. Saddle nose pasca trauma wajah dapat ditatalaksana dengan rinoplasti augmentasi untuk memperbaiki struktur dan fungsi hidung. Rinoplasti augmentasi dapat menggunakan material tandur autologous misalnya tandur lemak dan kartilago. Tujuan: Melaporkan hasil augmentasi tandur lemak dibandingkan tandur kartilago iga terhadap tingkat kepuasan pasien kasus saddle nose fraktur panfasial. Laporan kasus: Dua kasus fraktur panfasial disertai saddle nose. Kasus pertama, perempuan 22 tahun dengan fraktur wajah multipel, dilakukan fiksasi internal menggunakan plate and screw dan reduksi tertutup fraktur nasal, dilanjutkan rinoplasti augmentasi tandur lemak untuk memperbaiki saddle nose. Kasus kedua, laki-laki 23 tahun dengan fraktur blow-out ditatalaksana dengan fiksasi internal dilanjutkan rinoplasti augmentasi tandur kartilago iga. Pertanyaan klinis: Apakah rinoplasti augmentasi tandur lemak menghasilkan tingkat kepuasaan pasien lebih baik dibandingkan tandur kartilago iga pada kasus saddle nose pada fraktur panfasial? Telaah literatur: Pencarian literatur mengenai pengaruh augmentasi tandur lemak dibanding tandur kartilago iga terhadap tingkat kepuasan pasien fraktur panfasial dalam database Pubmed, Scopus dan Proquest. Hasil: Satu artikel menunjukkan tingkat kepuasan pasien pasca rinoplasti augmentasi tandur lemak yang tinggi dengan tingkat morbiditas rendah. Artikel lain menunjukkan tingkat kepuasan yang juga tinggi pada pasien augmentasi tandur kartilago tanpa komplikasi mayor. Kesimpulan: Keuntungan penggunaan tandur lemak pada rinoplasti adalah terlihat lebih alami, lebih mudah dilakukan dengan morbiditas rendah, akan tetapi dengan tingkat resorpsi tinggi. Kuesioner Rhinoplasty Outcome Evaluation (ROE) dapat menjadi alat untuk menilai outcome dari rinoplasti augmentasi dengan sensitivitas dan spesifitas cukup tinggi.Kata kunci: saddle nose, fraktur panfasial, augmentasi tandur lemak, tandur kartilago iga, ROE

Management of periprosthetic femoral fractures following total hip replacement; A Case Series

Background: Periprosthetic femoral fractures following total hip arthroplasty (THA) are not very uncommon. At present the Vancouver classification provides management algorithm for deciding treatment options but treatment options may vary between surgeons, where as in this study most patients managed were according to Vancouver classification management algorithm. The most common treatment modality for treating periprosthetic femoral fractures around a well-fixed stem is with osteosynthesis, but fracture with loose stem requires revision arthroplasty and fracture with poor bone requires bone graft augmentation. Methods: We reviewed 21 consecutive cases with periprosthetic femoral fractures in association with THA between June 2018 and December 2020. Locking and non locking compression plates, wires, cables system were used for osteosynthesis. Most of fractures were managed according to Vancouver classification management algorithm but modified in some cases according to the surgeon’s skills and judgment. Results: According to Vancouver classification, two patients had AL fractures, two patients had AG fractures, twelve Patients had B1, five patients had B2, two patients had B3 and one patient had type C fracture. Of these two cases were treated by conservatively, sixteen cases were treated by osteosynthesis, three cases by revision arthroplasty. Conclusion: The careful analysis of implant stability and fracture patterns is crucial for the optimal treatment of Periprosthetic femoral fractures. Expert Surgeon’s skills are needed to deal with periprosthetic femoral fractures.

Edentulous ridge space closure after bone augmentation using different graft materials: A report of two cases

Abstract Post-extraction alveolar ridge resorption is a common sequela when missing mandibular molar spaces are not managed in a timely fashion. The situation becomes more complicated in patients who seek orthodontic treatment if closure of the edentulous space is the major objective in order to avoid prosthetic rehabilitation. In the present article, two cases are reported, in which different bone augmentation graft materials were used and treatment duration and post-orthodontic alveolar ridge characteristics were compared. A regional acceleratory phenomenon after the grafting procedure facilitated uneventful orthodontic space closure. The status of the investing alveolar bone was compared using post-treatment cone-beam computed tomography. Both autogenous bone graft and allograft ridge augmentation procedures aided in successful molar protraction through the resorbed mandibular alveolar ridge, as well as preventing periodontal attachment loss.

The Addition of Suture Tape to the Hamstring Graft Construct Does Not Reduce Instrumented Knee Laxity Following ACL Reconstruction

PurposeTo establish the effect of the addition of suture tape to the hamstring graft construct through measurement of instrumented sagittal plane knee laxity at 6 months after anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction (ACLR).MethodsA retrospective analysis was undertaken of a consecutive series of primary ACLR performed between May 2017 and June 2019. Patients with concomitant or historic contralateral knee injury were excluded. Suture tape was included in the graft construct from the midpoint of the study period (May 2018). Sagittal plane knee laxity was quantified using the KT2000 arthrometer at 6 postoperative months. Mean side-to-side differences in sagittal plane laxity between the operated and contralateral, uninjured knees were compared for grafts with and without suture tape. Additional outcomes included comparison between suture tape application techniques (graft reinforcement versus augmentation), comparison between suture tape with and without iliotibial band (ITB) tenodesis and documentation of complications necessitating further surgery.ResultsA total of 169 patients were eligible for inclusion. Seventy-two grafts included suture tape and 84 patients underwent concomitant ITB tenodesis. There was no significant difference in mean laxity between grafts containing suture tape (mean difference: 1.2 mm, SD: 2.6 mm) and those without (mean difference: 1.3 mm, SD: 2.1 mm), P = .83 (CI −.92 to 1.13). Neither were there significant differences in laxity when using suture tape with concomitant ITB tenodesis (mean difference: 1.1 mm, SD: 2.1 mm), P = .75 (CI −.79 to 1.09), or when comparing techniques: graft reinforcement (mean difference .9 mm, SD 2.6 mm); graft augmentation (mean difference: 1.5 mm, SD: 2.5 mm) P = .52 (CI −2.29 to 1.16). There were no complications associated with suture tape.ConclusionsThe addition of suture tape to an autologous hamstring graft construct did not reduce instrumented sagittal knee laxity in the first 6 months after ACL reconstruction. As such, the clinical relevance of its use remains unknown.Level of EvidenceLevel III, retrospective cohort study.

Physical Therapy Following Arthroscopic Rotator Cuff Repair with Graft Augmentation: A Case Report with Magnetic Resonance Imaging

Physical Therapy Following Arthroscopic Rotator Cuff Repair with Graft Augmentation: A Case Report with Magnetic Resonance Imaging

Prevalence of the Use of Particulate Graft versus Block Bone Graft in Ridge Augmentation: A Hospital Based Retrospective Study

Aim: To assess the prevalence of the use of particulate graft versus block bone graft in ridge augmentation.
 Introduction: Ridge augmentation is a process of replacing the lost bone of residual ridge by grafting natural or synthetic material. Dimensional changes in the alveolar ridge after extraction often compromises on achieving optimal implant stability and placement of implants in the right prosthodontic positions. These situations demand augmentation of the residual ridge to achieve successful implant placement and long-term survival.
 Materials and Methods: Case sheets of thirty-eight patients who had underwent ridge augmentation procedure were analysed for the study. The collected data was statistically analysed using chi square test and the results were obtained. SPSS software was used for obtaining the results.
 Results and Discussion: Majority of the participants in the study were around the age 15-30 years. Around 74% of the participants have undergone particulate bone graft rather than block bone graft. From the study it is proven that around 81% of the augmentation type are for the hard tissue.
 Conclusion: Hence from the study it is proven that particulate graft is more commonly opted than block bone graft.

A customized subepithelial connective tissue graft for interdental papilla reconstruction and soft tissue augmentation.

Due to the minimal blood supply and other reasons, stable reconstruction of interdental papilla is difficult. This article presented three cases, which describe a customized subepithelial connective tissue graft aiming to overcome the clinical challenge, with the combination of tunneling technique. An original customized subepithelial connective tissue graft combined with tunnel technique aimed to reconstruct interdental papilla (IP). The subepithelial connective tissue graft was partially spilt to create a bowtie-like shape, with four lateral wings and a main body. The four wings were tightly wrapped around the adjacent abutments, and the body part was used to reconstruct the IP. With the customized subepithelial connective tissue graft, a favorable outcome has been preliminarily confirmed in these cases. Facing patients with a lack of gingival papilla and soft tissue fullness, the customized subepithelial connective tissue graft may be a good choice. This study provides a new method to reconstruct IP. The customized subepithelial connective tissue graft may be a good choice when a lack of gingival papilla and soft tissue fullness occurs, which will be of great benefit to meet the aesthetic needs of patients.

Angled BIO-RSA leads to better inclination and clinical outcomes compared to Standard BIO-RSA and eccentric reaming: A comparative study.

Two surgical techniques were compared : Standard BIO-RSA, performed with a glenoid eccentric reaming along with a cylindric bone graft augmentation vs. the Angled BIO-RSA, performed with a glenoid concentric reaming and a defect correction with an angled bone graft. Patients undergoing RSA from January 2016 to April 2019, with one of the two techniques being performed, were retrospectively reviewed. Glenoids were classified according to Favard. Clinical (Constant-Murley, VAS and ROM) and radiographic (superior tilt correction) data were collected pre-operatively and at 12 months post-operatively. 141 shoulders were included. Angled BIO-RSA group showed statistically significant better outcomes in terms of forward flexion (149.9° Vs 139.3°) and abduction (136.4° Vs 126.7°). The use of an Angled BIO-RSA showed a statistically significant better superior tilt correction (1.252° Vs 4.09°). Angled BIO-RSA, leads to a better inclination correction and a mean postoperative tilt value inferior to 5° in E1 and E3 differently from standard BIO-RSA. Both techniques were able to correct glenoid superior inclination with excellent postoperative short-term results. However, angled BIO-RSA technique appears to be more effective in ensuring a correct inclination of the prosthetic glenoid component with better clinical outcomes.