Graft Copolymerization Of Butyl Acrylate Research Articles

The Graft Copolymerization of Butyl Acrylate and Lauryl Methacrylate onto Sawdust: Potential Materials for Oil Spill Cleanup

The Graft Copolymerization of Butyl Acrylate and Lauryl Methacrylate onto Sawdust: Potential Materials for Oil Spill Cleanup

Simultaneous improvement of mechanical and fire retardant properties of synthesised biodegradable guar gum-g-poly(butyl acrylate)/montmorillonite nanocomposite

A novel multicomponent biopolymer based nanocomposite was synthesised via graft copolymerization of butyl acrylate (BA) onto guar gum (GG) and montmorillonite (MMT) by using ammonium persulfate (APS) as a free radical initiator, in the presence of N,N′-methylene bisacrylamide (MBA) as a crosslinking agent. BA had been grafted onto GG chains and the participation of -OH groups of MMT in polymerization reaction was confirmed by FTIR spectra. XRD and TEM observations revealed that MMT was exfoliated and uniformly dispersed in guar gum-g-poly (butyl acrylate) (GG-g-PBA) matrix. The resultant nanocomposite showed remarkably improved thermal stability and mechanical properties. In addition, the excellent fire retardancy of nanocomposite results from the formation of compact and continuous char which not only hinders the migration of volatile decomposition products out of polymer matrix but also provides barrier for heat transfer evaluated by limiting oxygen index (LOI) and cone calorimetry test. The biodegradation of nanocomposite has been carried out for better commercialization and environmental concern.

Novel hybrid coatings with controlled wettability by composite nanoparticle aggregation

The aim of this study is to evaluate novel hybrid materials as potential candidates for producing coatings with hierarchical roughness and controlled wetting behaviour.Magnetite (Fe3O4) nanoparticles obtained by co-precipitation were embedded in matrices synthesized by radical graft co-polymerization of butyl acrylate (BA), butyl methacrylate (BMA), hexyl acrylate (HA) or styrene (ST) with ethylene glycol di-methacrylate (EGDMA) onto previously modified chitosan bearing surface vinyl groups. The resulting composite particles were characterized regarding their average size, composition and magnetic properties. Hybrid thin films containing suspension of composite particles in ethanol and pre-hydrolysed hexadecyltrimethoxysilane (HDTS) as a coupling/crosslinking agent were deposited by spin coating or spraying. The films were cured by heating and subsequently characterized regarding their morphology (scanning electron microscopy), contact angle with water and adhesion to substrate (scratch test). The structure-property relationship is discussed.

Study of graft copolymerization of butyl acrylate onto starch using a redox initiator system

The mixture of synthetic and natural materials yields a material with improved physical-chemical properties. One way of obtaining this kind of material is through graft copolymerization. Some natural materials have been used in graft copolymerization with synthetic monomers. In this work, graft copolymerization of butyl acrylate (BA) onto starch using a redox initiator system was carried out. The graft yield was evaluated for different reaction conditions. The graft copolymer was characterized by infrared spectroscopy, thermal analysis and scanning electron microscopy (SEM).

Response Surface Methodology for the Optimization and Characterization of Oil Palm Mesocarp Fiber-graft-Poly(butyl acrylate)

Oil palm mesocarp fibers (OPMFs) are left as a waste material after oil extraction. A new application of OPMF is needed to economically utilize these fibers; thus OPMFs need to be modified to render them hydrophobic. Hydrogen peroxide was used to initiate the graft copolymerization of butyl acrylate onto OPMF in aqueous solution. The duration of reaction, temperature, and amounts of butyl acrylate and initiator were optimized using response surface methodology (RSM) coupled with a four-factor central composite design (CCD). The response variable was percentage grafting (%G). A quadratic model was obtained and developed to correlate the independent variables to %G. The optimum conditions predicted through RSM were 110 min duration of reaction, 50 °C temperature, 28 mmol of monomer, and 5.99 mmol of initiator, with a %G of 116.2%. Synthesized graft copolymers were characterized by Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), and thermogravimetric analysis. The thermal stability of OPMF improved significantly after grafting. The FTIR and SEM results showed that graft copolymerization successfully occurred onto the OPMF backbone. The tensile test results support the utilization of grafted OPMF as a potential compatibilizer.

Preparation and characterization of natural rubber with soft nanomatrix structure

Preparation of natural rubber (NR) with a soft nanomatrix structure was made by graft-copolymerization of butyl acrylate (BA) onto deproteinized natural rubber with tert-butyl hydroperoxide/tetraetylenepentamine in latex stage. The resulting graft-copolymer of deproteinized natural rubber and poly (butyl acrylate) (DPNR-graft-PBA) was characterized by Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy. Conversion and grafting efficiency of BA were dependent upon BA concentration, which were more than 90 mol% under a suitable condition of the graft-copolymerization. Morphology of DPNR-graft-PBA was observed by transmission electron microscopy after staining film specimens with I2 vapor for 5 min. The NR particles of about 0.5 μm in diameter were dispersed in PBA matrix of about 15 nm in thickness. Storage modulus and loss tangent of DPNR-graft-PBA were measured, and they were related with the soft nanomatrix structure. The tensile strength and elongation at break decreased as monomer concentration increased.

N, N-diethyl-m-toluamide–Containing Microcapsules for Bio-Cloth Finishing

To obtain long-duration protection from mosquitoes using insect repellent N, N-diethyl-m-toluamide (DEET), this compound was incapsulated in situ during the graft copolymerization of butyl acrylate onto chitosan in an aqueous solution. Morphology of microcapsules was characterized by scanning electron microscopy, scanning probe microscopy, and transmission electron microscopy. This morphology supported successful encapsulation of DEET into polymer capsules. The encapsulation ratio of DEET was greater than 33%, as estimated from thermo-gravimetric results. The aqueous emulsions were applied to cotton textiles by spraying. Treated cloth showed high bactericidal activity against Staphylococcus aureus. Mosquito repellency of the bio-cloth was evaluated with Aedes albopictus. The 90% effective dose of emulsions on textiles was compared with that of DEET in ethanol. A time profile showed that the repellency of an optimized emulsion was 100% after eight hours, and partially preserved even after exposure to air for 48 hours.

Synthesis and characterization of butyl acrylate graft sodium salt of partially carboxymethylated starch

AbstractGraft copolymers were synthesized by graft copolymerization of butyl acrylate (BA) onto sodium salt of partially carboxymethylated starch (Na‐PCMS). Ceric ammonium nitrate (CAN), a redox initiator, was used for initiation of graft copolymerization reaction. All the experiments were run with Na‐PCMS having degree of substitution, DS = 0.35. The grafting reaction was characterized by parameters such as % total conversion (%Ct), % grafting (%G), % grafting efficiency (%GE), and % add‐on. Graft copolymers were characterized by infrared spectral analysis and scanning electron microscopy. Variables affecting graft copolymerization reaction such as nitric acid concentration, reaction time, reaction temperature, and ceric ion concentration were investigated. The results revealed that 0.3M CAN as initiator, 0.3M HNO3, with reaction time 4–4.5 h at 25–30°C were found as suitable parameters for maximum yield of graft copolymerization reaction. © 2006 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. JAppl Polym Sci 102: 3334–3340, 2006

Homogeneous graft copolymerization of chitosan with butyl acrylate by γ-irradiation via a 6-O-maleoyl-N-phthaloyl-chitosan intermediate

The graft copolymerization of butyl acrylate (BA) onto chitosan was tried via a new protection-graft-deprotection procedure. About 6-O-maleoyl-N-phthaloyl-chitosan was synthesized and characterized by Fourier transform infrared spectra analysis (FT-IR) and 1H-NMR. Because the intermediate 6-O-maleoyl-N-phthaloyl-chitosan was soluble in organic solvents, the graft copolymerization was carried out in a homogeneous system. Grafting was initiated by γ-irradiation. The graft extent was dependent on the irradiation dose and the concentration of BA monomer, and copolymers with grafting above 100% were readily prepared. © 2006 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci 102: 489–493, 2006

Preparation of chitosan/poly(butyl acrylate) hybrid materials by radiation-induced graft copolymerization based on phthaloylchitosan

Graft copolymerization of butyl acrylate onto chitosan via phthaloylchitosan intermediate has been examined. Because the intermediate phthaloylchitosan was soluble in organic solvents, the graft copolymerization can be carried out efficiently in homogeneous system. Under appropriate irradiation dose and concentration of butyl acrylate monomer, the grafting percentage reached 838%. The graft copolymers exhibited high swelling not only in aqueous acid but also in organic solvents. Due to the poly(butyl acrylate) side chains, the resulting graft copolymers exhibited glass transition phenomena and showed improved thermal stability.

Synthesis of Marine Resin by Graft Copolymerization of Some Acrylic Monomers onto Poly (Vinyl Chloride). Part I

Some marine resins were prepared by graft copolymerization of butyl acrylate (BuA) and methacrylic acid (MAA) onto chlorinated rubber (CLR) in cyclohexanone using benzoyl peroxide (BPO) as free radical initiator. The prepared copolymers were characterized by infrared spectra (FT-IR) and proton nuclear magnetic resonance (1H-NMR). The grafted resins obtained were incorporated in the antifouling paint formulations as marine binders free from TBT, and their physical and mechanical properties were investigated. The results revealed that the water uptake by the coatings was found to depend on the hydrophilic or hydrophobic properties of the biocides used in the formulations. Raft test performed at Obhor Bay, Red Sea, in Saudi Arabia, showed that the surfaces of the testing panels of some formulations are not affected by marine organisms after one year of immersion. تم تحضير بوليمر مطعم مشترك من أكريلات البيوتيل مع حمض الميثاكريليك على المطاط المكللور ( CLR ) في وسط مذيب من السيكلوهكسانون، وفي وجود فوق أكسيد البنزويل كبادئ للتفاعل. تم التحقق من التركيب الجزئي للبوليمر المطعم على المطاط المكلور، وذلك بدراسة الطيف الناتج من تعرض جزئيات البوليمرات المختلفة للاشعة تحت الحمراء وأشعة الرنين النووي المغنطيسي، ومنها تم التأكيد من حدوث التطعيم على سلسلة المطاط المكلور. تم إدخال هذه البوليمرات المصنعة من أكريلات البيوتيل مع حمض الميثاكريليك المطعم بمادة المطاط المكلور في دهانات غير ملوثة للبيئة ومقاومة للحشف. تمت دراسة خواصها الطبيعية والميكانيكية، ودراسة التحلل المائي وتحرر المادة الفعالة المقاومة للحشف بالمقارنة بدهان سيجمارينا ( منتج في السوق المحلي لشركة سيجما للدهانات ). ومن الدراسة وجد أن الدهان المصنع من بوليمر أكريلات البيوتيل مع حمض الميثاكريليك المطعم على الطاط المكلور بالاشتراك مع مادة كلوريد البنزالكونيوم ( Benzalkonium Chloriede) أكثر قربا لدهان سيجما رينا من الدهان المحضر من نفس البوليمر مع مادة البرميتول بي أف 95Parmetol PF95 والأكثر امتصاص للماء (Henzalkonplhilic) من مادة كلوريد البنزالكونيوم ( Hydrophobic). ثم تقييم مقاومة هذه الدهانات للحشف، وذلك بتعريضها في أماكن بحرية طبيعية. فبعد تعريض هذه الدهانات لمدة سنة في منطقة خليج أبحر بالبحر الأحمر شمال ميناء جدة بالمملكة العربية السعودية، لوحظ أن الدهانات المصنعة من بوليمر أكريلات البيوتيل مع حمض الميثاكريليك المطعم على الطاط لها خاصية مقاومة الحشف.

A new hybrid nanocomposite prepared by graft copolymerization of butyl acrylate onto chitosan in the presence of organophilic montmorillonite

Organophilic montmorillonite (OMMT) was synthesized by cationic exchange between Na-MMT and tricetadecylmethyl ammonium bromide in an aqueous solution. A new nanocomposite consisting of poly(butyl acrylate)-modified chitosan and OMMT was prepared by γ-ray irradiation polymerization in acetic acid aqueous solution. The degree of dispersion and the intercalation spacing of these nanocomposites were investigated using X-ray diffraction. The enhanced thermal stabilities of nanocomposites were characterized by the thermal gravimetric analysis. The improved mechanical properties of nanocomposites were characterized by static tensile studies and dynamic mechanical analysis. The nanocomposites showed improved resistance to water absorption.

Study of radiation‐induced graft copolymerization of butyl acrylate onto chitosan in acetic acid aqueous solution

AbstractThe graft copolymerization of butyl acrylate onto chitosan in acetic acid aqueous solution was investigated, using the γ‐ray of 60Co γ‐irradiation method. Fourier transform infrared spectra analysis, X‐ray diffraction analysis, and scanning electron microscopy characterized the graft copolymer. The effect of synthesis variables in the graft copolymerization have been discussed in the light of grafting efficiency, grafting percentage, and homopolymer percentage. Hydrophilicity and impact strength of the films formed from copolymer solution were tested and their feasibility as seed coating was studied. © 2003 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci 90: 2855–2860, 2003

Graft copolymerization of butyl acrylate and 2‐ethyl hexyl acrylate from labile chlorines of poly(vinyl chloride) by atom transfer radical polymerization

AbstractTrace amounts of labile chlorines present in poly(vinyl chloride) (PVC) were found to act as initiation sites for the preparation of graft copolymers of PVC by copper‐mediated atom transfer radical polymerization (ATRP). High grafting yields were attained during the graft copolymerizations of n‐butyl acrylate (161.8%) and 2‐ethyl hexyl acrylate (51.2%) in 7.5 h. In both cases, the grafting proceeded with first‐order kinetics with respect to the monomer concentrations, this being typical for ATRP. Gel permeation chromatography traces of the resulting products did not exhibit additional peaks attributable to the formation of free homopolymers. The presented procedure offers an efficient means of preparing self‐plasticized PVC structures. © 2003 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Polym Sci Part A: Polym Chem 41: 3457–3462, 2003

Graft copolymerization of butyl acrylate onto casein initiated by potassium diperiodatonickelate(IV) in alkaline medium

The novel redox system, potassium diperiodatonickelate (Ni(IV))–casein, was used to initiate graft copolymerization of butyl acrylate onto casein under heterogeneous conditions in aqueous 5% potassium hydroxide solution, which showed high grafting efficiency and percent grafting. FT i.r. spectroscopy, thermal analysis and scanning electron microscopy characterized the structures and properties of the grafted copolymer. The effects of synthesis variables in the graft copolymerization have been discussed in the light of grafting efficiency, percent grafting and the rate of polymerization. A possible initiation mechanism is proposed.

Chlorohydrin water swellable rubber compatibilized by an amphiphilic graft copolymer. I. Synthesis and characterization of compatibilizer PVA-g-PBA

The graft copolymerization of butyl acrylate onto poly(vinyl alcohol) with eerie ammonium nitrate as redox initiator in a aqueous medium has been investigated. The formation of graft copolymer was confirmed by means of IR, scanning electron microscopy (SEM), and wide-angle X-ray diffraction (WAXD). The percentage of mononer conversion and percentage of grafting varied with concentrations of initiator, nitric acid, monomer, macromolecular backbone (X-n = 1750, M = 80 000), reaction temperature and reaction time. Some inorganic salts and organic solvents have a great influence upon grafting. The reaction mechanism has been explored, and rate equations for the reaction are established. (C) 2000 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.

Chain transfer grafting of butyl acrylate onto poly(vinyl chloride) in emulsion

In this paper, the chain transfer method was adopted to study the graft copolymerization of butyl acrylate onto poly(vinyl chloride) (PVC) in emulsion. This approach to the synthesis of graft copolymers was first suggested by Flory, and was experimentally demonstrated by Hayes, Blumczynski and Mayo. The work reported here shows that for the chain transfer method, the grafting efficiency does not increase, as Flory's chain transfer theory predicted, but decreases with increasing copolymerization temperature. An explanation of these observations is proposed. In addition, FTi.r. was used to study the resultant graft copolymer and the parent homopolymers in order to investigate the structural changes in PVC consequent on grafting. Thermogravimetry results showed that the thermal stability of the graft copolymer is better than those of PVC and PVC/poly(butyl acrylate) blend.

Graft copolymerization of butyl acrylate onto pullulan using manganic pyrophosphate as initiator

AbstractThe graft copolymerization of butyl acrylate onto pullulan using manganic pyrophosphate as initiator in aqueous medium was studied. The effects of concentration of initiator, monomer, pullulan, and sulfuric acid on the percentage of grafting, the grafting, efficiency, as well as the rate of graft copolymerization were investigated. The rate equation was derived and a suitable reaction mechanism was proposed. Finally, the grafted samples were characterized by IR spectral measurement.

Graft Copolymerization of Butyl Acrylate onto Gelatin in the Presence of Ceric Ion

Abstract The graft copolymerization of butyl acrylate (BA) onto gelatin with ceric ammonium nitrate (CAN) as redox initiator in an aqueous medium has been studied. The products were characterized by IR. The effects of various reaction parameters, including reaction time and temperature, concentrations of gelatin, monomer, initiator, and nitric acid, on the percentage of grafting, the grafting efficiency, and the rate of graft copolymerization were studied systematically. The influences of some inorganic salts, organic additives, and the emulsifier were also investigated. The disappearing rate of Ce(IV) during the period of reaction was observed. The activation energy of graft copolymerization, homo-polymerization, and total polymerization were calculated. The reaction mechanism is discussed, and rate equations of the reaction are proposed.

Grafting of butyl acrylate onto gelatin in a water-isopropanol medium

Graft copolymerization of butyl acrylate onto gelatin using potassium persulphate initiator was studied in a water-isopropanol medium. The crude graft copolymers were soxhlet extracted with acetone to remove the loosely bound ungrafted homopolymer. The influence of a number of experimental factors such as effect of time, monomer concentration, initiator concentration, backbone concentration and temperature on the graft copolymerization of gelatin were investigated.