Gradation Value Research Articles

Characteristics of artificial coarse aggregate from High Density Polyethylene (HDPE) plastic waste for highway flexible pavement

Aggregates are a major component of hot mix asphalt and make up about 85% of the total mix volume. The increasing expansion of road infrastructure in Indonesia has led to a depletion of aggregate resources. Conversely, Indonesia is one of the largest producers of plastic waste in Southeast Asia. The aim of this study is to evaluate the potential of high density plastics (HDPE) for use as artificial aggregate material in flexible road pavements. The parameters investigated include softening and melting point, penetration and elongation index, gradation value, specific gravity, absorption and abrasion of the aggregates. The investigations into the physical properties of the artificial aggregates revealed a softening point of 265°C and a melting point of 272°C. The penetration index was 0.77% and the elongation index was 0.70%. The classification values passing through the 3/4" sieve were 100%, 66.88% for the 1/2" sieve and 25.96% for the 3/8" sieve. The specific gravity of the artificial coarse aggregate was 1.629. The absorption of the artificial coarse aggregate was 1.270% and the abrasion value was 0.15%. In summary, the artificial coarse aggregates produced from HDPE plastic waste can serve as a partial substitute for natural coarse aggregates.

A Novel Integrated Neutrosophic Cosine Operator Based Linear Programming ANP-EDAS MCGDM Strategy to Select Anti-Pegasus Software

In this paper, we have established Cosine Trigonometric Operational Law (CTOL) and constructed Cosine Trigonometric Neutrosophic Weighted Averaging (CT-NWA) operator in the domain of generalized neutrosophic environment, which has been endorsed in a Multi-Criteria Group Decision Making (MCGDM) technique to select the best Anti-Pegasus software. In this study, the expertize recommendations and public opinion are well taken in context of debatable Pegasus issue in the Indian political, bureaucratic and democratic aspects. The problem has been addressed and resolved by using the integrated methodology of Analytical Network Process (ANP) and Evaluation based on Distance from Average Solution (EDAS) strategies. Here, we have optimized the weight factors and the gradation values of the decision makers as well as the sub-criteria of each criterion using Linear Programming (LP) model. Finally, we have performed the comparative analysis from various aspects to justify the reliability of our results.

ЛЕКСИЧЕСКИЕ СРЕДСТВА ВЫРАЖЕНИЯ ГРАДАЦИИ (НА МАТЕРИАЛЕ ЭМОТИВНОЙ ГЛАГОЛЬНОЙ ЛЕКСИКИ «СЛОВАРЯ РУССКИХ ГОВОРОВ ПРИАМУРЬЯ»)

The article describes semantic features of emotive verbs in the Russian dialects inthe Amur Region. The subject of the study isemotive verbs reflecting the phenomenon of gradation. The semantic classification of dialectemotive verbal lexemes, selected from «The Dictionary of Russian Dialects in the Amur Region», according to the type of emotion expressed and the degree of its intensity, is proposed. Attention is drawn to word-forming formants that contribute to the expression of gradation values.

Research on permeable pores in collapse column fillings with different gradation structures

Particle loss is an important cause of water inrush catastrophes in collapsed columns. In order to study the relationship between the lost particles of different graded rock samples and the pore structure of the subsidence column filling, experiments were designed and the changes of the seepage parameters of graded rock samples during the particle migration process under different permeable water pressures P and axial loads F were determined. The results show that: (1) There will be obvious collapse, silting and particle loss behaviors in the sample during different loading processes, and the rock samples with gradation values of n = 0.3 and n = 0.5 are dominant; (2) The relationship between porosity φ and bearing pressure The exponential function can be used to fit the loads F well, and the porosity decreases with the increase of the bearing load. The water surging characteristics before and after 1.2 MPa are mainly in the turbulent water gushing stage, accompanied by instantaneous slurry. Possibility of splashing and indenter sliding; (3) After infiltration, the condition of the remaining skeleton rock samples in the cylinder generally shows a trend of first decreasing rapidly, then increasing slowly, and then decreasing; (4) The gradation value n of the sample and the bottom There is a good correlation between the damaged area and the mean value S of the maximum area of the top water inrush channel. The maximum area increase of the damaged area and the maximum area increase of the water inrush channel show an opposite trend. The permeable pores of the graded samples can be divided into There are three situations of digging and collapse, water inrush gap and scouring hole, and the pore seepage process can be divided into 4 stages of inoculation of water seepage, rapid adjustment, rapid scour and steady flow.

Retraction Note to: Cultural changes in coral community based on image segmentation and travel public service in coastal areas

The threshold separation method is an image segmentation technique that is divided into several types according to the gradation value. It is a classification method based on image histogram segmentation. The purpose of the image threshold is to divide the entire pixel into a region having similar properties according to the gradation level. Each area after separation will match the real object, and each area will have the same internal properties, and this property is different from the surrounding area. The coral reef ecosystem consists of various components, such as coral groups, algae, boom, fish and microorganisms, and non-biological components, which forms a connection with each other. Coral biological communities are one of the largest varieties and the most abundant community in the marine environment. The defined coastal area refers to the region of the coastline and is divided into three levels according to the administrative region: province, city and district. The coastal area of the first line is mainly located in coastal provinces, and autonomous regions. The tourism public service system is not a new research topic. Instead, tourism public services have been conducted in the government, academia and tourism. This paper mainly analyzes the relevant theoretical concepts and public service tourism systems on public service tourism under the premise of intelligent information and tourism.

Asfalt Kaplama Kalınlığının Karışım Homojenitesi Üzerindeki Etkisi

Mixture homogeneity of wearing course in the asphalt pavements plays an important role in pavement performance and life. Mixture homogeneity can be evaluated by various methods. One of these methods is the extraction method. In this study, effect of asphalt pavement thickness on homogeneity was investigated. Core samples taken from actual asphalt pavement were evaluated in terms of density, bitumen content and gradation values depend on pavement thickness. It was observed that the density values of the core samples were above the design density and the density decreased with increasing pavement thickness. However, after the pavement thickness exceeded 6.5cm, the decrease in density values accelerated. High coefficient correlation was not found between pavement thickness and bitumen content. However, the average bitumen content of the core samples was 0.2% greater than the design bitumen content. Although the pavement thickness changed, the aggregate gradations were very close to each other and the highest distortion according to the design gradation was between 0.18mm and 2.0mm sieves.

The Effect of Addition of Limestone Powder and Fly – Ash on Land Classification

The land is one of the absolute functions in every continuity of the activities of all living things on Earth. The issue of the low soil resilience type of montmorillonite activity indeed remains a problem in construction activities titled construction. Limestone and Fly-Ash is a formulation to change the classification value of montmorillonite soil activity in the following paper compilation research. Soil classification is an effort of the land grouping which is intended to separate the use of land carrying capacity which is more complex for each use of soil structure. The value of the basic soil activity used is 1.3, obtained from the plastic index calculation of 32.56 %divided by the sieve gradation value is smaller than the sieve number 200 by 25.7 %. Thus it shows that the soil structure used for testing is a type of Montmorillonite activity. with the addition of limestone powder additive materials and fly-ash showed activity value const soil structure to be late. In a combination of 5% additive soil activity type which was previously 1.3 (Montmorillonite classification) to 0.8 (Lilite classification), 10% additive to 0.7 (Lilite classification), 15% and 20% additive to 0.5 or Kaolinite classification.

Evaluation of Risk Factors Associated with Diabetic Foot Ulcers in Saudi Arabia.

Considering that diabetic foot ulceration is one of the major health issues globally, we aimed to evaluate the risk factors associated with foot ulcers in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM). A total of 81 T2DM patients (age range: 40-80 years) registered at the Diabetes Treatment Center, Prince Sultan Military Medical City (PSMMC), Riyadh, Saudi Arabia between April and September 2015 were included in this cross-sectional study after purposive selection and assigning of patient numbers. The selected participants were interviewed and examined, and their medical records were reviewed for sensory, vibratory, and painful neuropathies; vascular insufficiency; retinopathy; and dermatological variations. The Wagner's classification system was employed to evaluate the stage of patients' foot ulcers. Among the study participants [mean age range: 56.4 ± 6.72 years; 53 males (65.4%)], cases of loss of protective sensation, foot deformity, amputation history, and dermatological abnormalities were notable. The Wagner gradation value of ulcers were grade 0 for 16% study population, grade 1 for 35.8%, grade 2 for 45.7%, grade 3 for 2.5%, and grades 4 and 5 for 0%. Approximately 19% of the patients had a previous case of amputation and 29.6% had nail disease. The most common footwear reported to be used by the patients was sandals shoes (46%). The issues of loss of protective sensation, vascular insufficiency, deformity, previous amputations, and dermatological abnormalities of the lower limbs were found to be most common among the foot ulceration patients. The study findings thus recommend regular foot examination, following basic hygiene habits, encouragement of the use of appropriate footwear, patient education about foot ulcers, and prompt treatment for minor injuries to prevent further ulceration in DM patients.

The sulphur and oxygen isotopic composition of anhydrite from the Upper Pechora basin (Russia): new data in the context of the evolution of the sulphur isotopic record of Permian evaporites

This study describes a new determination of the S and O isotope composition of Lower Permian (Kungurian) anhydrites from the Upper Pechora Basin, Cis-Ural region, Russia. δ 34 S values in sulphate facies vary from +13.7 to +15.1‰; and δ 18 O values range from +9.3 to +10.4‰. The values of d34S and d18O of anhydrite from halite facies varies from +12.6 to +15.0‰ and +7.5 to +10.9‰ respectively. The quantitative ratio of pyrite content from the water-insoluble residue (silty-sand fraction) is characterized by extremely low (<<1%) to high (4–5%) steep gradation values. The increased presence of pyrite indicates the influence of bacterial sulphate reduction. The sulphate reduction process was more intense, especially when evaporites were formed in mud. The narrow fluctuation range of sulphur and oxygen isotopes values of the measured anhydrite indicates low levels of fractionation. It was established that during the Permian, evolutionary changes in the content of sulphate ions in sea water correlate with the sulphur isotopic composition of marine evaporites

Influence of aggregate gradation on hma mixes stability

Abstract The load transfer capacity of pavements is to a great extend influenced by aggregates. About 85% of the total volume of hot mix asphalt (HMA) mixtures consists of aggregates; thus, they are greatly influenced by aggregate properties like angularity (shape), roughness (texture), and gradation. Aggregate gradation controls the structure of voids. Current specifications for aggregate properties in HMA pavements require the aggregate blend to fall within a specified range of gradation values. Although the abovementioned requirement has ensured the construction of high quality HMA pavements, the properties are largely empirical and they are not based on performance-related tests. Marshall Stability is in principle the resistance to plastic flow of cylindrical specimens of a bituminous mixture loaded on the lateral surface. It is the load carrying capacity of the mix at 60oC. Aggregates with different gradations from the broader area of Xanthi, Northern Greece, have been used to prepare specimens for stability testing of hot asphalt mixtures in the laboratory. The research focused on the evaluation of the influence of aggregates in the overall stability characteristics of the mixtures. The maximum stability value has been obtained with an open-graded mixture having 5% asphalt and aggregate size 2.36 mm. However, the stability of the dense graded mixture is higher than this maximum value.

Towards a partial differential equation remote sensing image method based on adaptive degradation diffusion parameter

For the anisotropy diffusion feature, Partial Differential Equation (PDE) methods keep edge detail characters well in case of denoising, thus being widely applied in remote sense image denoising, smoothing, filtering and reconstruction. A PDE remote sensing image denoising method based on Adaptive Degradation Diffusion Parameter (ADDP) was proposed in the paper to deal with fuzzy detail problem caused by increasing iteration number. The PDE denoising method with ADDP enlarged diffusion size in the plat region of remote sensing image without affecting the remote sensing image edge, thus avoiding loss of remote sensing image detail and intersections caused by Gaussian convolution smoothing in the PDE filtering model based on curvature-based movement (CM) and image denoising model based on total variation (TV). In the region where gradation value changes little, the method executed isotropic diffusion to remove isolated noise. The upwind scheme was applied for model numerical realization. Experimental in remote sensing image denoising results proved its feasibility and effectiveness.

Application of Improved Harris Algorithm in Sub-Pixel Feature Point Extraction

 Abstract—Harris algorithm is widely used in image feature point extraction, but the algorithm only can reach the accuracy at pixel level. Moreover, the stability of the algorithm is significantly influenced by the choice of K value. In this paper, according to mathematics principles, threshold calculation method for the algorithm has been improved and the influence of k selected by users on the stability of the algorithm is eliminated. On the basis of extracting feature points via Harris algorithm, a method for solving the extreme points of the intersecting line of curved surface and gradient plane has been proposed by using the fitting surface geometry model of gradation value at the near neighborhood of corner, and the positioning of feature point at sub-pixel level and application to camera calibration based on checkerboard template have been realized. It is shown with experimental results that this method is effective in improving the precision and accuracy of feature point positioning. Index Terms—Harris algorithm, threshold, surface fitting method, contour line, extreme point, sub-pixel.

Morphological and biological characterization of density engineered foams fabricated by ultrasonic sonication

The successful manufacture of functionally tailored materials (e.g., density engineered foams) for advanced applications (e.g., structures or in bioengineering) requires an effective control over the process variables. In order to achieve this, density gradation needs to be represented and quantified. Current density measurement techniques offer information on bulk values, but neglect local position as valuable information (i.e., do not associate density scalar values with specific location, which is frequently critical when mechanical properties or functionalities have to be engineered). In this article, we present a method that characterizes the density gradation of engineered foams manufactured by the sonication technique, which allows the generation of sophisticated porous architectures beyond a simple linear gradient. A 3D data capture (μCT) and a flexible analysis software program (ImageJ) are used to obtain “global” density gradation values that can, ultimately, inform, control, and optimize the manufacture process. Polymeric foams, i.e., polyurethane (PU) foams, were used in this study as proof of concept. The measurements performed on the PU foams were validated by checking consistency in the results for both horizontal and vertical image slices. Biological characterization was done to assess the samples’ tailored structure viability as scaffolds for tissue engineering. The comparison between untreated and sonicated samples yielded a 12.7% of increment in living cell count adhered to the walls after treatment. The conclusions drawn from this study may inform the design and manufacture of density-engineered materials used in other fields (e.g., structural materials, optoelectronics, food technology, etc.)

Clinical implications of intraoperative infrared brain surface monitoring during superficial temporal artery–middle cerebral artery anastomosis in patients with moyamoya disease

Surgical revascularization for moyamoya disease prevents cerebral ischemic attacks by improving cerebral blood flow (CBF). Symptomatic cerebral hyperperfusion is a potential complication of this procedure, but its treatment is contradictory to that for ischemia. Because intraoperative techniques to detect hyperperfusion are still lacking, the authors performed intraoperative infrared monitoring in moyamoya disease using a novel infrared imaging system. During superficial temporal artery-middle cerebral artery anastomosis in 25 patients (26 hemispheres) with moyamoya disease, the authors monitored the brain surface temperature intraoperatively with the IRIS-V infrared imaging system. The average gradation value change (indicating temperature change) was calculated using commercial software. Magnetic resonance imaging, MR angiography, and N-isopropyl-p-[(123)I]iodoamphetamine SPECT studies were performed routinely before and within 10 days after surgery. Patency of bypass, detailed local hemodynamics, and changes in cortical surface temperature around the anastomosis site were well recognized by the IRIS-V infrared imaging system in all cases. In the present study, 10 patients suffered transient neurological symptoms accompanied by an increase in CBF around the anastomosis site, recognized as symptomatic hyperperfusion. The increase in temperature was significantly higher in these patients. Intensive blood pressure control was undertaken, and free-radical scavengers were administered. No patient in the present study suffered a permanent neurological deficit. Although the present method does not directly monitor surface CBF, temperature rise around the anastomosis site during surgery might be an indicator of postoperative hyperperfusion. Prospective evaluation with a larger number of patients is necessary to validate this technique.

高感度赤外線画像システムＩＲＩＳ‐Ｖを用いたもやもや病術中血行動態モニタリングによる術後過灌流の予測―２症例の検討―

Surgical revascularization for moyamoya disease prevents cerebral ischemic attacks by improving cerebral blood flow (CBF). But little is known about the change in intraoperative cerebral hemodynamics and its effect on postoperative neurological status, including symptomatic cerebral hyperperfusion. To address this issue, we applied a novel infrared imaging system (IRIS-V infrared imaging system) for intraoperative monitoring of surface hemodynamics in 2 patients with moyamoya disease. We investigated the correlation between clinical, radiological findings, and changes of the gradation value in infrared imaging using imaging software. The camera showed apparent revascularization during surgery in both cases. In case 1, a 36-year-old male who presented with transient ischemic attack (TIA) underwent superficial temporal artery-middle cerebral artery (STA-MCA) anastomosis with pial synangiosis. His cerebrovascular reactivity was significantly compromised as shown by preoperative IMP-SPECT. Intraoperative infrared imaging disclosed an increase in brain surface temperature due to increase in blood flow around the anastomosis. The gradation value gradually increased after recanalization of bypass during several minutes. Postoperative IMP-SPECT showed a focal increase in CBF around the site of anastomosis 1 day after surgery. Beginning on the next day, he suffered fluctuated aphasia, numbness and fine movement disturbance on his right hand for 7 days. Intensive blood pressure control relieved his symptoms, and he was discharged without neurological deficit. The anatomical location and the temporal profile of hyperperfusion accorded with the neurological deficits. In case 2, a 29-year-old female who presented with TIA had already undergone surgical revascularization on the symptomatic right side. Then she underwent left STA-MCA anastomosis on the asymptomatic side with decreased cerebrovascular reserve capacity. Intraoperative infrared imaging disclosed no significant increase in brain surface color around the site of anastomosis except for the apparent revascularization through STA-MCA bypass. The gradation value did change significantly before or after recanalization of bypass. Postoperative IMP-SPECT showed a mild increase in CBF on the entire MCA territory without focal intense accumulation. Her postoperative course was uneventful, and she was discharged without neurological deterioration. Characteristic patterns of the intraoperative cerebral hemodynamics as delineated by IRIS-V may be the optimal predictor for postoperative transient symptomatic hyperperfusion after direct bypass in patients with moyamoya disease.

Fractal image coding with regional division of a block

Fractal image coding is an image compression method that utilizes the self-similarity which is inherent in a natural image. The picture quality of the restored image depends on the detection of adequate self-similarity in the original image. However, for the conventional technique that uses square blocks, it is troublesome to detect good self-similarity in edge parts that have steep changes in gradation values. Therefore, in this paper, the authors perform regional division for each block and use separate contractive transformations in each divided region to implement superior self-similarity detection. This technique can reproduce more apparent edges than the conventional technique that uses square blocks and the SN ratio is improved by 1 to 2 dB at the same bit rate. Also, although the coding performance of the conventional fractal image coding technique is worse than that of JPEG, the proposed technique shows nearly equivalent PSNR to JPEG in the vicinity of 2 to 3 bpp. © 2005 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Electron Comm Jpn Pt 3, 88(8): 1–8, 2005; Published online in Wiley InterScience (www.interscience.wiley. com). DOI 10.1002/ecjc.20153