Gradation Of Openness Research Articles

Permeability and Dynamic Stability in Porous Asphalt Mixtures Using Cariphalte Asphalt and Gilsonite Additives

Porous asphalt mixture is a new generation of flexible pavement that allows water to seep into the top layer (wearing course) both vertically and horizontally. This condition is possible, because the gradation used has a coarse aggregate fraction of not less than 85% of the mixture volume. This layer uses an open gradation (open graded) which is spread over a layer of waterproof asphalt to prevent seepage into the road foundation. This porous asphalt layer can effectively provide a greater level of safety, especially during rainy times to prevent aqua-planing, resulting in rougher surface roughness and can reduce noise (noise reduction). In this research, a test will be carried out on porous asphalt with a mixture using Cariphalte modified asphalt and gilsonite as the added ingredient. Variations in asphalt content used are 4%, 5%, 6%, 7%, 8%. Determination of variations in levels of variation is based on research that has been conducted. This research involves analysis of calculation results based on experimental data from laboratory scale experiments including Marshall Testing, Immersion Index, Permeability, Slip Resistance, Dynamic Stability, and Resilient Modulus. The test results show that the smallest permeability value is in the 8% gilsonite mixture but it does not meet the requirements of AAPA 2004 so the mixture with the greatest stability value is used. From the results of dynamic stability testing, it shows that the mixture of test objects with a content of 7% gilsonite has a dynamic stability value of 5250 passes/mm at a temperature of 45°C and 3150 passes/mm at a temperature of 60°C.

Intuitionistic Fuzzy Semi- g precompactness

In this research, we present the concepts of intuitionistic fuzzy semi-ℊpreopen set explained by gradation of openness. We defined intuitionistic fuzzy semi-ℊcompact, also we present almost semi-ℊcompact.

Sustainable Open-Graded Friction Course asphalt mixes with steel slag aggregates

A permeable mixture called Open-Graded Friction Course (OGFC) is used to lessen the effects of climate change, especially during periods of heavy rain. It is made up of open gradation, mostly coarse aggregates, and fewer fines. The advantages of an OGFC mixture include the removal of surface water from the pavement, noise absorption, increased frictional resistance and more. Steel slag is a waste product left over from the Iron and Steel industry that can be utilized as aggregates in OGFC mixes. The primary goal of this work is to assess the usage of steel slag aggregates in place of conventional aggregates to produce the OGFC mix for getting improved mixture properties. Five percentage substitutions were employed to examine the design and quality of the OGFC mix, namely, 0% (control mix), 25, 50, 75, and 100% of steel slag aggregates in place of conventional aggregates. Tests for air voids, binder draindown, unaged and aged Cantabro abrasion loss, and Indirect Tensile Strength (ITS) test were conducted to evaluate the performance of OGFC mixes containing different percentages of steel slag. The test results show that the performance of the mix was improved by the addition of various percentages of steel slag. The results of the physical properties tests on steel aggregates were better than that of conventional aggregates. The mix with steel slag aggregates exhibits a slight improvement in the drainage property when compared to the conventional aggregate mix, according to the test results of the draindown test. When compared to the conventional mix, the mix with 100% replacement at 5.75% bitumen content produced better raveling resistance, and the mix with 50% steel slag replacement indicated improved resistance to moisture susceptibility with good Tensile Strength Ratio. The test results showed 100% replacement mix performed better in terms of abrasion loss, binder draindown, and air voids content, while a 50% replacement mix performed better in terms of moisture susceptibility along with other parameters. Overall, it can be concluded that using steel slag aggregates in the OGFC mix can be advantageous and increase sustainability with utilization of steel slag as an industrial marginal material in construction of pavements.

A Laboratory Study on Open and Dense Graded Cold Asphalt Emulsion Mixtures for Surface Courses

Cold Asphalt Emulsion Mixture (CAEM) is considered as an eco-friendly asphalt mixture because it eliminates the emission. It is produced at ambient temperatures and reducing the requirement to heat aggregates and bitumen prior to mixing process, so it is good for energy saving in pavement construction. In application, there are two type gradations of aggregate for cold asphalt mixture, dense gradation and open gradation. A series of laboratory works were conducted to analyse the performance of dense and open graded cold mixture for surface courses, which is the main objective of this study. Marshall Samples were kept indoor at room temperature for 7 days prior to Marshall Test to obtain the effect of curing process for cold mixtures. All samples were tested using Marshall Tests for stability and flow. The results show that dense graded mixtures need less bitumen content than open graded mixtures. For cured samples, dense graded mixtures produces higher Marshall Stability than open grades mixtures, while uncured samples have almost the same Marshall stability value for both gradations. For open graded mixtures, curing process reduce the porosity of mixtures.

Science Mapping of Porous Asphalt Pavement and Open Graded Friction Course (OGFC)

The use of porous asphalt pavement has been started since the 1960s in Europe and continues to be developed in several countries for the purpose of improving road users' safety. In 2003, the National Asphalt Pavement Association (NAPA) introduced a porous asphalt mixture under the name Open Graded Friction Course (OGFC), as a new generation of flexible pavement with a characteristic high pore content. Because the application of porous asphalt pavement with open gradation is growing rapidly, it is important to track and map the progress of studies in this regard. This paper aims to map the development of literature related to porous asphalt pavement and open graded friction course (OGFC) from 1974 to 2022. The literature was obtained from the Google Scholar database, and the analysis was carried out with the help of VOSviewers using a science mapping approach. The results of this study are quite important because they not only provide a map of existing research developments but can also serve as a reference for researchers who have an interest in developing porous asphalt pavement and open graded friction course (OGFC) studies in the future.

Evaluating the thermal aging-induced raveling potential of thin friction course (TFC)

Thin friction course (TFC) mixed with open-graded aggregate ranging from 3 to 5 mm, styrene-butadiene rubber (SBR)-modified asphalt emulsion, and cement is constructed to improve the skid resistance of underlying pavements and reduce traffic noise. Considering the small thickness (approximately 5 mm) and open gradation of TFC, the mixture is exposed to environmental conditions over its entire thickness. Therefore, the TFC is vulnerable to aging-induced damage, such as aging-induced late raveling distress. This paper aims to determine the aging-induced raveling performance of TFCs, chemical composition transformation, and raveling-related rheological properties of asphalt emulsion residue via a wet track abrasion test (WTAT), transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), and a linear amplitude sweep (LAS) test, respectively. Finally, a correlation analysis was conducted. The results indicate that at the initial aging period, prolonging the aging duration could decrease the raveling potential of TFC. However, late raveling may occur when the TFC specimens are aged for 14d, and the aggregate loss increase with the aging duration. Similarly, the enhanced emulsion and SBR dosages are favorable to improve the raveling resistance of TFC and delay the late raveling of TFC. Regarding the chemical transformation, the existence of SBR latex decreases the aging degree. Furthermore, according to the LAS test, the increased SBR latex contents may improve the fatigue resistance of asphalt emulsion residue owing to the spot-welding effects. Finally, the aging degree index SI correlates well with the raveling potential of TFC with a correlation coefficient of 0.71. Typically, the higher the aging degree of asphalt emulsion, the lower the raveling potential of TFC; the greater the fatigue resistance of asphalt emulsion, the lower the raveling potential of TFC.

Characteristics of Mixed Porus Asphalt with Combination of LDPE, CPO and PEN 60/70

The quality of the road depends on the pavement, drainage conditions, and materials. For this reason, it is necessary to make innovations in improving the quality of road pavement, one of which is increasing the material. There are many types of pavements, one of which is porous asphalt pavement. Porous asphalt has many cavities that is easy for water to pass but has a low stability value with high permeability. This research will utilize Low Density Poly Ethylene (LDPE), as an additive, CPO, and Pen 60/70 in a porous asphalt mixture. The purpose of this study was to determine the characteristics of the porous asphalt mixture by substituting LDPE and CPO for Pen 60/70. The method used in analyzing the characteristics of the porous asphalt mixture refers to the specifications of the Australis Asphalt Pavement Association (AAPA) (2014), with parameters Camtabro Loss (CL), Asphalt Flow Down (AFD), VIM, stability and flow. The gradation used in this study is an open gradation. This research was started from determining the value of Optimum Asphalt Content (KAO), with two variations, namely Variation 1 (1% LDPE, 10% CPO, 89% pen 60/70), variation 2 (5% LDPE, 10% CPO, 85% Pens 60/70). The KAO value of variation 1 is 5.03% and the second variation is 4.75%. After obtaining the KAO value, LDPE and CPO are substituted. The test results for the porous asphalt mixture for CL values were 34.12% and 27.07%, respectively; AFD value of 0.13% and 0.12%; for the VIM value of 14.90% and 19.03%; stability value 603.24 kg and 603.19 kg; and flow values are 5.03 mm and 4.80 mm. In general, the value obtained from the test meets the required requirements. However, the durability value of the mixture did not meet the requirements, namely 60.15% and 48.22%, with the condition >90%.

Marshall Characteristics of Porous Asphalt Containing Low Density Polyethylene (LDPE) Plastic Waste

Inundation due to heavy rain often disturbs traffic flow and porous pavement as a wearing course is one solution to overcome standing water. This asphalt mixture uses an open gradation which is dominated by coarse aggregate with an air cavity content ranging from 20% - 25%. In Indonesia, according to the Indonesian Solid Waste Association (2013), this type of plastic waste ranks second with 5.4 million tons per year and is ranked second in the world as a producer of marine plastic waste after China. This research tries to use plastic waste as an added material in the porous asphalt mixture where the gradation of porous asphalt refers to REAM Specifications, 2008. The type of plastic used is Low Density Polyethilene (LDPE). The levels of plastic waste used were 0%, 2%, 4%, 6%, 8% of the total weight of the mixture. Marshall and Cantabro characteristics tests were conducted to evaluate the resulting mixture. The results of this study indicate that the stability value meets the REAM specifications, namely 350 - 800 kg. Marshall test results with the use of LDPE plastic waste as an additive to the test object meet the characteristics of Marshall except for Marshall Quotient (MQ) and voids filled with bitumen (VFB).

Development of porous asphalt mixture with bio-based epoxy asphalt

The high porosity of porous asphalt mixture improves wet skid resistance on pavements and reduces storm water runoff from pavements, but it also makes the mixture prone to raveling, and thus low durability, in the field. This study aims to improve the durability and strength of porous asphalt mixture by formulating bio-based epoxy asphalt binder (BEAB) and improving its mixture design. In the study, a BEAB formula was firstly developed using an epoxidized soybean oil (ESBO) that is considered as a renewable resource. The performance of porous asphalt mixture containing BEAB was then tested and compared with regular porous asphalt mixtures. Based on laboratory test results and analysis, the maleic anhydride is better than several other curing agents for ESBO when mixed in asphalt. The finally selected BEAB formula contains the ESBO, the MA, and neat (control) asphalt at mixing ratios of 7%, 5%, and 88%, respectively. Compared to the control asphalt, the formulated BEAB may improve the raveling resistance and stability of porous asphalt mixture without reducing its permeability. In practice, to achieve balanced pavement performance, a 4.75-mm nominal maximum aggregate size open gradation with an optimal BEAB content is recommended.

Characteristics of Porous Asphalt Mixture by Using a Bottom Ash Boiler as a Filler

Porous asphalt is asphalt mixture using open gradation dominated by coarse aggregate to produce a large enough cavity. Bottom ash waste produced by a boiler used in the extraction process of palm oil into crude palm oil. Shells and pulps that has been burned at high temperature between 500°C to 700°C will later become of boiler bottom ash. The aim of this study was to inspect the performance of Porous Asphalt Mixture characteristics which combining bottom ash boiler and cement as filler using Retona Blend 55 as a binder. The specimen preparation were designed by the Australian Asphalt Pavement Association (AAPA) method by parameter of Cantabro Loss (CL), Asphalt Flow Down (AFD), Voids In Mix (VIM), Stability and Marshall Quotient (MQ). The Optimum Asphalt Contain (OAC) obtain was used to prepare specimens within OAC with variation 50 % bottom ash boiler and 50 % cement as filler. The result of study showed that the OAC obtained 6%. Almost all parameter values were meet to the required specification of AAPA (2004). The value of CL is 9.25 %, AFD value is 0.19%, Stability 573.27 kg, flow 4.7 mm and VIM 12.29%. The value of VIM not meet to required specification (18%-25%).

$C^infty$ $L$-fuzzy manifolds with $L$-gradation of openness and $C^infty$ $LG$-fuzzy mappings of them

In this paper, we generalize all of the fuzzy structures which we have discussed in cite{MM} to $L$-fuzzy set theory, where $L= $ denotes a complete distributive lattice with at least two elements. We define the concept of an $LG$-fuzzy topological space $(X, mathfrak{T} )$ which $X$ is itself an $L$-fuzzy subset of a crisp set M and $mathfrak{T}$ is an $L$-gradation of openness of $L$-fuzzy subsets of $M$ which are less than or equal to $ X $. Then we define $C^infty$ $L$-fuzzy manifolds with $L$-gradation of openness and $C^infty$ $LG$-fuzzy mappings of them such as $LG$-fuzzy immersions and $LG$-fuzzy imbeddings. We fuzzify the concept of the product manifolds with $L$-gradation of openness and define $LG$-fuzzy quotient manifolds when we have an equivalence relation on $M$ and investigate the conditions of the existence of the quotient manifolds. We also introduce $LG$-fuzzy immersed, imbedded and regular submanifolds.

On Bipolar Fuzzy Gradation of Openness

The concept of bipolar fuzziness is of relatively recent origin where in addition to the presence of a property, which is done in fuzzy theory, the presence of its counter-property is also taken into consideration. This seems to be much natural and realistic. In this paper, an attempt has been made to incorporate this bipolar fuzziness in topological perspective. This is done by introducing a notion of bipolar gradation of openness and to redefine the bipolar fuzzy topology. Furthermore, a notion of bipolar gradation preserving map is given. A concept of bipolar fuzzy closure operator is also introduced and its characteristic properties are studied. A decomposition theorem involving our bipolar gradation of openness and Chang type bipolar fuzzy topology is established. Finally, some categorical results of bipolar fuzzy topology (both Chang type and in our sense) are proved.

Performance analysis of a porous asphalt mixture with the use of concrete waste as a coarse aggregate and the addition of gilsonite materials

A Porous asphalt mixture uses an open gradation with a percentage of the coarse aggregate greater than the fine aggregate, so that it has a larger air void. This mixture has a main obstacle, i.e. the low stability value which is caused by a number of cavities in the asphalt porous mixture. So as to increase the stability value of the asphalt porous mixture, one of the methods used is by adding a substance, i.e. gilsonite which aims to improve the quality of oil asphalt and the quality of the mixture. The use of concrete waste as the coarse aggregate can also increase the mixture stability. The method used in this study is an experimental method with a laboratory scale. The aggregate used in this study is the Australian gradation. The proportion of the coarse aggregate between concrete waste and crushed stone is 0 and 100, 25 and 75, 50 and 50, 75 and 25, 100 and 0. Meanwhile, the added material used is gilsonite, with gilsonite variation of 4.5%; 5.5%; 6.5%; 7.5% and 8.5%. The use of optimum asphalt content of 5.13, the optimum waste content of 100% concrete waste and the optimum gilsonite content of 8.5% resulting in a better characteristic and performance value of the porous asphalt mixture than the normal porous asphalt mixtures by marshall test, dynamic stability, slip resistance and resilient modulus.

Study on Strength Variation of Permeable Concrete Based on Differential Calorimetry Method and Multi-Index Test

With the implementation of the Xiongan New Area and the urbanization construction plan surrounding the Beijing-Tianjin satellite, it is urgent to study and apply the sponge-permeable paving materials to solve the “urban waterlogging and heat island effect.” In this paper, the hydration microscopic characteristics of cementitious materials are analyzed by means of the differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) test. The test of water-cement ratio, porosity, and gradation structure on the strength and permeability coefficient is emphasized, and the strength change rule of porous permeable concrete is obtained. The research results are shown as follows: (1) The DSC test shows that the effect of temperature on the hydration process of cement is obvious. With the increase of temperature, the two exothermic peaks of cement hydration increase significantly and tend to overlap and the exothermic process is shortened. At 85°C, only one exothermic peak appeared, indicating that C3S hydration and ettringite formation process were completed at the same time in a relatively short time. (2) The optimal water-binder ratio of pervious concrete ranges from 0.24 to 0.30, and the optimal porosity ranges should be controlled within the range of 15%–25%. Moreover, the open gradation of pervious concrete mix ratio design is selected, and the cement content should be within the range of 20%–25%. (3) The mathematical model of permeability coefficient and porosity ratio of permeable concrete is established: k=−0.0003n2+0.0057n−0.0044; the mathematical model of permeability coefficient and compressive strength of open-graded pervious concrete: k=0.99006−0.05389c+8.02×10−4c2. The research results can provide theoretical support and technical guidance for the design and construction of permeable materials of sponge cities in Xiongan New Area and surrounding ring new area, which are of great engineering value.

Experimental investigation of preventive maintenance materials of porous asphalt mixture based on high viscosity modified bitumen

Porous asphalt wearing course has been widely used all over the world. Due to the high porosity and the good stone quality, porous asphalt provides good skid resistance, noise reduction ability and reduces significantly splash and spray in wet conditions. In Asian countries, high viscosity modified bitumen is commonly used as binder of porous asphalt mixture to increase the anti-raveling and rutting resistance property. However, because of the open gradation and rapid aging of the binder, raveling and raveling-induced pitting are still the most common type of destruction for porous asphalt wearing course in long term service. To prevent the occurrence of raveling, a study on the preventive maintenance materials for porous asphalt wearing course based on high viscosity modified bitumen is conducted.Based on the mechanisms of the raveling destruction, the properties for preventive maintenance materials to be developed are proposed correspondingly. Then laboratory measurements are carried out to investigate the performance of the materials, including tests on apparent viscosity, cohesion, adhesion to stone, rejuvenation effect and properties of porous asphalt mixture treated with the preventive materials. Based on the experiment results and the analyses, the performances of different preventive maintenance materials are concluded. It provides a technical support for preventive maintenance engineering on porous asphalt using high viscosity modified bitumen as binder.

INTERVAL-VALUED INTUITIONISTIC GRADATION OF OPENNESS

In this paper, we introduce the concepts of interval-valued intuitionistic gradation of openness of fuzzy sets which is a generalization of intuitionistic gradation of openness of fuzzy sets and interval-valued intuitionistic gradation preserving mapping and then investigate their properties.

Optimisation of hot mix asphalt performance based on aggregate selection

Researchers over the last four decades have identified and demonstrated the effects of aggregate morphological properties (particularly shape, size distribution, angularity and texture) on the mechanical properties of hot mix asphalt (HMA). Rare studies, however, have clearly established the relationships between the aggregate properties and pavement performance. Therefore, they have not provided methods to optimise aggregate properties at the design stage to improve that performance. This study focuses on understanding the effects of aggregate gradation and type on moisture damage resistance of HMA and on pavement performance as indicated by stiffness and rutting. Results show that basalt aggregate achieves higher moisture susceptibility resistance and stiffness than limestone aggregate. Coarser gradation has the highest permanent deformation, while open gradation 2C provides the lowest moisture damage resistance. Furthermore, dense gradation 4C provides the lowest rutting and the highest stripping resistance. It is indicated that suitable selection of aggregate type and gradation can improve pavement performance and reduce the moisture damage problem of HMA.

Performance evaluation of dense mixtures with stabilised rubber modified asphalt

Asphalt rubber (AR) has been used worldwide in road engineering not only for improving the performance of asphalt mixtures but also for providing an advantage in environmental protection. Yet the application of AR is greatly restricted in China for its shortcoming of being only possible to be used in a gap or open gradation mixture to ensure stripping resistance as well as anti-rutting performance. Stabilised rubber modified asphalt (SRMA) with lower high-temperature viscosity and better store stability than traditional AR was developed in our previous research and has been widely applied in projects with good results. In this paper, to evaluate the validation of SRMA in dense mixtures, five kinds of dense mixtures commonly used in China were designed with SRMA as binder. Engineering properties, including high-temperature performance, low-temperature performance, moisture stability, fatigue performance and mechanical properties, including dynamic modulus and phase angle were laboratory evaluated and analysed. For the purpose of comparison, a kind of representative styrene-butadiene-styrene (SBS) polymer modified asphalt commonly used in China was selected to prepare samples with the same gradation of SRMA mixtures, and the same performance tests were conducted. In addition, a brief cost analysis among SRMA, SBS-modified asphalt and traditional AR was performed. Results show good performance and economy of SRMA and corresponding dense mixtures, thus it is possible, using SRMA for dense mixture design in practical engineering, to reduce construction cost.

(r,s)-fuzzy minimal structures and (r,s)-fuzzy minimal spaces

In this paper, we introduce the concept of r,s-fuzzy minimal structure which is an extension of intuitionistic gradation of openness introduced by Samanta and Mondal 2002. Also, we introduce and study the concepts of r,s-fuzzy M continuity and several types of r,s-fuzzy minimal compactness on r,s-fuzzy minimal spaces.

Ordinary Smooth Topological Spaces

In this paper, we introduce the concept of ordinary smooth topology on a set X by considering the gradation of openness of ordinary subsets of X. And we obtain the result [Corollary 2.13] : An ordinary smooth topology is fully determined its decomposition in classical topologies. Also we introduce the notion of ordinary smooth [resp. strong and weak] continuity and study some its properties. Also we introduce the concepts of a base and a subbase in an ordinary smooth topological space and study their properties. Finally, we investigate some properties of an ordinary smooth subspace.