GPS GSM Research Articles

Soaring over open waters: horizontal winds provide lift to soaring migrants in weak thermal conditions

BackgroundFor soaring birds, the ability to benefit from variable airflow dynamics is crucial, especially while crossing natural barriers such as vast water bodies during migration. Soaring birds also take advantage of warm rising air, so-called thermals, that allow birds to ascend passively to higher altitudes with reduced energy costs. Although it is well known that soaring migrants generally benefit from supportive winds and thermals, the potential of uplifts and other weather factors enabling soaring behavior remains unsolved.MethodsIn this study, we GPS-tracked 19 Red Kites, Milvus milvus, from the Central European population that crossed the Adriatic Sea on their autumn migration. Migratory tracks were annotated with weather data (wind support, side wind, temperature difference between air and surface—proxy for thermal uplift, cloud cover, and precipitation) to assess their effect on Red Kites' decisions and soaring performance along their migration across the Adriatic Sea and land.ResultsWind support affected the timing of crossing over the Adriatic Sea. We found that temperature differences and horizontal winds positively affected soaring sea movement by providing lift support in otherwise weak thermals. Furthermore, we found that the soaring patterns of tracked raptors were affected by the strength and direction of prevailing winds.ConclusionThanks to modern GPS–GSM telemetry devices and available data from online databases, we explored the effect of different weather variables on the occurrence of soaring behavior and soaring patterns of migratory raptors. We revealed how wind affected the soaring pattern and that tracked birds could soar in weak thermals by utilizing horizontal winds, thus reducing energy costs of active flapping flight over vast water bodies.

Internet of Things based Electric Vehicle Security and Tracking

The aim of this research is to introduce a security system that utilizes IoT and GPS tracking technologies to provide enhanced safety measures. Cayenne and GSM technologies are employed in the proposed system to provide real-time tracking and security features. The system comprises of GPS unit, microcontroller, GSM unit, and Cayenne dashboard. The GPS module is used to obtain the location of the device, while the microcontroller processes the data and sends it to the Cayenne dashboard through the internet. The GSM module is used for real-time communication with the device and to send an alert upon occurrence of any security breaches. The Cayenne dashboard provides an easy-to-use interface for monitoring and controlling the device remotely. The proposed system provides an effective and reliable solution for tracking and securing women and children, especially in potentially dangerous situations. The system can be easily implemented and customized to suit various tracking and security requirements.

A lifetime track of a griffon vulture: The moving story of Rehovot (Y64).

A lifetime track of a griffon vulture: The moving story of Rehovot (Y64).

RAILWAY TRACK CRACK DETECTION SYSTEM

Railways are large infrastructures, and in many countries they are the primary mode of transport. Because of their capacity, speed and reliability the railways have become a prime means of transportation. Only a small increase in railway efficiency has significant economic benefits for the rail industry. Therefore, a proper maintenance plan is required to control inspection frequency optimization and/or skill and efficiency improvements. Accidents that occur due to track breakage have been a major problem for the safety of life and timely service management of the railways. It is important to detect this breakage in real time before a train eventually reaches the damaged track and is subject to an accident. In this paper, the integration of ultrasonic crack detection method and complete station for eternal railway track geometry survey system into use and operation. This system consists of a GPS module, GSM modem, IR sensor, PIR sensor to put crack detection, contact intent and identification of any living being crossing the railroad track into operation. The GPS module and GSM modem lead to railway geometric parameter recognition and transmission of crack detection to nearby railway station. This paper also discusses the summation of a non-destructive ultrasonic test (NDT) and wireless sensor networks (WSNs) to hold the information in a continuous record without interruption in nobility during run-time. The PIR sensor is executed to keep manual patrolling and track finding of living beings away. This can work both during the night and the daytime. The summing up of both WSN and NDT technologies will form different advanced and trending applications to make wireless material scanning more cost-effective in real time.

Determination of Migration Routes and Areas of Summer Vagrancy of Greater Spotted Eagles (Clanga clanga, Accipitriformes, Accipitridae) in the First Year of Their Life Using GPS–GSM Telemetry

Determination of Migration Routes and Areas of Summer Vagrancy of Greater Spotted Eagles (Clanga clanga, Accipitriformes, Accipitridae) in the First Year of Their Life Using GPS–GSM Telemetry

The Winter Distribution of Young Greater Spotted Eagles (Clanga clanga) Marked with GPS–GSM Trackers in the European Part of Russia

The Winter Distribution of Young Greater Spotted Eagles (Clanga clanga) Marked with GPS–GSM Trackers in the European Part of Russia

Interrupted incubation: How dabbling ducks respond when flushed from the nest.

Nesting birds must provide a thermal environment sufficient for egg development while also meeting self‐maintenance needs. Many birds, particularly those with uniparental incubation, achieve this balance through periodic incubation recesses, during which foraging and other self‐maintenance activities can occur. However, incubating birds may experience disturbances such as predator or human activity which interrupt natural incubation patterns by compelling them to leave the nest. We characterized incubating mallard Anas platyrhynchos and gadwall Mareca strepera hens’ responses when flushed by predators and investigators in Suisun Marsh, California, USA. Diurnal incubation recesses initiated by investigators approaching nests were 63% longer than natural diurnal incubation recesses initiated by the hen (geometric mean: 226.77 min versus 142.04 min). Nocturnal incubation recesses, many of which were likely the result of predators flushing hens, were of similar duration regardless of whether the nest was partially depredated during the event (115.33 [101.01;131.68] minutes) or not (119.62 [111.96;127.82] minutes), yet were 16% shorter than natural diurnal incubation recesses. Hens moved further from the nest during natural diurnal recesses or investigator‐initiated recesses than during nocturnal recesses, and the proportion of hen locations recorded in wetland versus upland habitat during recesses varied with recess type (model‐predicted means: natural diurnal recess 0.77; investigator‐initiated recess 0.82; nocturnal recess 0.31). Hens were more likely to take a natural recess following an investigator‐initiated recess earlier that same day than following a natural recess earlier that same day, and natural recesses that followed an investigator‐initiated recess were longer than natural recesses that followed an earlier natural recess, suggesting that hens may not fulfill all of their physiological needs during investigator‐initiated recesses. We found no evidence that the duration of investigator‐initiated recesses was influenced by repeated visits to the nest, whether by predators or by investigators, and trapping and handling the hen did not affect investigator‐initiated recess duration unless the hen was also fitted with a backpack‐harness style GPS–GSM transmitter at the time of capture. Hens that were captured and fitted with GPS–GSM transmitters took recesses that were 26% longer than recesses during which a hen was captured but a GPS–GSM transmitter was not attached. Incubation interruptions had measurable but limited and specific effects on hen behavior.

Smart Vehicle Tracking System using GPS and GSM Technologies

It remains important to have security frameworks these days to shield from losing it or from harm. The significant goal is to make a security framework for every one of the vehicles. Brilliant vehicle global positioning framework is intended for following the development of the vehicle outfitted with planned framework for any area whenever. Henceforth, guaranteeing the security on the off chance that it is lost or harmed. In this Mini Project, the global positioning framework involves basic module like Microcontroller board-Arduino UNO, GPS receiver-neo 6m component and GSM 900A component. The world-wide locating scheme-GPS and world-wide scheme for cellular transmission-GSM advancements are the most widely recognized strategies utilized for following the vehicles. The GPS module is utilized to get the area data i.e., geographical directions where the vehicle is arranged at that specific time. The capacity of the GSM module is moving the information and overhauling the data. The vehicle area is gained through SMS by means of GSM module. The microcontroller board-Arduino UNO gets the area arranges from the GSM module and communicates the data to the client. The client can get to the area utilizing google maps in the versatile. The client can arrive at their vehicle inside less time and this framework can likewise be utilized for crises. The framework gives the continuous vehicle area and continuous observing of the vehicle and development cost is less.

Use of GPS–GSM Trackers in Studying the Biology of the Greater Noctule Nyctalus lasiopterus in Russia

Twenty-five individuals of the greater noctule Nyctalus lasiopterus were caught and marked with rings during an inventory of bat fauna (Chiroptera, Mammalia) of Meshchera National Park (Vladimir region) in 2019. Twelve animals were additionally tagged with miniature GPS–GSM trackers. For the first time for Russia, nighttime flight durations (1.3–3.3 h, average of 2.6 h) and flight activity characteristics (maximum speed 39–58 km/h) of this rare bat species were obtained. The flight activity characteristics and the condition of animals recaptured in summer indicate that there is no significant negative impact of trackers on the condition and movement of the greater noctule.

Movement patterns of lesser flamingos Phoeniconaias minor: nomadism or partial migration?

Waterbirds in stochastic environments exhibit nomadism in order to cater for the unpredictable availability of water resources. Lesser flamingos Phoeniconaias minor have long been thought to be nomadic waterbirds. In southern Africa, conservation efforts for lesser flamingos are hampered by a lack of knowledge about their movement trajectories. To investigate their movement ecology in southern Africa, we fitted GPS–GSM transmitters to 12 adults and tracked their movements over four years, from March 2016 to February 2020. Net squared displacement (NSD) was used in nonlinear least squares models classifying trajectories as nomadic, migratory, mixed‐migratory, home range restricted or dispersal movement types. Data from eight of the 12 birds met the criteria for the NSD analysis. Model success was good; only 8 out of 120 (6.7%) movement type models failed to reach convergence. Goodness of fit statistics from the NSD models supported migratory and mixed migratory movement types (concordance criteria coefficient (CC) = 0.78) for more than half of the annual trajectories investigated (57.2%). Dispersal, home range‐restricted and nomadic movements best described 28.6, 9.5 and 4.8% of annual trajectories, respectively, but all resulted in a mean CC of < 0.4 and thus did not fit observed NSD patterns as well as the migratory movement types. We then used nonlinear mixed effects models to account for annual and individual differences in migration parameters. Variation in the timing and duration of all migrations were more important than variation in migration distance, indicating well‐established summer and winter ‘ranges’ and routes between Kamfers Dam (South Africa) and Sua Pan (Botswana). We propose that lesser flamingos in central southern Africa may be partial migrants, not true nomads, as most of their movements followed a regular, repeated pattern between two primary locations.

Design of Smart Vehicle to Detect Unauthorized Access and Theft Detection

Today within the current international situation safety and particularly security of car in common parking places has become a main concern. During this system easy and cheaper vehicle following is enforced with the assistance of world Positioning System (GPS), and international System for Mobile Communication (GSM) technologies. the most parts within the system area unit GPS module, GSM modem, IR sensor, RFID reader and microcontroller. the utilization of GPS system is to trace this location of the vehicle. As GPS system will solely receive the vehicle location data from the satellites, GSM system is additionally put in within the vehicle for causing data to vehicle’s owner. Just in case of towing and break open of car this technique mechanically sends the SMS to have and a speed system in it.

Ghosting Based Verge Heedful System Using Arduino

The Indian Ocean and its surrounding seas have the large number of fisher men in the world.And no where exist like killing firing or arresting of fisherman.In the last four years above 1,500 fishermen have been arrested. There cent survey based on the last disaster shows that many fisherman have gone missing.As safety and security plays a major role in the life of fishermen because of the marine border line problems. And due to this many of them have lost their life.Hence inorder to protect the mour paper includes a system which reserve the life of the fishermen.The recent invention consists of GPS vehicle security information system Internet,GSM and Wave & Wi-max communication network,pulse sensor ,laser range finder,hidden live steaming camera are interfaced through Ardunio.The data of every individualship’s GPS location will be displayed in the mapper .In order to find the intruder’s ship distance we use the laser range finder which is connected with the LCD(displayunit). And if the intruder comes in range of 200 meters from a particular ship automatic triggering will be provided to ON then the hidden camera will stream the data to base station.The purpose of pulse sensor is to check the pulse of the fishermen whether it is normal or abnormal status would be monitored.Incase if it is abnormal it will send message to their respective relatives through the GSM . The wave & wimax communication network are transmitting the signal to control room and alarm the device in the boat .The fish finder senses where the movement of fish is high in the ocean through the reflection of sound .This helps the fishermen to find where the quantity of fish is high.This system ensures the safety and benefits for fishermen by themselves by fitting this system in their boat or ship boat.

Autumn Migration of Immature Red Kites Milvus milvus from a Central European Population

Post-fledging behaviour and mortality between the place of birth and wintering sites can be crucial to populations of raptors. We studied this phenomenon during the autumn migration of immature Red Kite Milvus milvus using telemetry data on the population breeding in western Poland. In total 34 immatures from 17 nests were ringed and GPS–GSM transmitters were attached, but only half of them survived the post-fledging period and started their first migration to wintering sites. The main mortality factors after fledging were collisions with power lines (6 individuals — 26.1%) and poisoning in wintering grounds (3 individuals — 8.8%). The mean (± SD) duration of migration and the mean distance between the breeding and wintering sites were 91.5 ± 45.2 day (range: 27–236) and 1328.0 ± 442.4 km (range: 690–2070), respectively. The daily mean speed of migration was 17.8 ± 9.4 km/day. On migration kites stopped on average 4.3 ± 3.1 times (range 1–12) for longer than 3 days, and spent a total of 37.5 ± 10.7 days (range 20–51) at stopovers. The migration duration was negatively correlated with the day of beginning of the migration, i.e. birds that started to migrate late in the season reached the wintering grounds faster. However, when the number of days at stopovers was excluded from the migration duration, this relationship was not significant, which means that the total number of days that kites spent at stopover sites significantly influenced the total duration of autumn migration. The wintering sites of birds from western Poland were located in the Iberian Peninsula and southern France and less important was Greece where single bird followed. Regular stopping over of immature Red Kites during their autumn migration indicates the need to focus more on protecting the staging areas.

Moving at the speed of flight: dabbling duck-movement rates and the relationship with electronic tracking interval

Abstract Context Effective wildlife management requires information on habitat and resource needs, which can be estimated with movement information and modelling energetics. One necessary component of avian models is flight speeds at multiple temporal scales. Technology has limited the ability to accurately assess flight speeds, leading to estimates of questionable accuracy, many of which have not been updated in almost a century. Aims We aimed to update flight speeds of ducks, and differentiate between migratory and non-migratory flight speeds, a detail that was unclear in previous estimates. We also analysed the difference in speeds of migratory and non-migratory flights, and quantified how data collected at different temporal intervals affected estimates of flight speed. Methods We tracked six California dabbling duck species with high spatio-temporal resolution GPS–GSM transmitters, calculated speeds of different flight types, and modelled how estimates varied by flight and data interval (30min to 6h). Key results Median migratory speeds were faster (but non-significant) for the larger mallard (Anas platyrhynchos; 82.5kmh–1), northern pintail (Anas acuta; 79.0kmh–1) and gadwall (Mareca strepera; 70.6kmh–1), than the smaller-bodied northern shoveler (Spatula clypeata; 65.7kmh–1), cinnamon teal (Spatula cyanoptera; 63.5kmh–1) and American wigeon (Mareca Americana; 52kmh–1). Migratory flights were faster than non-migratory flights for all species and speeds were consistently slower with an increasing data interval. Implications The need to balance time and energy requirements may drive different speeds for migratory and non-migratory flights. Lower speeds at longer intervals are likely to be due to a greater proportion of ‘loafing’ time included in flighted segments, demonstrating that data acquired at different intervals provide a means to evaluate and estimate behaviours that influence speed estimation. Shorter-interval data should be the most accurate, but longer-interval data may be easier to collect over lengthier timeframes, so it may be expedient to trade-off a degree of accuracy in broad-scale studies for the larger dataset. Our updated flight speeds for dabbling duck species can be used to parameterise and validate energetics models, guide management decisions regarding optimal habitat distribution, and, ultimately, improve conservation management of wetlands for waterfowl.

Application of BeiDou Navigation Satellite System in Anti-Drowning System

Due to the high frequent drowning accident, a new type of drowning-preventing device established on the base ofBeiDou Navigation Satellite System, using the compatibility of GPS tech, GSM, GPRS and other Internet of Things technology as well as Vital Signs Detection technology is designed. The situation whether a person is in drowning is judged by the device monitoring the heart rate and oxygen saturation. And the device utilizes Global Positioning System module to find exact location and uses GPRS to send the information of life signal and position. Based on the experiment, this system can decrease the rate of the drowning accident tosome extent.

Bears napping nearby: daybed selection by brown bears (Ursus arctos) in a human-dominated landscape

Daybeds are essential for the survival of brown bears (Ursus arctos L., 1758) and may represent a population-limiting resource in human-dominated landscapes. In this study, we demonstrate which land-cover types and bear characteristics affect daybed selection in north-central Slovakia. We used the positional and activity data of 21 bears acquired by GPS–GSM telemetry to identify 3864 daybeds. By use of K-select analysis and linear mixed-effects modelling, we explored how bears chose these places for their daytime resting. The most important drivers for daybed selection were the presence of dense regenerating forests and forest–shrubbery belts in farmland. Bears avoided resting in older forests without suitable undergrowth. Females selected daybeds differently depending on the presence of dependent cubs. During spring – early summer, females with cubs of the year avoided other bears by selecting more rugged terrain. These females also selected daybeds significantly closer to human settlements than adult males, possibly to avoid the risk of infanticide. In late summer – autumn, all bears selected daybeds closer to human settlements than in spring, probably because they were attracted by maize (Zea mays) fields and fruit trees. Many daybeds were located outside protected areas in farmland closer to people, which could increase bear–human conflicts.

Winter Use of a Highly Diverse Suite of Habitats by Irruptive Snowy Owls

Abstract Bubo scandiacus (Snowy Owl) is an irregular winter visitor in the northeastern US and southeastern Canada, where winter irruptions occur roughly every 4 years with varying intensity. The consecutive winters of 2013–2014 and 2014–2015 saw unusually large irruptions of Snowy Owls across eastern North American states and provinces and the Great Lakes region. We tracked 34 individuals equipped with high spatial- and temporalresolution GPS–GSM transmitters and obtained data that documented in detail the diverse suite of habitats used by irruptive Snowy Owls overwintering and migrating through the region, from heavily urbanized city centers to open agricultural areas, as well as ice floes drifting on the Great Lakes or concentrating along the shores of the Atlantic Ocean.

Wearable logo‐antenna for GPS–GSM‐based tracking systems

This study presents a wearable antenna for a global positioning system–global system for mobile communication (GPS–GSM)-based anti-theft tracking system to be embedded in high-cost clothing and luggage accessories (such as leather bags). To assess the feasibility of this solution, a prototype antenna was designed mimicking the shape of one of the Levi Strauss & Co.’s logos, and it was fabricated using a conductive non-woven fabric on a layer of leather. Furthermore, to cover both the GPS L1 and the GSM-1800 bands with a single radiating element, positive-intrinsic-negative (PIN) diodes were employed to reconfigure the operating frequency of the antenna. Experimental data demonstrating the feasibility of the proposed design strategy are presented and discussed.

IJIREEICE - Electrical, Electronics, Instrumentation and Control

After a heart attack, the first few hours are critical in saving much of the dying heart muscle which are starving due to lack of oxygen supply and preventing permanent heart damage. The symptoms vary from individual to individual and the most common reason for critical delays is medical treatment is patient unawareness and lack of early warning. It is possible to detect the onset of a heart attack and inform the doctor or person concerned. By implanting a chip into the body, the patient need not worry about device operation. The patient will only be required to carry a cell phone equipped with Bluetooth and GPS. As soon as the implanted chip detects a heart attack, it will alert the cell phone which in turn will automatically call for help and provide the patient’s location. Thus it helps in providing early heart attack detection so that the patient can get medical attention within the first few critical hours. It consists of three basic sub projects ECG Circuit, Analysis Algorithm, GPS module, GSM module and microcontroller. The first unit is worn on the user’s wrist captures abnormal heart beat signal from the patient , and the rest units are installed in the stick. The microcontroller on the stick runs a heart attack algorithm. Warning is given out to the person about his heart condition. The emergency calling system calls for medical help at the moment of heart attack. The effectiveness of the proposed method is confirmed by experiments on a commercially available walking stick. Each of the subprojects responded positively. The proposed Walking Stick with Heart Attack Detection is cost effective and can save the lives of millions of old people by helping them in getting the earliest medical help in the condition of heart attack. Here we use GPS device and GSM module so at a worst conditions it will directly call 108 emergency and patient’s life will be saved.

Modelling harbour seal habitat by combining data from multiple tracking systems

Technological developments over the last 20years have meant that telemetry studies have used a variety of techniques, each with different levels of accuracy and temporal resolution. This presents a challenge when combining data from these different tracking systems to obtain larger sample sizes or to compare habitat use over time. In this study, we used a Bayesian state-space modelling approach to integrate tracking data from multiple tag types and standardise position estimates while accounting for location error. Harbour seal (Phoca vitulina) telemetry data for the Moray Firth, Scotland, were collated from three tag types: VHF, Argos satellite and GPS–GSM. Tags were deployed on 37 seals during 1989 to 2009 resulting in 37 tracks with a total of 2886 tracking days and a mean duration of 87days per track. A state-space model was applied to all of the raw tracks to provide daily position estimates and a measure of the uncertainty for each position. We used this standardised tracking dataset to model their habitat use and preference, which was then scaled by the population size estimated from haul-out counts to give an estimate of the absolute number of harbour seals using different parts of the Moray Firth. As expected for a central place forager, harbour seals most frequently occurred in areas close to their inshore haul-out sites. However, our analyses also demonstrated consistent use of offshore foraging grounds, typically within 30km of haul-out sites in waters <50m deep. The use of these statistical models to integrate and compare different datasets is especially important for assessing longer-term responses to environmental variation and anthropogenic activities, allowing management advice to be based upon datasets that integrate information from all available tracking technologies.