Governance Of Crime Research Articles

National identification weakens, and territorial identification strengthens, the relationship between masculine honor values and the justification of practices of connivance with the mafia

AbstractOrganized crime's governance raises questions about mechanisms facilitating the exercise of illegal authority in society. The present research tested the association between masculine honor ideology and the justification of connivance practices facilitating criminal groups' activities. We examined the novel idea that national identification would attenuate and territorial identification would strengthen such a relationship, reflecting different sources of authority at the national and territorial levels. In Studies 1a and b (N = 398 and N = 399), we measured individuals' endorsement of masculine honor, justification of connivance practices, and national and territorial identifications. In Study 2 (N = 390), we experimentally manipulated the salience of these identities. Results supported the hypotheses that the link between masculine honor and justification of connivance was weaker at higher levels of national identification and stronger at higher levels of territorial identification. Implications and future directions are discussed.

Unveiling the Concealed Risks: The Influence of Digital Finance on Cyber Financial Crime in China

Digital finance has emerged as a pivotal catalyst for economic growth in China, profoundly altering social structures and behaviors. Despite its benefits, it has also engendered financial risks, thereby complicating social governance. This study utilizes a panel dataset from China’s provinces spanning 2011 to 2021 to analyze the influence of digital finance development on cyber financial crime rates. The results reveal a positive correlation: an increment of one unit in the digital finance index is associated with a 0.058 unit increase in cyber financial crime rates. These findings are robustly supported by tests for endogeneity and robustness. Variations in impact are observed across urbanization levels and average wage brackets. And the study identifies income distribution and traditional financial demand as the mechanisms of the effect. Furthermore, this study presents strategic recommendations to enhance financial inclusion, facilitate income redistribution, strengthen cyber crime governance, and integrate digital and traditional finance for the advancement of financial modernization.

Research on the Application of Big Data Technology in Cross-border Crime Governance in Lancang-Mekong Countries

Research on the Application of Big Data Technology in Cross-border Crime Governance in Lancang-Mekong Countries

Field Research on Corruption in Private Enterprise -- Taking the "Criminal Law Amendment (12)" as an Opportunity

For a long time, the governance strategy of corruption crimes in private enterprises has been mainly based on norms and ignoring facts, which may lead to poor governance of related crimes. In terms of the governance of corruption crimes within private enterprises, the characteristics of enterprise management mode, organizational structure, and form of power distribution are ignored, which may limit the protective function of the criminal law, and even cause problems such as excessive involvement of the criminal law and abuse of rights. In terms of bribery prevention, failure to fully consider the complex forms of bribery may lead to those enterprises and their households that are still worth saving may be mired in litigation, which will further lead to negative social effects. Based on the complex reality of China's private enterprises, a localized and comprehensive corruption crime governance strategy should be put forward from the perspective of enterprises and their households.

Research on the Application of the Criminal Policy of “Early Crackdown on Petty Crimes” in the Governance of Cybercrime

Based on the “chain” of cybercrime and the correlation between upstream and downstream crimes, when legislation has not yet responded to the governance and regulatory measures related to cybercrime in a timely and definite manner, applying appropriate criminal policies, such as the “early crackdown on petty crimes” criminal policy, is a good strategy for addressing the source of cybercrime and providing some experience for legislation. The application of the criminal policy of “early crackdown on petty crimes” in the governance of cybercrime is in line with the basic core of “source governance”, conforms to the spirit of the criminal judicial policy of “less arrest, more cautious prosecution, and more cautious detention”, and follows the petty crime criminal legislation model of China. However, we should follow the “Nulla poena sine lege” in the criminal law when it is applicable, and build a diversified governance system for cybercrimes to achieve the coordinated development of crime governance, human rights protection, and technological progress.

Transborder spillover effects of poverty on crime: Applying spatial econometric models to Chinese data

“Poverty is the mother of crime”, but existing literature has not yet analyzed the effect of local poverty on crimes in other jurisdictions. Based on 1992–2012 provincial data from China, this paper examines the transborder effects of poverty on crimes, by estimating spatial econometric models. Poverty is found to not only increase local crime, but also raise crime rates in other provinces. This spillover effect is more pronounced between provinces with close geographical proximity, high labor mobility and high dialect similarity. In addition, we compare the effects of increased police spending versus Dibao on poverty-related local and transborder crimes, finding that both can reduce poverty-related local crimes, but only Dibao can reduce poverty-related transborder crimes. The main policy implications of this paper are twofold. First, poverty alleviation can address both the symptoms and the root causes of local and external crimes, with broader and lasting effects than raising police spending. Thus, cross-border resource transfers shall target poverty alleviation; Second, poverty alleviation is not only a concern of the poor areas, but also a challenge for relatively developed areas in terms of crime governance.

Criminal Governance and Social Mobilization in Brazilian Favelas

This article examines the dynamics of crime governance and social mobilization in Brazil’s impoverished communities to answer why residents of favelas mobilize against state interventions while seemingly accepting the rule of organized criminal groups (OCGs). Previous studies have primarily explored the materialistic hypothesis or the role of coercion and fear in shaping community behavior. This article employs the tools provided by the literature on contentious politics and a qualitative meta-analysis to systematically assess the varied ways in which OCGs interact with the state and favela residents, mapping the heterogeneous effects produced as a result. The findings suggest that in favelas where criminal organizations are perceived as benign, residents may rely on them to fulfill basic needs, while the state is seen as an outsider that brings disruption of routines and violence. In favelas where criminal organizations are malign, there are few incentives for change as the outcomes of challenging OCGs are uncertain.

Social Science and the Governance of Crime: crime prevention policy making during the 1980s

Social Science and the Governance of Crime: crime prevention policy making during the 1980s

How Crime Shapes Insurance and Insurance Shapes Crime

Abstract Crime creates demand for insurance but supplying insurance may promote crime. We examine five case studies of insured crimes (auto theft, art theft, kidnap and hijack for ransom, ransomware, and payment card fraud) and find a co-evolutionary process through which insurers engage with insureds, governments, and legal and extralegal third parties to mitigate losses, particularly when criminal innovations destabilize the insurance market. “Insurance as crime governance” stimulates demand for security, shapes criminal incentives, engages with the state to combat crime, and tolerates some crime in the interest of profitability.

A study of Clan-based Offences and Their Governance from a Cultural Perspective

Deformed clan culture is the influential factor of collective corruption, group fighting, clan evil force and so on. Moreover, it may also cause problems such as destroying rural autonomy, hindering criminal investigation, illegal criminal private settlement criminal, etc. However, clan culture has two sides, which can produce moral introduction, condense criminal struggle consciousness, improve governance standard system and so on. Historical research has found that the governance effects produced by clan culture are strongly correlated with the state's treatment of clans. Clan culture may have a two way affects both in crime and crime governance, and it needs to be adjusted in the context of modern rule of law. Clan culture should be guided towards benign development, avoiding cultural conflict and promoting benign interaction between State law, State subjects and clan norms and organizations, so as to optimize the effectiveness of the governance of clan-based crime.

Principiis Obsta: Strategies of Narrative Resistance to Italian Organized Crime Governance

ABSTRACT Organized crime controls and exploits the communities where they operate by way of governance. Organized crime governance also manifests itself through master narratives, which are standard views of social reality. In response, people can express resistance through alternative narratives, which are counter-narratives that have the power to counter governance. This study is one of the first to analyze the counter-narratives used to counter governance by organized crime. Drawing on fifty semi-structured interviews of people who claimed to have had direct or indirect experiences with members of organized crime, it was possible to identify three types of counter-narratives – “Rejecting unethical entrepreneurship,” “Denying organized crime fascination” and “Making the pervasiveness of organized crime governance irrelevant “ – and to determine which of them has greater potency in countering the master narratives of organized crime governance.

Urban surveillance and crime governance in Bogotá

This paper analyses how recent changes on crime governance strategies in Bogotá have carried a modification on how surveillance is put into practice in the city. We argue that the reduction of the violence linked to the armed conflict along with the implementation of transnational forms of governing security led surveillance practices to be focused on public spaces instead of individuals. For public spaces to be surveilled, a classification between secure and insecure spaces has been created, which rests upon an esthetic ideal of how those spaces (should) look like. This shift from biographical surveillance to geographical surveillance implies that individuals stop being the main target of classification and control. In their stead, public space is the main object of surveillance. Yet, the fact that individuals are not the core of this governance technology does not mean that they do not experience the consequences of it. The meanings that are arranged around the esthetics of public spaces indorse practices of self-surveillance in which citizens should watch over the city, and protect themselves from crime. • The concern to reduce crime rates has shaped a form of surveillance that is structured on the theatricalization of public spaces. • Biographical surveillance was replaced by a technology of geographical surveillance . • The line between those who watch and those who are watched in public spaces blurs, and gives rise to a new type of individual. • Social control techniques less visible than biographical surveillance and the punitive system are created. • Individuals stop being the main target of surveillance. Instead, public space is the main object.

Case Analysis and Judicial Solution of False Compliance of A and B Companies in Shanghai

Since the Supreme People's Procuratorate pushed out the pilot reform of criminal compliance, it has saved a large number of high-tech enterprises and achieved positive results in governance of corporate crime. However, through the analysis of many cases, including the fake compliance cases of A and B companies in Shanghai, it was found that the hidden dangers of illegal and criminal activities of the enterprises involved in the crime had not been eliminated in time, and the court has made a lenient sentence. Based on this, this paper attempts to start from the trial stage and put forward a series of measures, such as strengthening judge-led judicial review, establishing the compliance adjudication rules in the trial stage, and constructing criminal compliance throughout the trial stage, so as to provide a judicial solution for false compliance cases.

Compliance Reform of Enterprises Involved in The Case Analysis from The Governance of Economic Crime

The recently emerging compliance reform procedures for enterprises involved in cases are actually a link in the governance of economic crimes, in China. The premise of the criminal compliance of the enterprises involved in the case is still the important difference between crime and non-crime and between one crime and another. The relationship between judicial fairness and social management responsibilities should be well handled. The conditional non-prosecution of the procuratorate should follow the basic law of criminal justice and social effect.

지방자치단체 범죄예방환경 설계 가이드라인분석연구

The occurrence of the top five crimes in Korea has been steadily decreasing over the past decade. The crime rate in this country is low at the global level, but the problem is that as society becomes more stable, the need for safety increases and social anxiety about crime increases. There have been many changes since the introduction of Crime Prevention Environment Design (CPTED) to Korea in the 1990s to spatially prevent such crimes. One of them is to reorganize the crime prevention environment design legally and institutionally. Since the provision of crime prevention environment design was newly established in the Building Act in 2004, crime prevention environment design guidelines for each local government have been newly established. This reflects the urgent need for a design guideline that reflects the characteristics of each region, but it was analyzed that some local governments have not yet created a crime prevention environment design guideline. In addition, the purpose of the guidelines developed by each local government was not clear in some cases, and it was found that there were many insufficient guidelines for use in the field. Safety in the country should be the first policy direction, and in order to respond to this, the crime prevention environment design guidelines should be continuously newly established and revised in the future. To this end, we tried to find problems by analyzing the production status of each local government's crime prevention environment design guidelines.

Black Lives Experiencing Homelessness Matter: A Critical Conceptual Framework for Understanding How Policing Drives System Avoidance among Vulnerable Populations

This paper examines racialized encounters with the police from the perspectives of people experiencing homelessness in San Diego, California in 2020. By some estimates, homelessness doubled in San Diego during the first year of the COVID-19 pandemic. We conducted a survey of (n = 244) and interviews with (n = 57) homeless San Diegans during initial shelter-in-place orders, oversampling for Black respondents, whose voices are often under-represented despite high rates of homelessness nationally. Our respondents reported high rates of police contact, frequent lack of respect; overt racism, sexism, and homophobia; and a failure to offer basic services during these encounters. Centering our Black respondents’ experiences of criminalization and racism in what Clair calls “criminalized subjectivity,” we develop a conceptual framework that brings together critical theoretical perspectives on the role of race in the governance of poverty and crime. When people experiencing extreme poverty face apathy, disrespect, and discrimination from police—as our data show—the result is a reluctance to seek services and to engage with outreach when offered. This reinforces stereotypes of unhoused people as not “wanting” help or “choosing” to be homeless. We reflect on these findings and our framework for envisioning a system of public safety that supports and cares for—rather than punishes—the most vulnerable members of our society.

Building a secure city

There is a set of relationships between crime governance and segregation in big cities. As an excuse to justify security and reduce crime, several techniques have been used to build cities where certain populations receive the benefits, while others bear the weight of the control techniques implemented. In this paper, we analyze how Colombian security policies have led to the emergence of a particular device of urban segregation rationalized through the justification of security. This device has been made possible by controversial discourses and practices implemented in Bogotá for governing public space and crime during the last three decades, that not only favor the preservation of traditional forms of spatial segregation, but also allow new ways of managing and perpetuating urban exclusion.

Reconstructing the Data Crime Governance Model from the Perspective of Criminal Compliance

With the advent of the risk society and the era of big data, criminal law must respond to data crime in a more proactive manner. The traditional way of conviction and sentencing adopted by the current criminal law for data crime can no longer meet the requirements of the times. Compliance should be introduced into criminal law to improve the governance system of data crime. There are three ways to incorporate compliance into criminal law: (1) as the exemption cause of enterprise crime; (2) as the general circumstances of sentencing in the General Provisions of Criminal Law of the People’s Republic of China; (3) as the special circumstances of sentencing in the Specific Provisions of Criminal Law of the People’s Republic of China. The latter two approaches are more suited to China’s national conditions.

Crime and the Governance of Large Metropolises in Latin America: Mexico City (Mexico) and São Paulo (Brazil)

This paper analyzes different forms of criminal governance in two metropolises, Mexico City and São Paulo. This article answers the questions: Who governs these two cities and how do they do it? What is governed? Why is it that in one metropolis there is an almost monopolistic criminal organization of coercion, but not in the other? Official sources include documents, press archives, statistics and a specialized bibliography. Results indicate that city governance and crime governance are interconnected, constituting micro-regimes that control territories, populations, goods, wealth, uses of force and power, thus bringing together the local, regional and transnational.

Assessment of Cybercrime Governance in Ethiopia Since 2004

Communication technology is a recent phenomenon that links countries of the world together. Like other countries of the world Ethiopia also interconnected to global net work via internet technology and committed to expansion of the technology at home to substantiate its economic, social and political advancement goal. However, as a result of digitalization effort at home, the country becomes both source and target of cyber crime. Hence, in order to curb cyber crime, the government of the country engaged in to various activities and this work assess the initiatives under taken by Ethiopian government in the area of cybercrime governance. To do so, the research employs qualitative research methods and secondary source of data.To discharge its global responsibility and prevent itself from cyber crime, Ethiopian government works hard and undertakes various measures. Hence, the government begins its work of fighting cyber crime for the first time by initiating criminal code in 2004 that penalize limited cyber crime in the country. As such, the first initiatives followed by scattered legislations which cover limited area of cyber crime like Telecom fraud offense legislation, National payment system proclamation and recently computer crime proclamation. Similarly, the government also initiates policy measures like ICT policy and strategy, National information security policy and Criminal justice policy. To implement these policies and legislations the government also establishes various institutions.However, these all legislations and policy initiatives are inadequate in cyber crime governance in Ethiopia, due to failure of government to couple its unilateral effort and commitment of fighting cyber crime with transnational cooperation and capacity building. Hence, there is no meaning full and continues capacity building undertaken by Ethiopian government. As a result, there is gap of knowledge and human resource in the country related to cyberspace which in turn creates fertile ground for cyber crime. Ethiopian government also does not engaged into comprehensive and functional transnational cooperation and dormant to be party to any regional and international cyber crime convention. Thus, its domestic effort to fight cyber crime become less significant since cyber crime is borderless. Therefore, in order to successfully defense cyber crime, Ethiopian government should complement its domestic initiative by continues capacity building and transnational cooperation.On the other hand, legislated cyber crime in Ethiopia also infringes freedom of expression and privacy right of peoples. Thus, government should work hard to ensure compatibility within international human right law and cyber crime law as much as possible. DOI: 10.7176/NMMC/96-01 Publication date: May 31 st 2021