Government Help Research Articles

Addressing Recycling Inefficiencies in Shanghai Using Circular Economy

The recycling rate in Shanghai, despite being a role model among Chinas cities, still has significant room for improvement. If the recycling rate in Shanghai is improved, peoples lives will be better. Being aware of it, and since the lack of value recapture in Shanghai is not encouraging, we are interested in offering a possible solution for the current situation. The difficulty for private sectors to enter leads us to the main discussion. By case studying German and other developed countries incentives toward this issue and researching SRRTAs, Biohms and other websites reports, this paper will respond to the challenges demonstrated above by offering a probable solution: By providing governmental help toward the private sectors, the informal sectors efficiency of recycling can be elevated.

Tribal Rights in the Novel Uyarathin Thalvukal (Lows of Elevation)

Human rights are great. To make man live as a human being. It is common to all, regardless of country, race, language, or religion. The United Nations organization and the Constitution of India have taken various initiatives to protect these human rights. However, it can be seen here and there that the dominant class finds pleasure in suppressing the poor and exploiting their labour. The poor, who live in ignorance and fear, are subservient to the dominant class without even being aware of their rights. The only category of such simple people is the tribals living in the hills. Since neither the government's help nor the welfare schemes have reached these people, they are living in a very lower position than the common poor living on the plains. In his novel "Uyarathin Thalvukal", Su.Samudram has recorded the lives of Malayalis, the tribals living in the Kalvarayan Hills. This novel emphasizes that even though they live in the high mountains, their lives are at a very low level without any rights. The essence of their labour is absorbed into the luxurious life of the Jagirs living on the plains. Their lives were ruined by exorbitant taxation and harsh punishments. When they are freed from the Jagirs, their lives are filled with misery by the forest officials. The women of the Kalvarayan hills fall prey to the physical hunger of the dominant class. The purpose of this article is to examine and highlight the rights that have been violated in the lives of these people who have no food to eat and who do not have proper treatment for their ailments through the novel "Lows of Elevation".

The Development of Social Capital during the Process of Starting an Agritourism Business

The role of social capital in the early phases of development of a family business is well documented, but the dynamism of the entrepreneur’s social capital in the agritourism business remains a relatively lesser-studied area. The current research, on an inductive, exploratory, and qualitative basis, aims to uncover the place and role of social capital in the establishment of agritourism enterprise, from concept formation to stabilization. The results of the study highlight the importance of governmental help in finance and networking for launching an enterprise, especially in remote areas where these additional activities are relatively lesser-known. The role of a network is relatively weak in the risk analysis of the business. This fact enhances the vulnerability of enterprises.

The Raising Concern of Food Waste and Food Loss in Indonesia to Achieve a Sustainable Consumption

<p>The effect of food waste and food loss is more severe than other recent environmental issues such as plastic usage. Every year, Indonesia needs a 19 million kilos food supply, yet 1.3 billion tons per year being wasted and lost, which affects the value of food and production itself and hazardous to the environment. It is estimated yearly, food waste producing 3.3 billion tons of CO<sub>2</sub> and wasted 1.4 billion hectares of ripe land for vain. Globally, many individuals, organizations, and governments in several countries campaign to raise awareness to face this problem, including Indonesia. With the government's help, many organizations encounter this environmental issue by online media approach, physical campaign, encouraging households to reduce food loss by giving knowledge, and many more. They are reflecting other countries also become one of the ideas that can be implemented by society.</p>

Representing What? Gender, Race, Class, and the Struggle for the Identity and the Legitimacy of Courts

Abstract In 1935, when the U.S. Supreme Court’s new building opened and displayed the phrase “Equal Justice Under Law,” racial segregation was commonplace, as were barriers limiting opportunities for men and women of all colors to participate in economic and political life. The justices on the Court and the lawyers appearing before them reflected those facts; almost all were white men. Today, the Supreme Court’s inscription has become its motto, read as if it always referenced an understanding of equality that has become central to the identity and the legitimacy of courts. The judiciary “looks” somewhat different than it did and, in a sense, has become more “representative” of the range of people appearing in courts. Given the role that courts had played in sustaining discrimination, the impression that courts ought to welcome everyone is a major achievement. Yet, to assess the impact of new judicial demographics requires analysis of other major alterations in U.S. courts—the influx of diverse litigants newly entitled to pursue legal claims; the economic barriers facing many claimants; the emergence of judiciaries as agency-like promoters of agendas; and the displacement of public adjudication through the privatization of dispute resolution. Studies of women as judges focus mostly on their rulings, but probing the “difference that difference makes” requires looking beyond judicial opinions. Courts in the United States have developed structural capacities to propose rules and legislation, create education programs, commission research and task forces, and lobby for resources. When women of all colors and men of color became lawyers and judges, they created affinity organizations and pressed courts to research court-based bias and to revise rules of ethics, doctrine, and practice. Those changes are part of the impact of diversification within the legal profession, as is the backlash against affirmative efforts to reform practices. Another difference of the last decades is that new rights have brought into court many claimants with limited means. Participatory participation (“equal justice under law”) remains elusive, while the “justice gap” (shorthand for the lack of sufficient governmental help for under-resourced litigants) is pervasive. Worse yet, in some jurisdictions, courts have served as “revenue centers,” using court-imposed assessments as income. Failure to pay “legal financial obligations” can result in suspension of driver’s licenses, the loss of voting rights, and other sanctions levied disproportionately on people who are poor and of color. Instead of being seen as fonts of fairness, courts are coming to be identified as sites of inequality. In addition, many courts have embraced alternative forms of dispute resolution that make both processes and outcomes less visible to the public. Through doctrine and rules, U.S. courts have shifted their own practices as well as enforced mandates imposed on consumers and employers that push them out of court and out of class or joint actions. In sum, the new faces on the bench ought not to obscure that the project of representation, inclusion, and equality is far from complete. The vivid inequalities in courts are problems for courts because such disparities undermine their ability to be places of justice.

Mordvins in Western Siberia in the Late 19th to Early 20th Century: Certain Issues in the Migration and Settlement

This study addresses the main aspects of the Mordvin peasant relocation to Western Siberia from the mid-1800s to Stolypin’s agrarian reform, with a focus on resettlement and relationships with old residents, successful and failed unauthorized and reverse migration, and the displacement level. The sources are archival data, specifi cally E.I. Krivyakov’s and V.B. Rusyaikin’s manuscripts owned by the archives of the Government of Mordovia Institute for the Humanities. Causes of migration were mostly economical, and the process was triggered by the abolishment of serfdom in 1861 and then by the Stolypin’s reform, meant to defuse the imminent agrarian crisis in central Russia. On the basis of archival and published evidence, it is demonstrated that the main problems faced by the authorities were their unpreparedness for arranging the relocation of large numbers of peasants, insuffi cient funding, small size of land plots allotted to new settlers, diffi culties with obtaining documents, the fact that governmental help was insuffi cient and provided not to all those in need (land plots were not allotted to unauthorized settlers), administration’s laissez faire in the resettlement process, failure to limit admission fees paid to old settlers, and other factors caused by poor organizational training.

Methodology of Individual Accommodation Facilities Research and Estimate of Non-Organized Tourists

Accommodation as an integral part of each tour occupies a central place in the complex of services, which are offered to tourists during the trip. The question of the importance of individual accommodation facilities, their impact on the integrity of the structure of the tourism industry of the country and regions is particularly important. The research was conducted by means of interview of IAF managers and private households (PH) owners. Almost all the interviewees pointed out that the households’ owners often "hide" tourists, introducing them as relatives in order such information not to reach the Tax Service. The hotel industry needs an improvement of the material and technical facilities and further governmental help for the tourism development as well as the aligning of the seasonal misbalance of the resorts and touristic organizations occupation.

The Technologies of Performing Social Services in Russia by Social Service Institutions (Evidence from Kursk and Belgorod Regions)

Social service is an integral part of social protection of the sick, the handicapped, the senior, etc. It relates to many categories of citizens who need governmental help. Providing this support acts as a guarantee for observance of social, human, freedom and civil rights. The social service system is organized in such a way that enables to provide help for everyone who needs it. Only in this case it meets the interests of the society.In Kursk and Belgorod regions the local social service systems are presented by various types of institutions. In the Kursk region these institutions are: general and psychoneurological care homes, social rehabilitation centres for minors, social assistance centres for families and children, medical social rehabilitation centers, social shelters for children and adolescents, social professional centre. In the Belgorod region these are: general and psychoneurological care homes, social rehabilitation centres for minors, women’s refuges, child development and socialization centres, rehabilitation centre for children and adolescents with limited health capacities, geriatric center, child guidance and family counselling centre, a special care-home for the senior and the handicapped. The comparative analysis of social service systems in Kursk and Belgorod regions revealed that in both regions their social service systems are fully formed and provide services in institutional, non-institutional and partially inpatient forms. The network of social service institutions in Kursk and Belgorod regions is widely presented by various types of institutions, but in the Belgorod region it is wider and has a bigger variety of the institutions. It is likely to be explained by the attention that local authorities pay to this problem and the funding level for it from the regional budget.

Private Provision of Public Goods

This note argues that it is hard for private institutions to provide the public goods that the government provides. In other words, there will tend to be an under provision of public goods if private institutions provided them. The explanation this note provides hinges on the very nature of what public, as opposed to private, goods are. Excerpt UVA-GEM-0144 Aug. 17, 2016 Private Provision of Public Goods Many public goods are provided by the government. This note argues that one of the reasons why the government takes on this role is that it is very hard for private institutions to provide public goods in sufficient quantity without the government's help. In other words, there would tend to be an underprovision of public goods. The explanation this note provides hinges on the very nature of what public, as opposed to private, goods are. There are different types of goods. A soft drink that you buy in a supermarket is an example of a purely private good. Because you buy the good and consume it yourself, you will benefit from the soft drink, not someone else. Therefore, consumption of the soft drink is said to be rival. Moreover, with private goods, it is relatively easy to exclude people from consuming the good, which is why the price system works well as a means of distributing private goods. By buying something, you get exclusive access to it. National defense, safe cities, clean air, and clean water are very different types of goods, however: they are public. Once the country is protected, once the streets are safe, or once the air or the water in an area is clean, everyone benefits from the security, the air, or the water, and one person's benefit does not diminish somebody else's. In other words, the consumption of a public good is nonrival. In addition, it is not trivial to exclude other people from access to security (once the country is defended), from the benefit of safe cities, or from clean water or air, which is why it is difficult to use the price mechanism to distribute public goods. Because of those two special characteristics of public goods (nonrivalness, nonexclusivity), it is not so easy to find out how much of these goods should be provided, and also at what price. It is often argued that the government should guarantee the provision of purely public goods because of those characteristics. If private institutions were to provide public goods (without government support), there would be a tendency to undersupply. . . .

Mainstream disaster health as a policy priority: experiences from Chennai floods and a cross sectional study during disaster relief phase

Background: The months leading to the end of 2015 exposed the pernicious compromise of India’s flood protection mechanism and India’s deep unpreparedness for addressing Disasters and humanitarian emergencies. Chennai was washed out by the annual northeast monsoon during the November-December months of 2015. More than 500 people lost their lives and more than 18 lakh people were displaced and over 22 lakh vehicles were damaged with economic losses ranging from US$7-15 billion, going by popular media estimates. Methods: A cross sectional study was carried out through a convenience sampling n = 400 and subjects coming under different wards in Chennai municipal corporation were administered a questionnaire which was made exclusively for the Chennai floods. The subjects who participated in the study were belonging to the outreach area zones identified by Help Age Chennai Mobile Unit. Help Age India and Help Age Chennai identified in particular worst affected zones due to the floods and provided medical relief. The first author observations while responding to the floods have also been synced into the discussion. Results: The floods in Chennai led to significant depression among the populace where 87.9 % felt depressed (p value<0.009). 332 (83%) felt that Governmental help did not come, and it signals the massive collapse of the Government structure. Public drainage water got mixed with the clean water during the floods and remained that way without adequate chlorination in many areas and 88.2% felt it affected their health (p value <0.001). Conclusions: Great co-ordination needs to be brought and work integrated between the city corporation, public work department, slum clearance board, housing boards and development authority to be able to respond to any catastrophe.

Is Government's Help for Unemployed People Helpful for the Society? An Empirical Study on Macro Data of Public Unemployment Spending in OECD Nations

Using panel data of public unemployment expenditure as a percentage of GDP of 34 OECD nations across year 1980-2010, I explore the effect of this ratio on three unemployment outcomes: total unemployment rate, long-term unemployment rate and youth unemployment, as well as labor participation rate and investment rate. After taking into account potential endogeneity of this ratio using Durbin-Wu-Hausman test, I find the data does not support the hypothesized aggregate demand effect of unemployment insurance (UI) expenditure in theory but gives strong support for hypothesized disincentive effect in theory. The estimates indicate that every percentage point increase in public unemployment welfare expenditure relative to GDP leads to 0.9 to 1.1 percentage point increase in total unemployment rate and 4.5 to 4.7 percentage point increase in long term unemployment rate. The distortionary effect of UI program on business is also verified by an estimate that every percentage point increase in this unemployment spending rate is associated with about 2.1 percentage point decrease in investment rate.

Obamacare's (3) Day(s) in Court

Before the oral arguments in late March, the vast majority of legal scholars felt confident that the Supreme Court of the United States would uphold the individual mandate against the constitutional challenge that 26 states have levied against it. Since the oral arguments, that confidence has been severely shaken. This article asks why legal scholars were so confident before the argument and what has made us so concerned since the argument. The article posits that certain fundamental characteristics of health insurance, particularly its unusual role in steering health-care consumption decisions, which distinguishes health insurance from standard kinds of indemnity insurance, should make the constitutional question easy, but the Obama Administration's legal team was understandably hesitant to highlight those unique characteristics in its arguments. Because the Supreme Court justices seemed not to understand the uniqueness of health insurance without the government's help and because the justices seemed unusually willing to adopt a new constitutional constraint in this case, the individual mandate appears to be in far greater jeopardy than we legal scholars anticipated.

Micro enterprises and microfinance for business women in rural areas of South Africa - a case study of Ga-Rankuwa at the interface between first and third world

The majority of South Africa’s rural population lives below the minimum living standard; basic amenities are lacking with low financial aid. This study, therefore, explores the nature of microfinance and micro enterprises in South Africa, the challenges, and sustainability. Choosing Ga-Rankuwa, a township near to Pretoria, the impact of microfinance on local business women is examined. Even at this interface between first and third world, micro business women face typical third world problems and microfinance service is still in a developing stage, while, in most cases, finance is the major problem for micro business. However, a survey shows that especially in such a situation, there is both the market potential and the infrastructure which allow for a successful implementation of microfinance, but the interface between first and third world demands for governmental help and community service as initial sparks. Once established, this interface situation promises good chances for microfinance sustainability.

Education and professional strengthening of the community health agent - an ethnography study

This inquiry explored the educative actions of Community health agents (CHAs) with socially disaffiliated populations in a Rio de Janeiro metropolitan area. Individual and group interviews, participant observation during visits to the shantytowns, and picture gathering apprehended the philosophical and empirical dimensions of such actions. The software ATLAS ti. 4.2 supported the coding procedures of the raw material. Abduction in communication framed findings’ analysis and interpretation. Analysis revealed their social professional identity, political awareness regarding their own organization as a professional group, plus criticisms regarding the negligence of occupational safety and the lack of governmental help. CHAs “voice” is a tool of social leadership and a main facilitator to empower the population, and to promote optimization of the health care system. Since their professional practice revealed conflicts, contradictions and paradoxes, it seems necessary a collective reflection on the needed support to sustain CHAs wishes for change and freedom to act.

Education and professional strengthening of the community health agent - an ethnography study

This inquiry explored the educative actions of Community health agents (CHAs) with socially disaffiliated populations in a Rio de Janeiro metropolitan area. Individual and group interviews, participant observation during visits to the shantytowns, and picture gathering apprehended the philosophical and empirical dimensions of such actions. The software ATLAS ti. 4.2 supported the coding procedures of the raw material. Abduction in communication framed findings’ analysis and interpretation. Analysis revealed their social professional identity, political awareness regarding their own organization as a professional group, plus criticisms regarding the negligence of occupational safety and the lack of governmental help. CHAs “voice” is a tool of social leadership and a main facilitator to empower the population, and to promote optimization of the health care system. Since their professional practice revealed conflicts, contradictions and paradoxes, it seems necessary a collective reflection on the needed support to sustain CHAs wishes for change and freedom to act.

Educação, crescimento e fortalecimento profissional do Agente Comunitário de Saúde - estudo etnográfico

This inquiry explored the educative actions of Community health agents (CHAs) with socially disaffiliated populations in a Rio de Janeiro metropolitan area. Individual and group interviews, participant observation during visits to the shantytowns, and picture gathering apprehended the philosophical and empirical dimensions of such actions. The software ATLAS ti. 4.2 supported the coding procedures of the raw material. Abduction in communication framed findings’ analysis and interpretation. Analysis revealed their social professional identity, political awareness regarding their own organization as a professional group, plus criticisms regarding the negligence of occupational safety and the lack of governmental help. CHAs “voice” is a tool of social leadership and a main facilitator to empower the population, and to promote optimization of the health care system. Since their professional practice revealed conflicts, contradictions and paradoxes, it seems necessary a collective reflection on the needed support to sustain CHAs wishes for change and freedom to act.

Managed Healthcare and Federal Health Programs

In Brief Managed healthcare is an outgrowth of the private sector. With America moving more and more toward corporate control and large conglomerations, healthcare has joined in the evolution. Managed healthcare began as early as 1929 with a noble effort to provide medical resources. With the occurrence of World War II, prepaid care was born. Popularity was slow to catch at first, but with the government's help, managed care would be pushed to the forefront. The government passed legislation that provided healthcare for the poor, disabled, and elderly in 1965. This allowed for increased university hospital funding and created more medical personnel. As the current fee-for-service system allowed doctors to take advantage of power and incredibly inflate prices, the government sought a way to battle the inflation. In 1973, the Health Maintenance Organization (HMO) Act authorized third-party payers to intervene in healthcare payment. This put power in the hands of the HMOs and limited the doctors in the amount of money they could make. Corporate control of healthcare often brings those involved to choices between money and providing care. Care is often restricted to maintain revenue. This system has become unethical and reform is needed. A possible solution to the problem is the Medical Savings Account that puts power and choice back into the hands of the patients. Managed healthcare is an outgrowth of the private sector. With America moving more and more toward corporate control and large conglomerations, healthcare has joined in the evolution. A look at the beginnings of managed care in the U.S. and its future.

Big Government and Affirmative Action: The Scandalous History of the Small Business Administration

David Stockman, Ronald Reagan's budget director, proclaimed the Business Administration a billion-dollar waste - a rathole, and set out to abolish the agency. His scathing critique was but the latest attack on an agency better known as the Small Scandal Administration. Loans to criminals, government contracts for minority fronts, the classification of American Motors as a small business, Whitewater, and other scandals - the Business Administration has lurched from one embarrassment to another. Despite the scandals and the policy failures, the SBA thrives and small business remains a sacred cow in American politics. Part of this sacredness comes from the agency's longstanding record of pioneering affirmative action. Jonathan Bean reveals that even before the Civil Rights Act of 1964, the SBA promoted African American businesses, encouraged the hiring of minorities, and monitored the employment practices of loan recipients. Under Nixon, the agency expanded racial preferences. During the Reagan administration, politicians wrapped themselves in the mantle of minority enterprise even as they denounced quotas elsewhere. Created by Congress in 1953, the SBA does not conform to traditional interpretations of interest-group democracy. Even though the public - and Congress - favors small enterprise, there has never been a unified group of small business owners requesting the government's help. Indeed, the SBA often has failed to address the real problems of Mom and Pop shop owners, fueling the ongoing debate about the agency's viability.

"Sentiments of a Private Nature": A Comment on Ann Laura Stoler's "Tense and Tender Ties"

In closing months of 1918, Haitian government officials grew impatient with what seemed to them obvious injustice then being perpetrated against their nation by the powerful Republic of United States. For over three years, they had attempted to maintain some semblance of independent action in face of an uninvited military occupation replete with what one Haitian diplomat termed injunctions and another named more baldly the vexatious and unfair tyranny of American officials.' When Louis Borno, then Haiti's minister of finance, authorized an appeal to Washington for redress of those grievances, he sought to give U.S. Secretary of State Robert Lansing and President Woodrow Wilson a way to rise above such injustice, a way to square occupation with president's rhetoric about fairness for small nations. With American Government's help, he sought to assure them, the Haitian people are firmly resolved to carry out . .. all reforms that progress demands. But they would do so, he insisted, through that most cordial cooperation . . . which proceeds on joint examinations and not on imperative commands notified without regard to national dignity and prompted by sentiments of a private nature, in which higher interests of two countries are given no consideration. 2 The private sentiments that perhaps prompted U.S. officials' imperious behavior were amply in evidence in occupied Haiti, both before and after Borno's complaint. They were in evidence in summer of 1915, when a U.S. military officer rained down a shower of condescension on revolutionary leader and heir apparent to

Actuaciones en Ciutat Vella, Valencia

The historical Valencia 's center -one of the biggest in Europe-was in a great urbanistic, architectonical, social and economical damage way al the begining of the last century. The urbanistic modifications realised in Valencia town al the end of the last century and al the begining of the new one, were carried out without a real knowledge of how to integrate the old town, with its gradual aging and also its gradual economical activity fall. AII those subjects were studied by the Stat e, Self-Governing and Local authorities when they decided lo begin the works lo recover the place, with the following and main purposes: lo regenerate the environment, lo recover the buildings, lo provide the necessary services lo the neighbours, offering them social programs as well as those concerning the improvement of their economical activity. Starting from this point, the Local and Self Governing Authorities signed, in 1998, an agreement in order to invest about 40.000 millions pesetas, amount who was increased with a country government 's help named Planes de Vivienda with the aim lo help the rehabilitation and the flats purchase. The combined action of different Governments and the promotion of the private initiative, was completed with the European help through FEDER funds, concerning the Operative Urban program in order lo recuperate the degradate districts. The collaboration of different Professional Associations, Architects College, Universities, Residents Associations, etc., was very important. Very remarkable is also the participation in all national or international forum , in order lo share experiences concerning the recuperation of historial town centres.