Zanzibar Government Research Articles

The Theory of Reasoned Action and The Prospects of Waqf-Muzar’ah-Supply Chain Model in Zanzibar

The contribution of the agricultural sector to the development of Zanzibar Islands is considerable. This very important sector through the clove industry was the economic backbone upon which the government of Zanzibar relied for its foreign exchange and national revenue. However, since 1964, agricultural productivity particularly clove production has continually and significantly decreased due to many problems and challenges, especially financial ones. For example, financial intermediaries including banks, cooperatives and micro-enterprises provide micro-financing to the farmers but with high interest rates along with collateral requirements. The numerous programmes, measures and policies adopted by the relevant parties to find solutions to the dwindling clove production have failed. This study has therefore proposed a Waqf-Muzara’ah- Supply Chain model (WMSCM) to address the challenges. The study has used Theory of Reasoned Action adopt the model. To the model, SPSS, AMOS and SEM have used accordingly. The results show that, both the attitude and subjective norm of the clove farmers in Zanzibar towards using the proposed model are statistically significant and have influence on their behavioral intention in using the model.

Unlocking the Perceptions of Fishing Communities for a Credible and Effective Weather Forecasting and Early-Warning System in Zanzibar, Tanzania

Small-scale fishers are highly vulnerable to the impacts of weather conditions and climate variability, which can significantly affect their livelihoods and safety at sea. This study assessed the small-scale fishers' access and usage of weather forecasts and early warning systems in Zanzibar. It did so by examining the fishing communities' perceptions of the matter and patterns of utilisation of the weather information. It investigated the sources and accessibility of weather forecasts and early warning systems to the fishers. It utilised a descriptive and observational design using qualitative approaches. Data were collected through structured interviews, observation, and focus group discussions with samples of small-scale fishers in six villages in Unguja and Pemba in Zanzibar. The findings show that small-scale fishers in Zanzibar face significant challenges accessing reliable and timely conventional weather forecasts and early warning information. Limited access to communication technologies, including television and smartphones, emerged as a significant barrier. In addition, the utility of modern meteorological information and early warning systems is limited by their perceived unreliability to fishing communities. The fishing communities extensively use traditional weather forecasting methods informed by generations of tradition. Using informal communication channels and telephony services, local communities integrate conventional weather information served through short messaging services with traditional weather prediction systems. The integration provides credible results shared across the communities for collective decision-making on safer fishing practices. These findings are important for Zanzibar's policymakers, fisheries management agencies, and climate service providers. There is a need for the Revolutionary Government of Zanzibar and other stakeholders to deliberate and improve communities' access to reliable weather forecasts and early warning systems for their resilience and sustainable fishing practices. It is also important for the government and other stakeholders to promote integrating indigenous knowledge with scientific forecasting methods for a comprehensive and contextually relevant information framework for small-scale fishers and other consumers.

The Paradox of Eternity Nature of Article 9(3) and Article 80A of the Constitution of Zanzibar, 1984 Over the Sustainability of Zanzibar Government of National Unity: The Glance of 2015-2016 and Perspective for Future General Elections

The Paradox of Eternity Nature of Article 9(3) and Article 80A of the Constitution of Zanzibar, 1984 Over the Sustainability of Zanzibar Government of National Unity: The Glance of 2015-2016 and Perspective for Future General Elections

The Journey of Zanzibar's Digitally Enabled Community Health Program to National Scale: Implementation Report.

While high-quality primary health care services can meet 80%-90% of health needs over a person's lifetime, this potential is severely hindered in many low-resource countries by a constrained health care system. There is a growing consensus that effectively designed, resourced, and managed community health worker programs are a critical component of a well-functioning primary health system, and digital technology is recognized as an important enabler of health systems transformation. In this implementation report, we describe the design and rollout of Zanzibar's national, digitally enabled community health program-Jamii ni Afya. Since 2010, D-tree International has partnered with the Ministry of Health Zanzibar to pilot and generate evidence for a digitally enabled community health program, which was formally adopted and scaled nationally by the government in 2018. Community health workers use a mobile app that guides service delivery and data collection for home-based health services, resulting in comprehensive service delivery, access to real-time data, efficient management of resources, and continuous quality improvement. The Zanzibar government has documented increases in the delivery of health facilities among pregnant women and reductions in stunting among children younger than 5 years since the community health program has scaled. Key success factors included starting with the health challenge and local context rather than the technology, usage of data for decision-making, and extensive collaboration with local and global partners and funders. Lessons learned include the significant time it takes to scale and institutionalize a digital health systems innovation due to the time to generate evidence, change opinions, and build capacity. Jamii ni Afya represents one of the world's first examples of a nationally scaled digitally enabled community health program. This implementation report outlines key successes and lessons learned, which may have applicability to other governments and partners working to sustainably strengthen primary health systems.

Assessments of the Application of Earned Value Management System for Construction Project Performance Measurement in Zanzibar

Many construction projects in developing countries including in Zanzibar suffer from time and budget overruns. The Revolution Government of Zanzibar established different bodies such as Zanzibar Contractors Registration Board (ZCRB), Zanzibar Architects, Engineers and Quantity Surveyors Registration Board (ZAEQRB), Zanzibar Public Procurement and Disposal of Public Asset Authority (ZPPDA), among others with the aim of controlling the performance of project. Often scope creep, time and cost overruns are very common problems in construction projects. This study aims at addressing those problems by assessing the use of Earned Value Management (EVM) methodology in measuring construction industry performance in Zanzibar. The study used purposive sampling to select the sample. A self-administered questionnaire and round table discussions were deployed to architects, engineers, project managers, and quantity surveyors for data collection. Also, a case study design was employed whereby four ongoing construction projects were used as samples to collect data. The data were processed using Microsoft Excel where Chi- square, ANOVA, and Earned Value Analysis (EVA) were used to analyze the data. The study findings indicate that majority of key players of construction industry of Zanzibar were unaware of the EVA as a tool for monitoring the performance of the projects, although they practice EVMS to some extent. Also, all four cases used in this study, indicated underperformances in terms of scope, time and cost parameters.

Impact of Occupational Safety and Health on Employees' Performance at Zanzibar Government Printing Press in Unguja-Zanzibar

Impact of Occupational Safety and Health on Employees' Performance at Zanzibar Government Printing Press in Unguja-Zanzibar

Impact of Occupational Safety and Health on Employees’ Performance at Zanzibar Government Printing Press in Unguja-Zanzibar

The purpose of this study was to assess the Impact of Occupational Safety and Health on Employees’ Performance at Zanzibar Government Printing Press (ZGPP) in Unguja. The specific objectives of this study were to assess how work environment affects employees’ performance at the ZGPP, to examine how precautionary measures of occupational health may improve employees’ performance and to assess how Occupational Health hampers employees’ performance at the ZGPP. The study adopted descriptive study design, while self-administered questionnaires were used to collect data from the respondents. This study covered the staff of Zanzibar Government Printing Press (ZGPP) who were simple randomly selected from a sample frame of 127. A total of 106 respondents were selected for the study. Data was analyzed using Statistical Packages for Social Science (SPSS) to capture the impact of Occupational Safety and Health on Employees’ Performance at ZGPP and regression model was used for data processing and analysis of the relationship between the variables. The findings of the study showed that, just more than half (63.4%) of the respondents were male, the study also revealed that, about 44.6% of the respondents lacked knowledge of OSH. However, liner regression analysis was done to establish the relationship between the independent and dependent variables. The study discovered that, variable of working condition had strong relationship (β = 0.468, t = 5.273, p < 0.05) on employees’ performance with the significance level of p < 0.05. The study also revealed that, Occupational Health had significant effect (β = 0.246, t = 2.521, p < 0.05) on employees’ performance at ZGPP. Additionally, it was also discovered that, there was no work place precautionary measures addressed (β = 0.087, t = 0.868, p > 0.05) on employees’ performance. Although these findings showed that work place precautionary measure had negative effect on employees’ performance at ZGPP. Thus, it was recommended that, ZGPP should focus more on the protection and prevention of OSH, improve occupational health in terms of training of OSH, enforcement of regulation and policy of OSH continuously towards employees’ performance. As the study design was descriptive in nature and could not establish causality and temporality, an in-depth longitudinal follow up study would be recommended to yield better association.

Participation of Youths in Decision Making for the Economic Development of Zanzibar

The study of assessing youth participation in decision making for economic development was conducted in the Urban West Region of Zanzibar. The objectives of the study were to investigate youth involvement in the decision making process in the economic programs in Zanzibar; to examine the factors that constrain youth participation in the economic development of Zanzibar; and to analyse existing government policies on youth participation in the economic development of Zanzibar. A quantitative research method was adapted to collect and analyse primary data from respondents. Data was collected from 181 respondents using a structural questionnaire. Data was statistically analysed by using the Statistical Package for Social Science (SPSS) and was represented in the form of frequencies and tabulations. The key findings revealed that youths are neither participating nor involved in decision making in economic development programs as a majority. On the other hand, 105 (58%) of respondents said that youths are not involved in decision making. 71 (40%) of respondents said that lack of information accessibility is a challenge to youth participation in decision making. And lastly, the majority 96 (53%) of respondents also said that a low level of education is a hindering factor for youth participation. The findings also revealed that the majority of the respondents 149 (82%) agreed that the participation of youths will influence an effective outcome in economic development; 96 (53%) of the respondents agreed that, low level of education is the major factor that hinders youth participation in economic development programs; and the majority of respondents 59 (33%) disagreed that policies do not address youth participation in decision making. The study recommends that, the Revolutionary Government of Zanzibar should invest much on youth for sustainability economic development programs so as to avoid joblessness in the nation that results in substance abuse, the Urban West Region ..

Impact of Health Insurance on Employees' Performance at Zanzibar Electricity Cooperation in Unguja, Tanzania

The study aimed to assess the impact of health insurance on employees' performance at Zanzibar Electricity Cooperation in Unguja. The specific objectives of the study were: To examine the effects of health insurance on financial protection on employees' performance, and To examine the influence of the Insurance Premium on employees' performance at Zanzibar Electricity Cooperation in Unguja Quantitative methods were used in this study. The closed-ended questionnaires were also used to capture the information. The study used multiple linear regressions to analyze the collected data. The study found out that the two predictor variables (financial protection and insurance premium) had a significant contribution to the outcome variable (employees’ performance). The study recommended that ZECO and the government of Zanzibar, in particular, should increase the insurance premium by companies offering health insurance in Unguja. These would raise the financial protection of employees and increase their performance.

Porter’s Five Forces Analysis of Zanzibar’s Seaweed Industry

Aim: This study intended to analyse the Zanzibar seaweed industry’s (ZSI) profitability potential by adopting Porter’s five forces industry analysis framework. The objective was to identify factors in its structure contributing to the industry’s ongoing primary challenge of low returns.
 Methodology: The study was conducted on Zanzibar island in the United Republic of Tanzania. A case study design approach was adopted. The study’s sample consisted of seaweed farmers, exporters and officials from government institutions linked to the industry. Seaweed farmers were selected through multistage and quota sampling. Exporters were chosen based on experience, i.e. at least five years of operations and above. Government officials were selected through purposive and convenience sampling. The study utilised both primary and secondary data. A triangulation approach was adopted for data collection. Data analysis was done through thematic analysis, descriptive statistics and literature review. Results were adapted into Porter’s framework for further analysis. The threat level for each Porter’s force was determined by weighing their corresponding driving factors, and respondents rated the final results based on the perceived threat level.
 Results: The study found that the Zanzibar seaweed industry has low profitability potential. Threats emanate from the industry’s lack of entry barriers, several available cheap and high-performing substitutes, low switching costs and high bargaining power of buyers and suppliers. The government’s role in promoting the industry’s activities is almost non-existent. Similarly, the industry’s production methods were found to be still traditional. Innovative activities were found to be minimal. In terms of opportunities, the industry remains a viable economic alternative for the rural Zanzibarians due to its low capital entry requirements and short production cycles. The potential for increased income and improved health and nutrition exists if domestic markets are established. The growing global demand for carrageenan also signals the industry’s revenue and income growth potential. Similarly, the ZSI is also a source of economic gender empowerment for rural Zanzibari women.
 Conclusion: Zanzibar’s seaweed industry’s low profitability potential is a result of its structure, production system and the absent role of the Revolutionary Government of Zanzibar (RGoZ). Due to the unique nature of ZSI challenges, Porter’s generic strategies were found unsuitable. Hence, this study recommends creating a guiding industry business strategy and marketing plan to guide its activities. The industry’s customer base should also be diversified to expand buyer options and minimise risks associated with the global Rhodotypa market’s oligopolistic conditions. The creation of domestic and regional demand is also crucial. The Revolutionary Government of Zanzibar should also step in to give the necessary support, primarily through creating industry policy. Additionally, diversification of ZSI export products through establishing carrageenan extraction industries in Zanzibar is vital.

Relationship between Allowances and Performance of Civil Servants: A Case of President's Office – Constitution, Legal Affairs, Public Service and Good Governance in Zanzibar

The purpose of this study was to examine the relationship between allowances and the performance of civil servants: a case of president's office – constitution, legal affairs, public service, and good governance in Zanzibar. The study used Case Study Design which involved a quantitative research approach. A sample size of 120 respondents was used, and a questionnaire collected the data that were used in compiling the results. The study revealed that there is a positive relationship between cash allowance, saving overtime allowance, house rent allowance, and performance of civil servants of the President's Office – Constitution, Legal Affairs, Public Service, and Good Governance in Zanzibar. The study concluded that there is a significant positive relationship between cash allowance, overtime allowance, and house allowance and the performance of civil servants of the President's Office – Constitution, Legal Affairs, Public Service, and Good Governance in Zanzibar. The study recommended that the government of Zanzibar should increase cash allowance, overtime allowance, and house allowance and even offer other allowances since allowances have a strong relationship with the performance of civil servants.

Analysis of the Legal and Institutional Frameworks Regulating Oil and Gas Resources in Tanzania

This study examines the legal and institutional framework regulating oil and gas sector in Tanzania. Oil and gas resources have been considered as the world’s valuable resource. For countries to benefit from these resources, the presence of adequate laws and institutions is of a paramount importance. The analysis on whether or not Tanzania has adequate laws and institutions that regulate oil and gas resources entail thorough review of all necessary legal documents including: statutes, legal books, journal articles and policies relating to oil and gas resources in Tanzania. The data were collected through documentary review and interview from informants working in institutions established by the petroleum laws for the respective union and Zanzibar Revolutionary Governments. The findings show that legal and institutional frameworks regulating oil and gas in Tanzania suffer from practical challenges such as: separate governing laws, lack of coordination for established institutions and overlapping powers among institutions governing oil and gas between Union and Revolutionary Government of Zanzibar. The study recommends that laws should be amendment to provide for independent and autonomous institutions, to establish coordinating unit among institutions, harmonization of oil and gas governing laws and instituting transparent and accountable decision-making bodies.

'Kuishi Ughaibuni': Emplaced Absence, The Zanzibar Diaspora Policy, and Young Men's Experiences of Belonging in Zanzibar and Oman


 
 
 Ughaibu, in Swahili, describes a state of being absent, or missing, a state of unobtainability and remoteness. Paired with the locative ‘-ni’, ughaibuni translates as ‘diaspora’. The concept of diaspora was recently put at the centre of a policy issued by the government of Zanzibar in 2017. In The Diaspora Policy of Zanzibar the ‘Zanzibar Diaspora’ refers to ‘people originating from Zanzibar who are residing in foreign countries but maintain patriotism to their homeland, recognize the 1964 Zanzibar Revolution as the basis for the liberation of Zanzibar people and respect the laws and constitution of Zanzibar.’ It is considered ‘of vital importance that such people remain patriotic and demonstrate a sense of belonging, desire and commitment to support socio-economic development of Zanzibar’ (p. 8).
 Drawing on conversations with young Zanzibaris who live with absence, or in diasporic situations, conducted between 2018-2019, in this article I argue that exploring specifically the movement of young people can enrich our understanding of what the ‘Zanzibar Diaspora’ may be. By thinking with diaspora as ‘absence’ I take into consideration the accounts of young Zanzibaris, who negotiate absences both within Zanzibar itself and between Zanzibar and Oman, and show that their own concepts of diasporic belonging go beyond the political limitations expressed in the policy. In both cases ‘going absent’ becomes a present-making and future- building strategy that helps young Zanzibaris navigate stagnation.
 
 

5 - Colonial Encounters: A Danish Planter in German East Africa

In 1888, Christian Lautherborn set out to establish a cotton plantation for the German East Africa Company in Pangani, Tanzania. Little did he know that he was heading out at a dramatic moment, and would soon (literally) be caught in the crossfire of a war between the coastal Africans, the Zanzibar government and German imperialist interventions. While in Tanzania, Lautherborn wrote a series of letters, some published in a local Danish newspaper and some written privately to familyA substantial number of Christian Lautherborn’s letters home were printed in a newspaper, Vendsyssel Tidende, as ‘Letters from our correspondent in German East Africa’. This article will take its point of departure in the analysis of differences between what may be termed the ‘public’ and the ‘private’ discourses in the letters. Parts of the letters may be read as a contribution to the formation of a colonial discourse in Denmark/Europe. Here one finds a number of familiar stereotypes about Africa and Africans. On the other hand, some of the letters, often eyewitness accounts of incidents that diverge from the common colonial discourse, suggest very different interpretations. The letters may thus be read both as a way of negotiating African experiences and European expectations and also as evidence of cultural adaptation and hybridity. The paper will therefore comment on discrepancies between common stereotypes present in the letters about the African’s childishness, laziness etc. and Christian Lautherborn’s actions as a plantation manager and member of colonial society. A careful reading of Lautherborn’s letters a so reveals a number of contradictions between what he says and what he does.

5 - Colonial Encounters: A Danish Planter in German East Africa

In 1888, Christian Lautherborn set out to establish a cotton plantation for the German East Africa Company in Pangani, Tanzania. Little did he know that he was heading out at a dramatic moment, and would soon (literally) be caught in the crossfire of a war between the coastal Africans, the Zanzibar government and German imperialist interventions. While in Tanzania, Lautherborn wrote a series of letters, some published in a local Danish newspaper and some written privately to family. A substantial number of Christian Lautherborn’s letters home were printed in a newspaper, Vendsyssel Tidende, as ‘Letters from our correspondent in German East Africa’. This article will take its point of departure in the analysis of differences between what may be termed the ‘public’ and the ‘private’ discourses in the letters. Parts of the letters may be read as a contribution to the formation of a colonial discourse in Denmark/Europe. Here one finds a number of familiar stereotypes about Africa and Africans. On the other hand, some of the letters, often eyewitness accounts of incidents that diverge from the common colonial discourse, suggest very different interpretations. The letters may thus be read both as a way of negotiating African experiences and European expectations and also as evidence of cultural adaptation and hybridity. The article will therefore comment on discrepancies between common stereotypes present in the letters about the African’s childishness, laziness etc. and Christian Lautherborn’s actions as a plantation manager and member of colonial society. A careful reading of Lautherborn’s letters also reveals a number of contradictions between what he says and what he does.

Constitutional Discord and Division in Tanzania: The Breakdown of the Government of National Unity in Zanzibar

This article explores the effects of the Tanzanian constitutional review process undertaken from 2011 to 2015 by Zanzibar's government of national unity (GNU), which was operative between 2010 and 2015. Central to this analysis is the historicity of constitutionalism in Tanzania and political antagonism and violence in Zanzibar. The reconciliation agreement of 2009 brought relative stability to the isles; however, the start of the constitutional review process led the GNU partners to take opposite stands on key issues of the union framework and Zanzibar autonomy, rekindling identity distinctions and deep-rooted enmity. This discourse, together with other proximate factors, explains the withering of the reconciliatory spirit within Zanzibar's unity government during the constitutional review process, leading ultimately to the collapse of the process and the discontinuation of the GNU. As it was expected that the aborted constitutional review process would be resumed after the 2020 elections, the lessons learned from the first phase of the process will be vital to understanding its possible completion.

Zanzibar and the Establishment of Blue Economy Strategies

Zanzibar prosperity is created, not inherited. It does not grow out of a country’s natural endowments, ocean-based economy, its labor pool, its enabling environment and presence of good policy, legal and institutional frameworks as the blue economy insists. A country rapid economic growth accompanied with promotion and protection of the strategies planned to obtain sustainable development.In 2021 Government adopted a comprehensive roadmap for the development of its blue economy policy 2020 and Zanzibar Development Vision 2050 focus to Zanzibar’s efforts in the blue economy over the next 30 years. This paper gives a brief description of the Zanzibar’s Blue Economy and discusses some of the key blue economy frameworks. However, the aim of the paper is to look at the contemporary situation in Zanzibar in the context of the Blue Economy and its frameworks through effective initiatives done by the Zanzibar Government. Effective implementation of panned strategies will play the major role for obtaining sustainable economic development in Zanzibar. Finally, the paper provides recommendations towards a sustainable blue economy in Zanzibar. Keywords: Blue economy, Policy, Legal, Institutional framework, Zanzibar DOI: 10.7176/JRDM/74-05 Publication date: March 31 st 2021

Access and Uses of Free Maternal Health Care Services Among Women in Urban West Zanzibar

The main objective of this study was to examine the access ad uses of free maternal health care services among women in Zanzibar Urban West Region. A quantitative approach adopted in this study and data was analyzed through descriptive statistical analysis. Simple Random and purposive sampling were used to select 262 Respondents. The data were collected through closed ended questionnaires. The findings of the study revealed that, Most of hospitals and clinics visited by maternal mothers were government clinics since 196 respondents which is equal to (74.8%) visited Government clinic, 66 respondents equal to (25.1%) visited private clinics and. In addition the study found that more than 80% of the total respondents were having access and uses of the service provided by the health centers during their pregnancy period. The government of Zanzibar through Ministry of Health should take the special measure to emphasis on the improvement of free maternal health care services in health centres. This may help maternal mother and infants’ to get good treatment. Keywords: Access and Uses, Free Maternal Health Care Services, Descriptive Statistics, Urban west Zanzibar DOI: 10.7176/JHMN/85-07 Publication date: January 31 st 2021

An Account of the Difference Between Women’s Income Before and After Participating in the Self-Help Groups in Urban West Region of Unguja

The Self Help Group is becoming one of the most important social and economic activities of today’s world and the Zanzibar Government has realized its potential especially for the women. Therefore, this study aimed at providing a candid account of the difference of women’s income before and after participating in the self-help groups (SHGs) in Urban West Region of Unguja. Having adopted positivism as its philosophical assumption, the researchers mainly employed quantitative research approach which was the most appropriate method of analysis for this study. The sample size for this study consisted of 90 women who belong to the ten (10) self-help groups in Urban West Region of Unguja and survey questionnaire was used as data collection instrument. To achieve credible results, both descriptive (such as mean scores, standard deviation, frequencies and percentages) and inferential statistical techniques (t-test) were used to analyze the collected data from relevant respondents. The results indicated that, by using t-test, there was a difference in income before and after participation in the self-help groups. Last but not the least, SHGs if well managed, can be a viable tool of income generation to the poor and needy, government itself, community based organizations, nongovernmental organizations to help elevate the positions and financial status of their stakeholders, the women inclusive.

Factors Constraining Youth Participation in Economic Development in Zanzibar

Nowadays, young people especially in the developing economies are not accorded equal chances to participate in decision making for economic development. The main objective of this study was to examine the factors that constrain youth participation in economic development in Zanzibar. A quantitative research method design was adapted to collect primary data from respondents. Data was collected from 181 respondents using structural questionnaire and descriptive statistical technique was used for data analysis. The study identified three factors notably; low levels of education, lack of entrepreneurship skills and inferiority complex for hindering youth participation in decision making processes for economic development in Zanzibar. The finding revealed that, the majority of the respondents 149 (82%) agreed that, the participation of youths will influence effective outcome in economic development, 96 (53%) of the respondents agreed that, low level of education is the major factor that hinders youth participation in economic development programs and the majority of respondents 59 (33%) disagreed that, policies do not address youth participation in decision making. The study recommends that, the Revolutionary Government of Zanzibar should invest much in youth for sustainability economic development programs so as to avoid joblessness in the nation. Keywords: Youth participation, decision marking and economic development DOI: 10.7176/JEP/11-24-06 Publication date: December 31 st 2020