Moscow Government Research Articles

Labour mobility of medical specialists: attitudes and factors

Introduction. The healthcare sector characterized by low levels of labour mobility of medical specialists. In this regard, the purpose of the study is to identify the causes of the current scale of intra-firm and inter-firm mobility in the healthcare sector, which are associated with readiness for professional and qualification growth, as well as with external and internal employment conditions. Materials and methods. The study was based on regulatory documents of the Ministry of Health of the Russian Federation and the Government of Moscow. Data from Rosstat and statistics of the Moscow Healthcare Department, as well as materials from expert and questionnaire surveys of Moscow medical specialists, have compiled a statistical database. Results. The relatively small scale of inter-firm mobility of medical specialists in Moscow is largely due to the similarity of employment conditions in the public sector, which includes most healthcare institutions. This hinders the transfer of personnel to other institutions, although their specifics, such as a significant workload on staff and low wages, are unlikely to suit specialists. At the same time, a significant part of doctors and nursing staff have active attitudes towards professional and qualification growth. Such attitudes can be realized by the institute of certification for the qualification category. However, its imperfection does not allow coping with these functions. Research limitations. Due to the scarcity of official statistics, the study was mostly based on expert and questionnaire surveys of medical specialists, which, by definition, provide mainly subjective information and limited factual data. Conclusion. For the institute for certification of medical specialists for the qualification category to fulfill the functions assigned to it, its work should be supplemented with professional training programs by category, the additional payment for them should be increased, and categorical and job status should be linked. To curb the undesirable consequences of the outflow of personnel from the healthcare sector, it is also necessary to take measures to reduce the workload on staff and increase wages.

The Experience of Observational Departments’ Functioning for Treatment of Patients with Tuberculosis from COVID-19 Contact and Convalescents after COVID-19

Relevance. To control COVID-19, a net of special infection hospitals and departments was created, a system of medicaments and protective means’ supply was set up, necessary normative and regulatory documentation was developed and overall vaccination of population was performed in Moscow. Within frames of work for prophylaxis of COVID-19 spread in patients with tuberculosis at in-patient units of the State Budgetary Healthcare Institution of Moscow city «The Moscow Research and Clinical Center for Tuberculosis Control of the Moscow Government Department of Health” (hereinafter referred as the Center), observational departments for treatment of patients with tuberculosis from COVID-19 contact and convalescents after COVID-19. Aims. To evaluate specialized observational departments’ work as part of general anti-epidemic control measure system for COVID- 19 at tuberculosis hospitals. Materials and methods. The observational departments’ work within the period of 2020–2022 with 1075 patients treated including 400 patients from COVID-19 contact areas (37.2%) and 675 convalescent patients after COVID-19 (62.8%), was analyzed. The results obtained during the study were statistically treated by means of application program package Microsoft Office 2007. The quantitative parameters with presumably normal distribution were described with mean arithmetic values (M) and standard deviations (SD), and 95% confidence interval (CI 95%). The estimation of significance of differences between outcomes was evaluated with the Pearson χ2 test. The differences were considered to be statistically significant with p < 0,05. Results and discussion. The evaluation data on functioning efficacy of observational departments for patients with tuberculosis from COVID-19 contact and convalescent patients with tuberculosis after COVID-19 within the large medical institution hospital of physiatry profile. Among all patients, 153 of patients who fell ill with COVID-19 (14.2%; 95% CI [12.21–16.38%]) were determined, which lowered the number of COVID-19 areas at in-patient departments of the Center by 11.8%. The mean timeframes of COVID- 19 determination in general were 8.0 days: 5.4 days among contacts from new coronavirus infection areas and 12.4 days among convalescents at the department for the treatment of patients with tuberculosis and new coronavirus infection. The comparative analysis showed that COVID-19 was more frequently determined in tuberculosis patients from the contact with those who fell ill with COVID-19 (p < 0.001) than in convalescents. Conclusions. During medical care for patients of physiatry profile in Moscow city, a wide range of management decisions consisting in the change of routing system in specialized medical care, was taken. Among them, creation and functioning of observational departments for contact persons from COVID-19 areas and convalescents after COVID-19 play a particular role.Creation of such departments within a large medical institution enabled the contemporary isolation of contact persons from COVID- 19 areas and convalescents after COVID-19 and allowed the additional control of nosocomial infection spread

Analysis of the mutability of the legal framework for migration policy in Russia (1990-2023) in the context of the effectiveness of migration governance

The article analyzes the dynamics of changes in the institutional and legal framework of Russian migration policy from 1990 to 2023. Based on legal statistics, the authors investigate the frequency of amendments to key laws in the field of migration regulation in the Russian Federation. By comparing the series of events in political, legal, and institutional changes to migration governance, the authors identify external factors that influence the changes in legislation. Through comparative legal methods and an analysis of relevant literature, we discuss issues related to the differences between adaptive governance and agile management, as well as the impact of rapidly changing laws on the stability of the legal system. The analysis of the data revealed a high frequency of changes to migration laws, with an average of up to 5-6 amendments per year, and in some cases, up to 15-17 amendments per year. Acts of federal and regional authorities are also frequently amended. During the pandemic, a decision of the Moscow government was in effect for a little over a week. There is a significant excess in the number of secondary legal acts compared to the number of primary ones. The constant amendment of migration regulations reflects the state's response to diverse and sometimes unforeseen challenges in modern society, and demonstrates the adaptive nature of Russia's migration policy. This increase in adaptability raises questions about where the line is between improving the efficiency of legal regulations and their instability. Additionally, a special multidisciplinary approach is required to assess how changes in migration policies affect socio-economic development. The relevance of this study is linked to the fact that improving the efficiency of migration governance is a challenging task. Migration is both a source of economic development and potential risk to socio-political stability.

Основные направления реализации прав граждан на социальное обслуживание в городе Москва (на примере проекта «Московское долголетие»)

This article examines the legal framework for the implementation of social services in the city of Moscow for certain categories of citizens. It was noted that the Moscow Government paid special attention to social services for older people, and aimed not only at improving their living conditions, but also at expanding the capabilities of these people to independently provide for their basic living needs. The article also analyzes, on the basis of which it can be concluded that the main directions of the implementation of the Moscow Longevity project are to provide retired citizens living in Moscow with socio-medical, socio-pedagogical, socio-labor services free of charge in order to expand the capabilities of these people to independently provide their basic life needs.

ПРОБЛЕМЫ РЕАЛИЗАЦИИ ГОСУДАРСТВЕННОЙ ПРОМЫШЛЕННОЙ ПОЛИТИКИ В РЕГИОНЕ (НА ПРИМЕРЕ ГОРОДА МОСКВЫ)

The study analyzes a set of measures to stimulate the development of industry in the region on the example of the city of Moscow: financial incentives, property incentives and information support for investors. For the purposes of the study, methods of system analysis were used. As a result of the analysis, indicators of the effectiveness of the industrial policy system created by the Moscow government aimed at stimulating the development of the investment climate, industrial development and, as a result, the quality of life of people in the region have been identified.

Царские грамоты об освоении Сибири как правовые акты колониальной политики Российского государства в XVI–XVII вв.

The authors examined an array of legal acts of the rulers of the Russian state that regulated the development of Siberia in the 16th–17th centuries. The subject of the study was letters, decrees, and memories. Using specific historical and legal material, the authors aimed to compare the colonization policy of the states of Europe in the modern era with the organization of the Russian settlement of Siberia. As a result of the study, similar features were identified in the significant coincidence of the goals of colonization – developing natural resources, expanding the tax base of the metropolis, obtaining new markets, ensuring security at the borders of the state, getting rid of marginal social elements, spreading state ideology. The unique qualities of the Russian colonization of Siberia include, first of all, the stateoriented process of political and economic development of Siberian lands, the prevalence of service people instead of the civilian population among the pioneers, and the early formation of complex economic and administrative infrastructure in the annexed lands. The study of royal acts of the 16th and 17th centuries shows that the central government in Moscow was interested in not only receiving taxes from the population of Siberia. Specific legal acts show that the measures of the supreme power also included an active resettlement policy, the development of the territory for arable land, the search for minerals and the opening of industrial enterprises for their processing, the construction of cities, the equipment of communications (trade routes, customs, mail), the establishment of law and order. The Russian development of Siberia was characterized by the hegemony of the central government both in organizing colonization activities and in extracting benefits from them. The vertically oriented Russian state developed the Siberian lands precisely as a treasury resource, strictly controlled by the government politically and economically. The tsar personally took an active part in the governance of Siberia; all important matters were decided only with his knowledge. Over time, under his direct leadership, a public administration system for implementing integration policy measures was formed. The authors identified both direct state regulation and indirect regulation, carried out formally by private entities (commercial corporations, merchant families), as a means of colonial expansion in Siberia. It is concluded that the consistent systematic development of Siberian territories ensured the victory of the Russian state in the competition with other states. The above theses are supported by more than 70 specific legal acts of the rulers of the Russian state of the 16th–17th centuries, some of them are cited in the work.

Transport system and transport education development: Some challenges and opportunities

It is recognized that one of the most important sectors of the modern megacities economy is their transport system (including transport system of such a rapidly developing megacity as Moscow). The transport system of the Russian capital is a complex structure which includes numerous different types of transport, and is characterized by high congestion, high level of passenger traffic, that indicates not only the positive impact of transport on the socio-economic system of the city, but also the appearance/occurrence of various negative consequences, such as overloading of roads, deterioration of road conditions, suboptimal traffic, unworked routes, difficulties with dispatching regulation of public transport. The Moscow Government systematically solves the problems of the transport complex. At the same time, it is worth noting the significant role of educational organizations (transport education is actively developing): provision of qualified personnel, organization and conduct of various research projects. However, even here there are challenges and opportunities.

Организация обеспечения служилых людей Сибири хлебными запасами на пути из Соли Камской до Верхотурья в 1598–1605 годах

Introduction. The article examines the problem of organizing the provision of service people in Siberia with grain reserves, which were collected as a special tax from the lands of the south-eastern part of the Pomorye during the reign of B.F. Godunov along the road from Sol Kamskaya to Verkhoturye. Methods and materials. The source base is the official material of the Verkhoturye and Solikamsk administrative huts, individual documents of the Siberian order. The method of diachronic analysis obtained a year-by-year picture of how transportation functioned from 1596/97 to 1605. The method of comparative analysis clarified the dynamics of changes in the amounts of salary fees for each individual region of the Pomorye. Analysis. The article clarifies the idea of the administrative management of Verkhoturye at the end of the 16th and beginning of the 17th centuries, gives a general description of the system for collecting and sending grain reserves, as well as the accompanying duty in the form of a ship case, clarifies the features of the organization of supplies, and systematizes and calculates their norms by year. Results. It was possible to establish that the Moscow government, first from the court of clerk I. Vakhromeev and, after 1599, from the Order of the Kazan and Meshchersky Palace, directly controlled Verkhoturye. Until 1597, supplies were carried out through Cherdyn and Lozva, and from 1598 through Sol Kamskaya in Verkhoturye. In 1596/97 and 1597/98. The largest volumes of grain reserves were supplied from the territories of Perm the Great and Vyatka. In 1600/01 and 1601/02, instead of the territory of the Pomorye, grain harvests were delivered to Sol Kamskaya from Kazan; the Pomors were engaged in transportation to Siberia. The share of transportation was higher near Vyatka and Ustyug the Great, as in 1604/05, when the collection of grain reserves resumed from the territory of the Pomorye. The scheme for public procurement of grain reserves developed by the government can be assessed as effective; however, management difficulties also arose due to the remote location of the region, abuse of the official powers of the governor, the forced need to quickly find funds to resolve issues locally, and attempts by carriers to find their own benefits and avoid losses.

STUDY OF THE RELATIONSHIP OF CITIZENS’ APPEALS TO THE OPEN PORTAL OF THE GOVERNMENT OF MOSCOW WITH THE SOCIO-ECONOMIC INDICATORS OF THE ADMINISTRATIVE DISTRICT

The article discusses the possibilities of studying the state of the social sphere according to the repository of the open data portal of the Government of Moscow for administrative districts and urban districts using business intelligence platforms and intelligent technologies of Data Science and machine learning platforms. The possibilities of using machine learning technologies for business intelligence platforms to identify hidden patterns in order to make informed management decisions are presented.
 Purpose – is to familiarize with business intelligence platforms; the use of intelligent BI-platform technologies for monitoring socio-economic indicators.
 Method or methodology of the work: the clustering method and statistical research methods were used in the article.
 Results: to confirm the hypothesis of a positive relationship between the number of families receiving subsidies in the city of Moscow, in various sections, and the number of appeals of citizens to the open portal of the Government of Moscow
 Practical implications: the objective information obtained as a result of monitoring can be used to develop a strategy and make management decisions on the development of districts and improving the quality of life in Moscow

Строгановское «Присоединение Сибири» в военно-хозяйственных и коммуникативных практиках

The article deals with the contradictions between the real military-economic development of Western Siberia by the Stroganovs and the communicative design of this process. The scientific novelty of the study lies in the fact that for the first time the communicative practices accompanying the initial stage of the development of Siberia (the royal "disgraced letter" by Stroganov, "Siberian Chronicles", materials of diplomatic correspondence, official government acts) are critically comprehended in the context of the search for subjects interested in distorting communications . It is concluded that the Stroganovs, having a special influence in the Muscovite state, actually formed an information monopoly for the tsarist government to cover the state of affairs on the borders of Perm and Siberia, which they repeatedly used to expand their military and economic influence. One of such communicative distortions is the increased attention to Yermak's campaign, which has a military-political significance incomparable with its place in communications. It is hypothesized that the Stroganovs thus focused the attention of the Moscow government and elites on what was at that time a secondary land route for the conquest of Siberia through the Urals, while taking an active part in the spontaneous economic development of the Siberian mineral resources through the northern seas.

HISTORICAL ASPECTS OF INFORMATIZATION OF THE CONTROL AND ACCOUNTING CHAMBER OF MOSCOW (1994–2014)

Th e use of information resources is a promising area of activity of state control and accounting bodies. Nowadays an eff ective budget control and analysis of socio-economic development of the region are impossible without special tools to reduce the time spent on data processing. Th e article deals with historical aspects of informatization of the Control and Accounting Chamber of Moscow and examines the formation of its information and analytical system as an example of automation of the activity of the external fi nancial control institu-tion. Th e author analyzes the Chamber’s annual reports in 1997–2014. He employs its local acts and other documents refl ecting the process of automation of control practice. Th e study of these documents, as well as federal and Moscow legislation, normative legal acts of the Government and mayor of Moscow, and the Moscow City Duma made it possible to identify the features of the Chamber’s informatiza-tion processes from 1994 to 2014, including the main stages in the creation of the Chamber’s information and communication technology infrastructure, composi-tion and main functions of the Chamber’s information and analytical system as a model for interaction with Moscow public authorities and governmental agen-cies. Previously the issues of the history of the Chamber’s informatization had not been specifi cally examined, while a comprehensive picture of the development of new management technologies, which have been introduced in the practice of the executive and legislative authorities of Moscow since the end of the twentieth century, cannot be provided without a special focus on these topics. Consideration of this aspect of development of control and counting functions in the capital of Russia in the post-Soviet period will supplement the currently available knowl-edge about the history of such activity in the past and also will help to identify traditions and innovations in the domestic management practices and thus trace techniques, which are reintroduced in an optimized form at each new stage of development of country and society.

Interview with Tamara Sergeevna Popova

Dear readers! Today, in the section of our magazine Interviews with Leading Experts, a meeting with Tamara Sergeevna Popova, Doctor of Biological Sciences, Professor, Laureate of the USSR State Prize, Laureate of the Moscow Government Prize in Medicine.
 Tamara Sergeevna is one of the leading specialists in clinical nutrition in Russia and in Europe. Her name is associated with major developments in the field of enteral nutrition, which formed the basis for the creation of a whole group of domestic drugs for the correction of metabolic disorders in chronic and life-threatening conditions. A highly erudite and deep-hearted person, a teacher, a maximalist in life is a stronghold of the national school of clinical nutrition.

Modern Challenges to Effective Functioning of Local Self-Government (On the Example of Saint Petersburg)

In recent history the concept of “public authority” was collective and was not fixed in legislative and normative-legal acts. Under the Law of the Russian Federation on amendment of the Constitution of the Russian Federation dated 14.03.2020 № 1-FCL “On improvement of regulation of separate issues of organization and functioning of public authorities” local self-government bodies were eferred to public authorities. According to Article 132 of the Constitution of the Russian Federation “Local self-government bodies and public authorities are part of a unified system of public authority in the Russian Federation and interact to most effectively solve problems in the interests of the population living in the respective territory. Article 35.1 of Federal Law № 131-FL of 06.10.2003 “On General Principles of Organization of Local Self-Government in the Russian Federation” gives elected deputies of a municipal representative body the right to form political factions for the exercise of their powers. The activities of such factions are established and legitimized by a normative legal act of the municipality. As a result of the collapse of the Soviet Union and emergence of the Russian Federation, proc-lamation of democratic values and democratization of society, political parties and other public organizations began to appear. New actors and leaders, were able to organize a collective, turbulently increasing action against the government, which immediately after the end of the protests, mobilized the protest mood of the electorate, which in the elections in 2017, 2019 in Moscow, 2019 in St. Petersburg held in local government in Moscow and St. Petersburg “independent” municipal deputies from the territorial executive government in representative bodies of local government, thereby creating pockets of political and social tension. An important aspect of the political struggle for the degree of influence on political stability, namely the change of power in the municipalities of Svetlanovskoye, Smolninskoye, Ligovka-Yamskoye, Liteiniy District, Vladimirskiy District of St. Petersburg, was the result of an intraparty struggle in the power structures. The intraparty struggle between the executive and legislative branches of power for the degree of territorial influence in St. Petersburg is a characteristic feature of federal cities, with their elites constantly fighting for the maximum concentration of power in their hands. As a result of the insufficient control of the electoral process by the territorial executive bodies of state power in St. Petersburg, an additional opportunity for opposition forces to exercise sufficient quality control of the electoral process for compliance with legislative requirements. As a result of this situation, the representative bodies were formed by independent non-systemic deputies. The pluralism of opinions that emerged in local government became particularly important, since without agreement for decision-making the work of representative bodies of local government was impossible, and consequently the exercise of the constitutional rights of citizens to exercise local government and the legitimate functioning of local government in addressing issues of local importance and the execution of certain state powers was impossible. The existence in the legal field of an internally highly conflictual representative body generates social tension in society, political destabilization and, as a consequence, a general distrust of public authorities in general, since public authorities are directly involved in the formation of local government in St. Petersburg, where the execution of local government authority is associated with such features as a high level of education of citizens, population density, the degree of involvement in electoral processes In 2015, an additional procedure for recruiting heads of municipalities was introduced - the selection of candidates for the post of head by a competitive commission, where half of the commission’s members should be representatives of regional authorities. It was expected that in this way the selection of heads of municipalities would become more controlled. In 2020, the amendments to the Constitution of the Russian Federation consolidated the “incorporation” of the local level into the system of state (public) power, finally depriving municipal authorities of formal autonomy from the state. The purpose of the article is to establish the causes of incapacity of the representative body of local government of St. Petersburg after the municipal elections of 2019, the search for possible ways to create conditions for further functioning of the municipality in the new conditions of pluralism of opinions among the new convocation of municipal deputies, the study of the causes of the created situation, the search and proposal of possible ways to solve the issue of adaptation of the representative body to the new conditions of functioning. Based on the research conducted, the authors declare the necessity to take measures to respond to the public authorities aimed at finding opportunities and creating conditions for the performance of powers by the representative body, deputies and heads of the municipality in the new conditions of functioning of local self-government.

ПРОБЛЕМА ОБЕСПЕЧЕНИЯ АКТУАЛЬНОСТИ ДАННЫХ ОБ ОБЪЕКТАХ НЕДВИЖИМОСТИ В ЕДИНОМ ГОСУДАРСТВЕННОМ РЕЕСТРЕ НЕДВИЖИМОСТИ И СПОСОБЫ ЕЁ РЕШЕНИЯ

The article outlines the reasons for the presence of incomplete and outdated information about real estate objects in the Unified State Register of Real Estate and gives the main types of such information. Then the negative consequences of this problem are described, both for regional and municipal budgets in the form of lost tax revenues, and for owners of real estate objects in case of overestimation of the calculated tax. The article outlines the technology for updating information about real estate objects that was developed and applied by the Moscow Government together with federal authorities. The results of the measures taken are presented: improvement of data in the Unified State Register of Real Estate and additional tax revenues to the regional budget.

The relationships between the Moscow government and the Cossack Hetmanate and the deportation of population (“zgon”) from the Middle Dnepr region in the spring of 1679

After battles of Chigirin in 1677–1678 were finished, the Russian government and the Hetman Ivan Samojlovich were expecting a new massive Ottoman invasion, mainly aimed at Kiev. Therefore, the population of the Right-Bank Middle Dnepr region was deported to the Left-Bank Ukraine to make supply and accommodation difficult for the Ottoman army. Those events were studied in details by Nikolaj Kostomarov, based on archival sources. He stated, that Hetman Ivan Samojlovich organized the deportation by an order from Moscow. However, a new study of archival documents, especially those not used by Kostomarov, reveals that it was Samojlovich who initiated the deportation (“zgon”), sending to the Right-Bank Ukraine troops under the command of his son, Semen Samojlovich. The Tsar’s letter to approve this decision had not yet been received in Baturin (the Hetman’s residence) at that point. The Moscow government supported the action taken by Samojlovich and sent a Russian troop under the command of voivode Grigorij Kosagov to take part in the operation. The deportation was completed quickly because the local population did not resist and, moreover, was ready to move. People of the Right-Bank Ukraine did not want to recognize the Ottoman authority, as the previous attacks of the Ottoman army were accompanied by total devastation of cities and massive killings.

Объекты природного и культурного наследия и эстетически ценные пейзажи на территории природного заказника «Воробьевы горы» в атласной информационной системе

The Vorobyovy Gory Nature Reserve is a specially protected natural area with a unique location near the center of Moscow (6 km from the Kremlin) and configuration in the form of a narrow strip along the Moscow River on the high right bank. In 1998, by decree of the Moscow Government, the territory of the Vorobyovy Gory received the status of a natural reserve of regional significance. Currently, the reserve is experiencing anthropogenic pressure, which intensified with its transfer in 2013 to the free use of the Central Park of Culture and Recreation “Gorky Park”, which sharply changed the vector of use of the territory from environmental to recreational. Compromise solutions are needed, which are possible only if all participants in land use are provided with data on the characteristics of protected areas and on geo-ecological threats to it. All this data can be comprehensively presented in an atlas information system (AIS)—a computerized geographic information system associated with a specific territory or topic, combined with a narrative part where maps play a dominant role. When including a large amount of various non-cartographic information, AIS is classified as multimedia (MAIS), the creation of which has certain prospects for Vorobyovy Gory. Materials on the natural and cultural heritage of the Vorobyovy Gory were collected and the possibility of their inclusion in the AIS was assessed. The data collected, organized and processed during the study of the territory and the compiled map formed the basis of the designed AIS, for which a thematic structure was defined. On the territory of the natural reserve there are many valuable objects of natural and cultural heritage (animals and plants of the Red Book of Moscow, historical and cultural objects, including those of federal significance, associated not only with Moscow, but also with Russian history). Information about valuable natural objects was assessed from the point of view of threats due to recreational impact. It was found that areas with the greatest biodiversity also experience the greatest recreational pressure. Large-scale construction works pose the greatest danger to natural objects. A gestalt assessment of the aesthetic value of the landscapes of the reserve was carried out, and the most valuable of them from the point of view of recreational visitors were identified.

ПРАКТИКИ РЕВОЛЮЦИОННОЙ ДВУХПАРТИЙНОСТИ: КОАЛИЦИЯ БОЛЬШЕВИКОВИ ЛЕВЫХ ЭСЕРОВ В ОРГАНАХ ВЛАСТИ МОСКВЫ И МОСКОВСКОЙ ОБЛАСТИ

The article examines the problem of interaction between the representatives of the Bolsheviks and the Left Socialist Revolutionaries in the institutions of Soviet power in Moscow and the Moscow region in the first half of 1918. The author introduces new archival documents into scientific circulation, which serve as an important source for studying the conflicts between the Bolsheviks and the Left SRs in Moscow government institutions. Using specific examples of ideological and administrative clashes, the author studies the practices of interaction between the Bolsheviks and the Left SRs within the framework of a dual-party coalition. The author proves that the interaction of representatives of the two parties in the Moscow authorities included both conflicts between the Bolshevik and the Left socialist revolutionary commissars, and joint state work, which consisted of organizing the management of the territory of Moscow and the Moscow region. Archival documents show that among the Bolsheviks there was no single point of view on the need for the existence of separate Moscow authorities. Representatives of the left communists, as well as the Left socialist revolutionaries, advocated the preservation of independent state institutions in the Moscow region, which created the possibility of an alliance between them and the Left Socialist Revolutionaries. However, the active actions of Vladimir Lenin prevented a split among the Moscow Bolsheviks. The emergence of a dual-party system in Soviet state institutions was a unique phenomenon in modern history of Russia, since representatives of the neo-populist socialist party could influence managerial decision-making. This situation led to the “power sharing” between the Bolsheviks and the Left SRs, which became a characteristic feature of the “long” revolution of 1917.

Moscow City Finances in the 1950s–1980s: Dynamics and Structure of the Local Budget

This article studies the changes in the structure and dynamics of the capital’s budget in the late Soviet period (1950s–1980s). The authors refer to materials of the Department of Finance of the Moscow Government kept in the Central State Archives of Moscow, as well as published in the 1950s–1970s collections of documents of the Executive Committee of the Moscow City Council of Deputies, dedicated to the budget estimates of Moscow. On their basis, the authors created an electronic database Moscow Budget in the 1950s–1980s, which was used to make all the calculations necessary for the analysis. The authors conclude that the budget of the capital was constantly growing and was in surplus, and in terms of per capita expenditures it occupied the 4th–6th places among the regions of the RSFSR. It focused on the development of urban infrastructure and, first of all, residential development. In absolute terms, the budget of Moscow in the period under review increased 11 times. In per capita terms, it grew 5.6 times. The most important items of expenditure for the capital were housing and communal services, education, and health care. At the same time, in the structure of the capital’s budget, fixed sources of income (including local ones) were gradually being replaced by regulated incomes transferred from higher budgets, which made the city dependent on them.

Analysis of the Russian-Chechen conflict from a military perspective

The Russian-Chechen conflict burst out on September 6th, 1991, when the Chechen Republic proclaimed its independence from the Russian Federation. This action of the Chechens was not recognized by the authorities in Moscow, as it violated the provisions of the Russian Federation’s Constitution. Chechen leader Dudaev took a number of political and social decisions that were not well received by Russia. He dissolved the Chechen Parliament and banned any opposition to its authority. In addition, a series of persecutions began against Russians living in Chechnya. Dudaev created paramilitary groups and hired mercenaries devoted only to him. The Moscow government refused to recognize Dudaev's regime. The leaders of Chechnya refused to sign the Russian Federation Treaty, which displeased the Russians. Under these conditions, in December 1994, the Russian Army entered Chechnya to oust Dudaev. A bloody war followed, culminating in the fight between the Russians and Chechens for the capital of Chechnya, Groznya, but also with guerrilla actions carried out by Chechen paramilitary groups in the mountainous and hard-to-reach areas of their country. A peace treaty was finally signed in May 1997. Nevertheless, this proved to be short-lived, as tensions between Russia and Chechnya flared up again in August 1999, when armed groups of Chechens attacked villages in the Republic of Dagestan. Under these conditions, Vladimir Putin threatened with a new military intervention in Chechnya, which materialized in September 1999. Heavy fighting took place, ending with the Russian troops occupying the main cities in Chechnya. In spite of this, the Chechens did not surrender. They briefly seized some cities and committed numerous terrorist attacks during 2000. The forceful intervention of the Russian security forces and the elimination of the paramilitary groups’ leaders led to the gradual de-escalation of the conflict. In 2009, the Russian leader Medvedev declared that in Chechnya "life has normalized to some extent" (Chechnya profile - Timeline 2018).

Появилась возможность узнать, как на самом деле устроена жизнь… (О себе как части поколения, жившего в середине 80-х – середине 90-х годов прошлого века)

The wonderful and diverse world of the Institute of Philosophy of the Academy of Sciences of the USSR, and then of the Russian Academy of Sciences, as it was in the mid-80s – mid-90s of the last century, is shown through the eyes of a graduate student, and then a researcher. Entering the graduate school of the sector of criticism of modern bourgeois philosophy of Western countries, the author combined his studies and the preparation of his Ph.D. thesis there with an interested work in the sector of philosophical questions of biology, since he dealt with the topic of the biological foundations of human behavior using the philosophy of American naturalism as an example. The author studied, collaborated and was friends with R.S. Karpinskaya, T.A. Kuzmina, N.S. Yulina, V.M. Mezhuev, G.S. Batishchev, A.I. Aleshin, E.Yu. Solovyov. Subsequently, work on the dissertation expanded, spreading to the topic of the relationship between man and nature, including in the practical agrarian activities of Soviet people. In this, in accordance with the spirit of the times, the central party bodies and the initiative of the People's Academician T.S. Maltsev played a significant role. Work with economists – E.F. Saburov, A.V. Chernyavsky and others, with agricultural historians and ecologists – V.P. Danilov, T. Shanin, V.I. Kiryushin led to the fact that the author in 1994 as Minister was invited to the government of the Autonomous Republic of Crimea (Ukraine), where he had the opportunity to get acquainted in detail with the state and prospects for the development of the agro-industrial complex of the peninsula. On this basis, he prepared a program of agrarian reforms for Crimea, unfortunately, due to the crisis of presidential power and the subsequent resignation of the “Moscow government”, it did not take place. This text is about how it is seen in a quarter-century time interval, even though many friends and colleagues are no longer alive.