Government Of France Research Articles

ASSESSING FREEDOM OF RELIGION PRACTICES: A COMPARATIVE ANALYSIS OF HIJAB BANS IN FRANCE AND COMPULSORY HIJAB IN IRAN AND ACEH, INDONESIA

This article examines the freedom of religion practices in relation to hijab bans in France under Law No. 2010-199, compulsory hijab in Iran as per the Islamic Penal Code of Iran 1991, and in Aceh province, Indonesia governed by Aceh Government Law (Qanun). The article adopts a juridical-normative approach with a comparative analysis. The findings indicate that the enforcement of compulsory hijab in Aceh, Indonesia aligns with freedom of religion, making it a suitable model for such regulations. Conversely, the French and Iranian governments have faced challenges in addressing discrimination stemming from their respective regulations, thereby violating Article 18 of the Universal Declaration of Human Rights (UDHR) 1948 and the International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights (ICCPR) 1976, as well as Islamic principles and the Maqasid Shariah. The study recommends that the governments of France and Iran reassess their policies on hijab bans and compulsory hijab in accordance with international human rights standards, Islamic values, and the principles of Maqasid Shariah.

Politicising and depoliticising metropolitan governance in France: the case of Bordeaux Métropole

ABSTRACT The institutions of metropolitan governance have often been analysed as emblematic cases of depoliticisation mechanisms at play in contemporary political systems. Based on the French case, and more specifically on an analysis of metropolitan governance in Bordeaux, this article puts forward two types of proposals that nuance and refine this diagnosis of depoliticisation. First, it challenges the idea of an inexorable and linear trend towards depoliticisation. The processes and strategies of depoliticisation are inextricably linked to parallel processes and strategies of politicisation. It is far from certain that the logic of depoliticisation always prevails. The article, therefore, argues for a ‘symmetrical’ and ‘dialectical’ reading of these processes. Second, it proposes a reading that distinguishes between two distinct but complementary dimensions of the processes of de/politicisation: the de/politicisation of the metropolitan institution as a political space, on the one hand, and the de/politicisation of the metropolitan bureaucracy, on the other.

Constitution & Decentralized Government System in France

France is a republican country and uses a semi-presidential unitary government system with democracy which is very inherent in the country. The semi-presidential government system is a combination of the presidential government system and the parliamentary government system, in this case there are two executive leaders, each of whom has their own role. The executive leaders are the President of France who serves as head of state and the prime minister who serves as head of government.The French government system is semi- presidential, the French executive is led by a President who is assisted by a Prime Minister, the French Government is responsible to Parliament based on the provisions of Articles 49 and 50 of the French Constitution. However, the French Parliament consists of the National Assembly and Senate, where the National Assembly has the power to dissolve the cabinetso that the majority determines the choice of the Government, in contrast to Indonesia where Ministers cannot be dismissed by Parliament. The decentralization policy in France is based on a law of the French parliament known as the Gaston Deferred Law of 1982. Concept Autonomous government in France itself is divided into four categories, namely institutional, legal, financial and human resources. In the French Government, the Central Government does not intervene at all when problems arise between the Regional Government and other Regional Governments. The Central Government can act as a mediator but not as a decision-making body, because based on Article 72 of the French Constitution, problems relating to territorial matters are resolved through associations between related parties based on the authority to establish laws.

Constitution & Decentralized Government System in France

France is a republican country and uses a semi-presidential unitary government system with democracy which is very inherent in the country. The semi-presidential government system is a combination of the presidential government system and the parliamentary government system, in this case there are two executive leaders, each of whom has their own role. The executive leaders are the President of France who serves as head of state and the prime minister who serves as head of government.The French government system is semi- presidential, the French executive is led by a President who is assisted by a Prime Minister, the French Government is responsible to Parliament based on the provisions of Articles 49 and 50 of the French Constitution. However, the French Parliament consists of the National Assembly and Senate, where the National Assembly has the power to dissolve the cabinetso that the majority determines the choice of the Government, in contrast to Indonesia where Ministers cannot be dismissed by Parliament. The decentralization policy in France is based on a law of the French parliament known as the Gaston Deferred Law of 1982. Concept Autonomous government in France itself is divided into four categories, namely institutional, legal, financial and human resources. In the French Government, the Central Government does not intervene at all when problems arise between the Regional Government and other Regional Governments. The Central Government can act as a mediator but not as a decision-making body, because based on Article 72 of the French Constitution, problems relating to territorial matters are resolved through associations between related parties based on the authority to establish laws.

СОВРЕМЕННЫЕ МИРОВЫЕ ТЕНДЕНЦИИ РАЗВИТИЯ ВЫСШЕГО МЕДИЦИНСКОГО ОБРАЗОВАНИЯ В США, ВЕЛИКОБРИТАНИИ, ФРАНЦИИ И КИТАЕ

Introduction. Higher medical education is one of the most sought-after and elite degrees worldwide. Systems of higher medical education differ from country to country, although they have certain features in common. Core differences are as follows: Training duration at various stages, contents of educational programs, learning technologies, etc. Much attention is paid to physicians training, which is determined by the high social significance of medical education. Aim: To provide an overview of the contemporary global trends in the development of higher medical education in the USA, Great Britain, France, and China. Materials and Methods. World literature was analyzed on trends in the development of higher medical education. Results and Discussion. Development of the healthcare system in the UK requires an integrated approach that considers various aspects in higher medical education, personnel policy, and workplace management. French healthcare system is experiencing various problems, such as the affordability of medical services and staffing shortages in remote regions. The Government of France shall continue to invest in healthcare and address the challenges to ensure universal access to quality medical services, including through its higher education system. US medical education keeps pace with the challenges healthcare systems are facing in the 21st century. To address today’s challenges, US medical education is taking a more interdisciplinary and inclusive approach, focusing on public health, interdisciplinary teamwork, and community-based training. Chinese medical universities pay more attention to practical skills and to integrating various disciplines in training, which allows graduates to be the best medical experts able to solve complex practical problems. Conclusions. Global trends identified herein in the development of higher medical education in the USA, Great Britain, France, and China require reflection, while the best practices should be introduced into the Russian system of higher education. However, approaches to be implemented should be first adapted to the historical, cultural, social, geographical, political, and other realities of Russia.

Currency Redenomination Risk

Abstract A eurozone exit or breakup exposes bondholders to currency redenomination risk. I quantify redenomination risk since the sovereign debt crisis: It contributes substantially to credit spreads around changes in government in France and Italy. Bond prices suggest that markets have priced a potential Italian exit as isolated, and a French one as a breakup. Unlike conventional default risk, redenomination risk can be negative depending on the strength of the national “shadow” currency. Countries with strong shadow currencies earn breakup-insurance premia from the eurozone analog of “exorbitant privilege.” Yield effects are quantitatively large for implied exit probabilities as low as 1%.

Economic aspects of the Anglo-French confrontation during the Napoleonic Wars

The article deals with the problem of economic confrontation between France and Britain during the Napoleonic Wars. The subject of the study is the nature and conditions of the Anglo-French confrontation through the prism of economic processes. The object of the study are those measures and actions that were taken by France and Britain in order to establish their own economic superiority, special attention is paid to the Continental Blockade introduced by Napoleon I Bonaparte. The purpose of the study is to analyze the causes and consequences of Anglo-French rivalry, as well as the peculiarities of the development of national economies in wartime conditions. The article discusses the measures that have been taken to overcome the crisis phenomena by the governments of France and Britain in connection with the conduct of a policy of mutual blockade. The special role of the naval force and the smuggling trade is noted. The author uses chronological, historical-comparative and historical-system research methods in his work. The results of the study may be of interest to specialists in economic or military history, as well as in the theory and history of international relations. There are still conflicting assessments of the effectiveness and consequences of the economic measures taken by the French and British governments to establish their own hegemony on the European continent. The novelty of the study consists in a comprehensive examination of the nature of the economic confrontation between the two European "superpowers" in the early XIX century. The relevance of the study is determined by the fact that the instrument of economic blockade, the policy of sanctions and counter-sanctions, as well as trade wars remain one of the most important elements of the military-political confrontation of various modern states.

Mapping organic packaging research: Environmental concern and health safety

The adoption of biopolymer packaging materials to replace petroleum-based plastic packaging has become a global trend, which could reduce environmental impact and potential health threats. Therefore, the paper analyzes trends in organic packaging research and the prospects of its application. This study employs bibliometric methods to select relevant studies using a preset search string. The dynamics of publications, the most influential authors and articles, as well as the most productive institutions and countries on the topic for 2017–2022 were determined. To collect the data, Elsevier’s database Scopus was selected. The analysis revealed five salient research themes through text mining analysis: packaging and public health; packaging and children’s health safety; eco-friendly packaging and consumer behavior; food packaging and labeling; and packaging with a focus on marketing and advertising. 864 terms from 40 articles were analyzed. As a result, most selected publications focused on the impact of packaging on the environment. In addition, some publications consider it from the perspective of consumer safety. Moreover, consumers unconsciously associate organic packaging with products’ safety and quality. However, the marketing and advertising of organic packaging are insufficient, as well as the application of organic packaging in children’s food products. Acknowledgment The study was conducted within the framework of the ERASMUS+ Jean Monnet Project “Production and dissemination of circular economy ideas in accordance with the EU Action Plan.” Furthermore, Kseniia Bliumska-Danko gratefully acknowledges financial support from the Government of France within the framework of the PAUSE program (National Program of Urgent Assistance and Reception of Scientists).

The grid access of energy communities a comparison of power grid governance in France and Germany

Energy communities may play a significant role in the transition towards a more participatory and low-carbon energy system. However, their development varies across European countries, depending on national contexts and policies. Overall, European energy communities face many barriers: access to the grid and lack of funding are often cited. The transformation of the electricity network to integrate new distributed energy resources opens opportunities and entails trade-offs for all the actors involved, from technical, social and economic perspectives. While the question of financial incentives for renewable energy communities is widely addressed in the literature, that of access to the grid is still fragmented and scattered. This study explores the conditions under which energy communities access the electricity grid in two countries with contrasting governance settings: France and Germany. We explore the governance choices and narratives, determining the technical and economic conditions for grid access. Priority of connection for renewable energy and affordable connection prices are identified as the main opportunities, together with a strong agency of local authorities. The connection issues are also intertwined with national regulations for renewable energy, especially financial incentives, with the way the grid is financed, and with the European rules of the common electricity market.

When Life Imitates Art: Éric Rohmer’s Triple Agent (2004) As a Primer for Real-Life Politics

This article examines the striking parallel between plans that were discussed in the CIA in 2017 to kidnap and possibly murder Julian Assange, the founder of WikiLeaks, who was living in the Ecuadorian Embassy in London and the abduction and murder eighty years earlier in Paris of the head of the White Russian army in exile by the NKVD. The latter, one of the most notorious episodes in the history of espionage and counterespionage in the French capital during the interwar years, was fictionalized by Éric Rohmer in his 2004 film Triple Agent. Fusing the actual events of those years—the Popular Front government in France, the Stalinist Terror in Russia, and the build-up to the Nazi-Soviet Pact in 1939—with a tragic personal story, Rohmer exposed the human dramas without which the rival intelligence services could not have been as effective as they were. The events of the 1930s are long past, and even the Cold War years of the 1960s and 1970s have receded into the distance. But as this article shows, and Éric Rohmer’s film reminds us, the cloak- and-dagger game of spies and counterspies has not changed that much, the technologies of contemporary intelligence warfare notwithstanding.

What the Chlordecone Pollution Says About Modes of Inhabiting the World: Examining the Intersection of Socio-Racial Inequality and Environmental Degradation in Tropiques Toxiques by Jessica Oublié et al.

In Tropiques Toxiques (2020), Jessica Oublié et al. use the graphic novel as a medium to convey the stories of people in the departments of France, in particular Guadeloupe and Martinique, whose lives have been affected by chlordecone, a toxic pesticide used in banana plantations between the years 1972 and 1993. The intimate dive into people’s lived experiences in the French Caribbean is paired with the elaboration of attentive scientific knowledge around the contamination caused by chlordecone and its continued effects. While the substance was already under scrutiny for its toxic effects on human and wildlife in the 1970s in the US, successive governments in France allowed the use of chlordecone to sustain and intensify the production of bananas against international competitors, until it was officially banned in 1993. As a point of departure, this article argues that such human-made ecological disaster forefronts the intersection of socio-racial inequality and environmental degradation, while questioning the practice of nonknowledge on the issue of chlordecone poisoning. How, then, does the graphic novel break the cycle of ignorance and call attention to socio-racial disparities not just in accessible knowledge, but also in protection of French citizens? And finally, what can chlordecone contamination say about our modes of inhabiting the world and the importance of imagining alternatives?

М.С.ГОРБАЧЕВ В ВОСПРИЯТИИ РУКОВОДСТВА США И ФРАНЦИИ В 1985 ГОДУ: ОЖИДАНИЯ И РЕАЛИИ

The articleis devoted to the first year whenMikhail Gorbachev was the General Secretary of the CPSU Central Committee and the perception of his personal qualities and political attitudes by the elites of the United States of America and the Republic of France.The author attempts to clarify the impressions of the new Soviet leader among the leaders of the United States and France, to establish what expectations were experienced during this year in Washington and in Paris in connection with the change of leadership in the USSR, and to determine whether there was a problemin the relationsin 1985. In the process of working on the article, the methods of imagology, modern comparative studies, as well as traditional historical-genetic and historical-typological methods were used. The American administration and the government of France –one of the key allies of the United States in NATO, hada well-thought-out and coordinated strategy of action against the USSR, aimed at achieving victory in the Cold War. In 1985, there were no significant changes neither inUS-Soviet nor French-Soviet relations. The US-Frenchdialogueconcerningthe agenda of bilateral relations and relations with the USSR did not undergo serious changesas well. Western leaders considered it premature to draw conclusionsabout Gorbachev as a new leader and reformer. Too little time has passed since he took the top position, and Western politicians were not readyto assess Gorbachev's behavior on the international arena and the possible consequences of the change of power in the USSR. Neither the United States nor France expected that,in the coming years,the USSR would face an avalanche of crisis phenomena that would lead to the collapse of the country and the end of the Cold War. In the plans of the American and French administrations, the motives of cooperation and dialogue continued to occupy a significant place. Both Washington and Paris were in no hurry to change their strategies, because they assumed that Gorbachev, like all the leaders of the USSR before him, was a product of the Soviet system, and he would stick to the course of his predecessors.

РОЛЬ ЄВРОПЕЙСЬКОГО ДОСВІДУ РЕАЛІЗАЦІЇ МОЛОДІЖНОЇ ПОЛІТИКИ У ФОРМУВАННІ МОЛОДОЇ ПОЛІТИЧНОЇ ЕЛІТИ В УКРАЇНІ

The article is devoted to the study of the organization of student self-government in two European countries, such as France and England. The relevance of the study is due to the need to analyze and thus introduce the best experience of leading universities in Western Europe on the functioning of student unions. Student activity in European HEIs is aimed not only at obtaining high-quality higher education but also at active social and public activities. As a result, in various unions, students acquire primary skills in organizing election companies and acquire the basics of management and political experience. The article reveals that the activities of student self-government in France are mainly reflected in the work of the various student unions. Students should be elected and work in councils of students and, therefore, gain experience in electoral campaigns. Student unions are politically oriented, and their members have certain political preferences, but they do not openly support any political party. Student union activity in England is characterized by excessive politicization, which is a consequence of the history of its establishment. Hence, all forms of political life in England are reflected in the activities of student unions. Through their activities, student unions seek to involve more young people in public life. For this, seminars and conferences are held, various manuals are printed and different projects are implemented. Financial support for the work of student councils not only creates good conditions for their activities but also requires justification for the use of funds and is constantly monitored. Thus, students acquire the skills of correct and balanced use of finance and timely reporting on expenditures. According to the results of the study, the authors found that the experience of student government in France and England is essential for the development of student democracy in Ukraine, as well as for determining the form of youth involvement in social and political life (both within their community and within the state). Prospects for further research include an analysis of the impact of the activities of student self-government bodies of Ukrainian HEIs on the formation of the civic position of youth, as well as the development of a new political elite of the country.

The revision of the French bioethics law and the questions it raises for the future of funding for egg freezing

After two years of parliamentary discussion, Emmanuel Macron's government in France enacted the new bioethics law. What stands out in the revision of the bioethics law is the decision to offer partial reimbursement of the clinical procedure costs of ‘non-medical’ egg freezing, making France the first country in the world to do this. Our contention in this brief commentary is that the recent change in the French law presents an opportunity to reflect on the provision of public funding for egg freezing, including for what reasons funding is justifiable. The medical/non-medical distinction is used to distribute funding for egg freezing in many jurisdictions, worldwide. However, under the revised French bioethics law, this is the first instance where, for the purpose of determining eligibility for funding, the reason for egg freezing is irrelevant as public funding is available for both medical and non-medical egg freezing. This challenges the justification of using the medical/non-medical distinction within funding policies and prompts further consideration about whether this distinction is still relevant to funding decisions.

The neo‐nationalist ascendency: further thoughts on class, value and the return of the repressed

The neo‐nationalist ascendency: further thoughts on class, value and the return of the repressed

Absolutism and representative government in France and Austria

Absolutism and representative government in France and Austria

State-industry relations and cybersecurity governance in Europe

Recent analyses of international affairs highlight that states are increasingly exploiting the key position of some private industries in critical hubs of global economic networks to gain an advantage over their competitors. The key role of private companies in international competition has also significant implications in the cyber-domain, where private actors are the main owners of data and digital infrastructures. In contrast to those who see a transformative effect of cyber, this article draws on comparative political economy and defense policy to identify two different models of state-industry relations in the governance of cybersecurity. The theoretical framework distinguishes between public and private governance ecosystems and identifies different hypotheses on how states and industries interact in cybersecurity governance in France and in the UK. The French public governance is characterized by the presence of formal and informal relations between state and industries, a high degree of public investment in the private sector and centralized institutions. France has also used the EU mainly to advance its industrial interests. In contrast, the UK private governance is characterized by more arm's length relations between the state and industries and a less centralized system. Moreover, the UK, differently to France, has not used the EU channel to advance its industry-related preferences. These results confirm the macro-differences between public and private governance ecosystems and open new relevant avenues to investigate the interplay between political economy structures and European and international pressures in policy-areas with both economic and security implications.

СТРАТЕГІЧНІ НАПРЯМИ ПУБЛІЧНОГО УПРАВЛІННЯ ОХОРОНОЮ ЗДОРОВ’Я ТВАРИН У ФРАНЦІЇ: ДОСВІД ДЛЯ УКРАЇНИ

This paper summarizes the arguments within the scientific discussion on the issue of application of strategic management in the activities of public authorities that implement national policy in the field of animal health. The relevance of the research topic is due to the growing need of citizens to solve problems related to animal health and welfare of the territory in terms of dangerous zoonotic diseases. The main purpose of the research is to identify strategic directions of public animal health management on the example of leading European countries. The object of research is France as the country closest to Ukraine in size, administrative-territorial division, population, diversity of lands, the structure of livestock, which opens similar prospects for farmers and the food industry. The paper presents results of a study of institutional and legal bases of the system of veterinary medicine governance in France, which showed the use of strategic management. The mission of the French State Veterinary Service, which is to protect animal health, public veterinary health, the environment, have been characterized. The basic provisions of the National Animal Welfare Strategy of France for 2016–2020 have been clarified. It is noted that this Strategy is aimed at scientific support of production, strengthening veterinary controls and sanctions, innovation, modernization of the educational system, the regulation of animal abuse, empowering stakeholders at all levels. It is emphasized that the purpose of implementation of the Strategy is to mobilize the efforts of all stakeholders for the development of animal husbandry and ensure animal welfare as one of the national priorities. Public veterinary health and animal welfare have been identified as strategic directions of public animal health management in France for the last 5 years. The results of the research can be useful for drafting the mission and strategic priorities (goals) for the development of the veterinary medicine system in Ukraine, taking into account the recommendations of international organizations and the experience of developed foreign countries.

Isabelle Kocher – can she lead a historic turnaround at ENGIE?

Study level/applicability MS / MBA / Executive Education Subject area Leadership Case overview In 2019, French multinational electric utility company, ENGIE SA (ENGIE) was on the verge of zero carbon transition. Under the leadership of Isabelle Kocher (Kocher) who became the CEO in 2016, ENGIE embarked on an arduous journey toward re-profiling ENGIE toward renewable, low-carbon energies, such as solar, green gases and digital. Kocher inherited a loss-making company and took in on a path of transformation toward a company with business lines for future. This meant ENGIE would slowly move out of energy generation through non-renewable sources, toward renewables along with storage and digital technologies. This case chronicles Kocher’s turnaround plans and investments, and explains how she went about making ENGIE a forerunner in energy revolution. While the turnaround was on track, ENGIE was unable to give returns as expected. With mounting pressure Kocher announced a strategic plan in 2019, which reemphasized ENGIE’s focus on renewables and technology. But several major shareholders including the Government of France were not impressed with the plan. It is time Kocher proves that transformation of ENGIE into a clean power company also means returns for the shareholders. Expected learning outcomes The outcomes are as follows: First, to illustrate how leaders bring in change and innovation in large well-established companies. It shows the role of leaders in leading the innovation process and in molding the companies according to the opportunities and threats presented by the macro environment. Second, to analyze the role of a leader in bringing changes in the organization. Third, to understand the strategies used by energy companies as they position their businesses in the context of a changing energy landscape. Supplementary materials Teaching Note Social implications Renewable Energy – Growing cocnern about the impact of climate change on the world at large, has brought to the fore the importance of renewable energy. Subject code CSS 4: Environmental management

DELIVERED BY WOMEN, LED BY WOMEN: THE FUTURE OF GLOBAL HEALTH LEADERSHIP

AbstractThe authors note the disparity between leadership roles of men and women in global health and its effect on the response to COVID‐19. The work of their organization Women in Global Health is described, including “launching a Gender Equal Health and Care Workforce Initiative in 2021 in partnership with the Government of France and World Health Organization, convening governments and international organizations to leverage commitments for safe and decent work, equal pay and an equal say in leadership for women in health and social care.” They note that women are “80 percent of the world's nurses and 90 percent of the frontline health workers.” Yet the reality is that “women still deliver health systems led by men.” The authors outline their vision for global health leadership; in brief, and in their words: First, we must change the narrative and see women as drivers of global health, not solely as users of health systems…. Second, women in health and social care need a new social contract… Third, COVID‐19 showed that viruses do not respect national borders and we live in an interconnected world… Fourth, beyond gender parity in global health leadership, we need leaders of all genders to be gender transformative leaders.