Government Engineering College Research Articles

A Study of Availability of Information Infrastructure in Engineering College Libraries of Chhattisgarh

Engineering education in India has seen a major change in the last few years. Due to the generous increase in interest towards high quality education, information and communication technology has been accepted to enhance the education endeavor. Academic libraries in engineering institutions are well-known information organizations and play an essential function in meeting the information needs of users. The present chapter focuses on the analysis of data and interpretation of results related to research studies in engineering college libraries in Chhattisgarh from primary data collected from engineering college libraries affiliated to Government Engineering Colleges (GEC) of Chhattisgarh state. The results obtained based on the opinions of the responses received are presented in detail in this chapter. The results are clearly presented institution wise as percentage of respondents and total respondents as well as designation of the respondent. The data obtained from the detailed questionnaire of the study was analyzed statistically and the results are presented in detail with discussion in this chapter to meet the objectives of the study.

IJCM_397A: A Cross-Sectional Study on Dietary Intake In Relation To Sleep Quality Among Undergraduate Engineering Students

Background: Sleep is an important resting state and essential part of life that could have effect on many aspects of life. Life style factors such as physical activity and consumption of certain foods have effect on quality and quantity of sleep. In this context, there were very few studies done in comparing dietary intake & sleep pattern. So, the present study is planned to be conducted among undergraduate engineering students. Objective: 1. To assess the dietary intake and sleep patterns among undergraduate students. 2. To determine the relationship between dietary intake and sleep quality. Methodology: A Cross-sectional analytical study was done among the undergraduate students of a government engineering college in November 2023. Students (n=200) were randomly selected and data was collected using pre-tested, semi structured questionnaire to assess the dietary intake and Pittsburgh sleep quality index questionnaire (PSQI) to assess sleep quality. Results: The mean age of the study population was 20.2 ± 1.6 years and 54.5% were female. Sleep quality was fairly good among 58%, good in 29%,fairly bad in 11.5%,and very bad in 1.5%. Participants skipping breakfast, lunch and dinner more than three times a week was reported to be 21%,10%, and 16.5% respectively. Conclusion: The quality and quantity of sleep can be influenced by the eating habits. Specific awareness regarding sleep and food intake should be created among the students, as in the long run NCD s can be prevented and to form a healthy nation.

Impact of Audio-Visual Aids in Teaching English to Government Engineering College

During the British colonial era, English was brought to India and has since flourished everywhere. English has become a required language in higher education. English becomes the language of higher learning. It is also recognized as the language of administration, science and technology, libraries, politics and so on. English is a language that connects people because of its adaptability and widespread adoption. The present paper explores the use of audio-visual aids in Government Engineering College in Tirunelveli.

Predictive Analytics on Contractual Faculty Future Retention Rate in Rural Areas of India with the help of Clinical Stress cum Retention Rate Model

Purpose: Predictive Analytics study has been conducted on contractual faculty working in various engineering and management colleges in the border area of Gurdaspur, Punjab to find the retention rate of these faculty members against the various personnel policies adopted by these institutions. Objective: Stress is described as a state of physiological unevenness. Albeit contemporary education sector in an eminent country such as India where regular jobs become penurious obsolete perhaps people still accord in this sector because of their interest in the teaching. On the contrary, most of the new faculty work on contract basis and their jobs are not secured or may be secured for a few months depending upon the contract period. A repercussion of this probe, the purpose of the exploration is to review job satisfaction level and their retention rate. Design/Methodology/Approach: Study has been conducted with the help of non-probability convenient sampling by distributing questionnaires and conducting interviews on 150 faculty members working on a contract basis in government and private engineering and management colleges surrounding near an area of Gurdaspur district of Punjab, India. Findings/Result: Personnel policies, faculty development, career growth, research support and work culture, all these parameters should clearly have considered by the administration of the engineering and management colleges of district Gurdaspur, Punjab during making any policies for the contact faculty in the future so that their satisfaction level and retention rate won’t be affected. Research limitations/implications: Research has been conducted in Gurdaspur district of Punjab. Findings may vary from other geographical area of country. Study only covers faculty members; non-teaching faculty has not been covered in this study. Time constraint is another factor for the limiting sample size. Originality/New knowledge/Interpretation/Value: Paradoxical to previous studies, this study also tests out the connection between anxiety feeling with job security of contract faculty dwelling in engineering colleges of Punjab, India with the aid of a stress model to assess the future of teaching in rural areas. Paper Type: Analytical Research paper

Preface

The 6th biennial International Conference on Emerging Trends in Engineering Science and Technology; ICETEST 2020 has been organized by Government Engineering College Thrissur, Kerala, India, from 17 to 19 December 2020. The three sub-conferences organized under the aegis of ICETEST 2020 are; International Conference on Civil engineering Advances for Sustainable Infrastructure Development & Environment (CEASIDE 2020), International Conference on Recent Advances in Materials Processing and Technology for Sustainability (RAMPTS 2020) and International Conference on Power Instrumentation Control and Computing (PICC 2020) sponsored by IEEE.Government Engineering College Thrissur (GEC Thrissur), Kerala, is an ISO 9001: 2015 QMS certified institution and also one of the most prestigious and reputed technical education institutions in India. The College was established in the year 1957 with under graduate programs in Civil, Mechanical and Electrical engineering disciplines. From the humble beginning in 1957, the institution has made substantial progress in all areas and, at present, offering eight undergraduate programs, twelve post-graduate programs and doctoral programs in various engineering disciplines and architecture with an intake of more than 1000 students per annum. Most of the UG and PG programs offered by the college have been accredited by the National Board of Accreditation (NBA), India.Government Engineering College Thrissur has been organizing the biennial International Conference on Emerging Trends in Engineering, Science and Technology (ICETEST) from the year 2009 onwards. The conference was then organized with the title theme ‘Materials for the Future’, focusing on research and development in the field of advanced metallic, ceramic, refractory, polymer, and composite materials and their processing. In the fourth edition of the biennial conference, organized during 2015, the title theme have been revised to a more broader ‘Emerging Trends in Engineering, Science and Technology’ and introduced multiple tracks with the track, Power Instrumentation Control and Computing (PICC) sponsored by IEEE. Ever since the first edition, the conference has received overwhelming response from academicians, scientists, researchers and scholars all over the world and has become a global platform to present, share and discuss their research findings in various fields of science, engineering and technology.Though, ICETEST 2020 has been organized under the shadow of Covid 19, the conference has received overwhelming response from scientific community all over the world. Altogether there were nearly five hundred contributory paper submissions to the conference. All the submitted papers have been subjected to stringent closed peer review by at least two reviewers and subsequently, ICETEST 2020 features more than two hundred contributory oral presentations in addition to eighteen Keynote and Invited Lectures. All the accepted full length contributory papers of CEASIDE 2020 and RAMPTS 2020 have been published in the journal, Materials Science and Engineering published by IOP Publishing, United Kingdom. Whereas, the accepted papers of PICC 2020 being published in the IEEE Xplore digital library.On behalf of the Organizing committee and Government Engineering College Thrissur, we would like to place on record our sincere gratitude to the patrons, advisors, coordinators, various committee members, faculty and staff members, reviewers, session chairs, speakers, delegates and publishers for their whole hearted support and cooperation for the successful conduct of the conference including the publishing of contributory papers. Conference Chairs: Dr. Haris Naduthodi & Dr. K K RamachandranList of titles Conference Secretariat, Organizing Committee, Editorial Board are available in this Pdf.

Optimal reactive power dispatch: a bibliometric analysis

Optimal reactive power dispatch (ORPD) plays a significant role in the control and smooth operation of the power system through the enhancement of the network’s reliability, security, and economic aspects. This paper presents a bibliometric and visual analysis of ORPD-related research articles extracted from the Web of Science (WoS) database from its inception to October 29, 2019. A total of 263 articles drawn from 166 journals, published between 1989 and 2019, were retrieved and analysed using Excel, HistCite, and VOSviewer visualisation software. The total number of citations for the 263 articles ranges from 0 to 297. The top three journals with the most significant number of ORPD publications were the International Journal of Electrical Power and Energy Systems, Applied Soft Computing, and two journals qualified for the third place, IEEE Transaction on Power Systems and IET Generation Transmission and Distribution. The most active researcher is Provas Kumar Roy, with nine (9) articles from Kalyani Government Engineering College. The most trending/cited researcher is Yi Jia Cao, with 129 Total Local Citation Scores from Hunan University, Changsha. In terms of contribution by countries, India, China, Iran, and the United States were the most significant contributors with 27.8%, 20.9%, 11.8%, and 8% of the total articles, respectively. The top 5 most frequently used substantive keywords to identify the trending topic and research direction were Particle Swarm Optimisation, Genetic Algorithm, Gravitational Search Algorithm, Linear Programming, Evolutional Algorithm, and Hybrid Algorithm. This study provides a detailed outline and reveals the future research directions for both experienced and novice ORPD researchers to identify research topics, questions, and collaboration partners.

The Film Life of Pi as a Multimedia Tool in English Language Classrooms of Engineering Colleges in Gujarat- An ESP Approach

ESP advocates the designing of special courses instead of one multi-purpose course, to suit the needs of different courses of students. The curriculum of English as a course in Engineering Institutes differs from other disciplines in Arts, Commerce and Science colleges. Use of films as a multimedia tool and as an ESP approach in English classrooms of Engineering Institutes has become inevitable. For many students, films are their initial contact with English-speaking culture and a fun way to relax and also learn at the same time. The present study tries to examine the use of films as a multimedia tool in the English language classrooms of Engineering Institutes of Gujarat. The film Life of Pi by Ang Lee is considered as a major instrument for the present study. The study was conducted on a sample of 315 students pursuing their B.Tech in different Government Engineering colleges of Gujarat, India. The study was accomplished by using the survey and observation method. The survey questionnaire was used as a major instrument for the data collection of the study. The results suggests that Films as a teaching tool motivates student to learn English in second language classrooms and also helps them to understand and enhance their second language skills.

Preface

We are very delighted to introduce the proceedings of our 1st International Conference on Recent Advancements in Design and Manufacturing (ICRADM-2020) held in virtual mode at textile and diamond city, Surat inside beautiful campus of Sardar Vallabhbhai National Institute of Technology (SVNIT). The institute was initially established as Sardar Vallabhbhai Regional College of Enginering & Technology in 1961 and elevated as a National Institute of Technology in October, 2002. It has been accorded the status of an Institute of National Importance vide NIT Act 2007. SVNIT is one of the pioneering engineering institutions of the country which has nurtured many outstanding engineers in India & abroad.Initially ICRADM-2020 organized to exchange the innovation in field of thermal, design, manufacturing, materials into the scientific community and researchers along with the encourage the student to work in these field for the societal and research benefits. At the first proposed schedule of ICRADM-2020 outbreak of COVID-19 takes place and eventually, conference get postponed with new schedule. Though the virtual conference was new to us as well as our participants, we all made it successful, by proper management and enthusiastic participation of every person who involved directly or indirectly into it.The inaugural function of the conference was enlightened by the august presence of Prof. Harish Hirani-Director, central mechanical engineering research institute (CMERI, Durgapur), Dr. Kuldeep Mistry- product development specialist, TIMKEN, Ohio (USA), Dr. S. R. Gandhi-Director, SVNIT, Surat (GJ), HOD Mechanical, faculty members and more than 60 participants. Experts from different part of the country in the field of Mechanical, Material Science, Tribology and Manufacturing attended the ICRADM-2020 as well as given a very valuable speech during the virtual ICRADM-2020. Prof. Harish Hirani addressed on design thinking to rural sustainable development. His speech followed by the Dr. Kuldeep Mistry, guided the audience on topic, recent advancement in industrial tribology. Second day of conference started with the key note address of Dr. Anand Dhruv- Vishwakrma Government Engineering College, Chandkheda (Gandhinagar) on topic recent trends in micro forming. Thereafter Dr. Dattaji Shinde - VJTI, Mumbai elaborated the effect of electrospun nanofibers and carbon nanotubes on the properties of polymer composite and its failure analysis. The last but the most awaited address was delivered by Dr. Umang Soni - Netaji Subhas University of Technology, New Delhi on topic intelligent manufacturing: prospects of artificial intelligence in pandemic. The address was truly captivating and thought provoking. Peer reviewed accepted papers in conference presented by participants given a new idea, direction and inspiration to other listeners. So as a coordinator(s), we can say that, ICRADM-2020 provided an international forum to present, discuss, and exchange new, innovative ideas in recent advancements in design and manufacturing.In the event, the conference was highly successful. Total 50 papers get presented in conference, which we feel good number during this epidemic COVID corona situation. After peer review process, papers get shortlisted and will be published with IOP-MSE (Scopus Indexed). Presented papers maintained the high potential recommended by the written abstracts and the programme was chaired in a professional and efficient way by the session chairmen who were selected for their international standing in the subject.Finally, it is appropriate that we record our thanks to our fellow members of the technical organizingcommitteefor their work in securing asubstantial input of papers and smooth conduction of (virtual) ICRADM-2020.We are also grateful to those who served as chairmen,without their support, the conferencecould not have been the success that it was. We also acknowledge the authors themselves, withoutwhose expert input there would have been no conference. We also acknowledge the important contributions of Director (SVNIT), Chairmen (TEQIP) and our Mechanical engineering department for providing such a huge platform and support. Dr. Sandeep Soni, Dr. B. M. Sutaria and Dr. Achchhe Lal Organizing Secretary (ICRADM - 2020)Department of Mechanical Engineering,Sardar Vallabhbhai National Institute of Technology (SVNIT),(An Institute of National Importance, Government of India)Ichchhanath, Surat -395007, (Guj.), India.

Government Engineering Colleges in Assam: Current Status and Steps for Improvement

The State Government has well understood the demand of technical education in the state and attention is focused on rapid development in this field, with global professional standards and international accreditation being recognised as the benchmarks for quality assurance. In this regard, it is important to understand an accord called “The Washington Accord”. This is an international agreement to ensure consistent quality of undergraduate engineering program across the World. Programs recognised by accrediting authorities in countries that are signatories are considered to be equivalent in terms of quality and the graduate attributes. In 2014, the National Board of Accreditation (NBA) India joined as a signatory for programs accredited by NBA offered by education providers accepted by NBA as Tier 1 institutions. In February 2015, the Government of Assam appointed an expert team from the Faculty of Science and Engineering at Curtin University Australia to conduct an audit of technical education in the public sector. The purpose of the audit was to find the gaps that may exist in governance, curriculum, policies, guidelines and community engagement in relation to those to be required and found in a Washington Accord approved programme. This paper summarises some of the gaps. This is followed by recommendations to improve the technical education sector in Assam. The findings in the gap analysis are the first in a series of steps toward the long-awaited restructuring of the technical higher education sector in the state of Assam. It is now up to the Government of Assam to take the necessary steps in addressing the issues to re-energise the technical higher education sector and bring the public technical colleges to the forefront of quality Indian institutions offering international standard engineering education and infrastructure.

GIS-based locational evaluation of infrastructure facilities in hilly regions: a case study of an institute campus

Topography impacts the overall development of a hilly region. It plays a significant role in location-based decisions of infrastructure facilities. Present study explores the application of geographic information systems (GIS) in the topography modelling and the modelling of existing facilities. GIS facilitates the location-based evaluation of proposed facilities through geospatial analysis. The use of GIS facilitates construction professionals in organizing, interpreting and linking information to evaluate the locations of proposed infrastructure facilities. Critical aspects affecting LBE of infrastructure facilities identified through the existing literature and questionnaire survey were modelled for evaluating the locations of proposed infrastructure facilities in the campus layout of Jawaharlal Nehru Government Engineering College Sundernagar, Himachal Pradesh in India, as a case study. The use of GIS facilitates construction professionals in organizing, interpreting and linking information to evaluate the locations of proposed infrastructure facilities. Building codal provisions to consider topography and locations of already existing infrastructure facilities were modelled. GIS-based framework developed in the present study helped in identifying proposed infrastructure facilities which were located at adverse locations. This facilitates in taking corrective measures timely for re-locating these proposed infrastructure facilities more appropriately in hilly regions.

A study of substance abuse among male engineering students staying at hostels in a township near Kolkata

Background: Substance is being more common during college days, due to academic pressure, peer group effects, popularity and easy access to common substances. Men are more likely to engage in substance abuse. This was supposed to be more common in hostels. A study was carried out among male engineering students staying at hostels - with aims to find out the magnitude of substance abuse, to assess the potential risk of different substances abused and to find out a comparison between these two groups.Methods: Study was carried out with the help of two part questionnaire, one part containing alcohol, smoking and substance involvement screening test 8 item screening tool proposed by WHO (WHO-ASSIST). Other part contained socio demographic information. First 50 students, in each two colleges were enrolled in the study after getting their consent.Results: Ever use of tobacco product was found to be 66.0% and 22.0%, of alcoholic beverages: 72.0% and 26.0%, of cannabis: 46.0% and 14.0% - for students of government and private engineering college respectively. In the past 3 months, tobacco (36.0%) followed by cannabis (12.0%) were found to be the most commonly abused substances in government engineering college students while both (6.0%) cannabis and tobacco were the commonest substances of daily abuse among private engineering college students.Conclusions: High level of substance abuse was found to be present among male engineering students staying at hostels with higher level found among students of government engineering college.

An era of digital slavery: a study on internet addiction among professional college students of Hassan, Karnataka

Background: The spectacular growth of technology has made Internet use, the most popular recreational and academic activity for the college students. With the rise of new-generation gadgets, the risk of “internet addiction” is a significant issue of concern. Internet addiction leads to social and psychological problems such as depression, loneliness, low self-esteem and life satisfaction and other mental health problems and a greater impact on their academics. The objective of the study was to determine the association between internet addiction and depression and to know the effect of gender on internet addiction.Methods: A cross-sectional study was carried out on the professional course students from Hassan Institute of Medical Sciences (Government Medical College) and Government Engineering College. A total of 300 students were assessed for internet addiction using Young’s internet addiction test and depression was assessed using Beck’s depression inventory-II.Results: Out of the 300 professional college students, 173 (57.7%) were found to be internet addicted and 67 (38.7%) among them were found to be depressed and a statistically significant association (p<0.05, OR 3.6, 95% CI 2.02–6.39) was found. Males were found to be more addicted than females and it was statistical significant.Conclusions: Internet Addiction is common among the college students and adequate steps have to be taken to prevent the students from falling into addiction which is considered as a mental health issue. Knowledge regarding the safe use of internet has to be provided to students.

COMPREHENSIVE STUDY ON VARIOUS APPLICATIONS USING INTERNET OF THINGS (IOT) FOR SMART CITY.

29Nov 2017 COMPREHENSIVE STUDY ON VARIOUS APPLICATIONS USING INTERNET OF THINGS (IOT) FOR SMART CITY. Nairuti Sheth , Hiteshri Yagnik , M. T. Savaliya and Manan Shah. Student, L.J. Institute of Engineering and Technology, Ahmedabad, Gujarat, Gujarat Technological University, Gujarat, India. Student, Gujarat Technological University, Gujarat, India. Head of Department of Computer Engineering, Vishwakarma Government Engineering College, Ahmedabad, Gujarat, India. Scientist, CEGE, Faculty, School of Petroleum Technology, Pandit Deendayal Petroleum University, Gandhinagar, Gujarat, India.

Experimental analysis of single-basin solar still with porous fins

ABSTRACTThe present research paper explains the experimental analysis of the single-basin solar still with attachment of porous fins on the absorber plate. Here, experiments have been conducted on the single-basin sola still with and without attachment of porous fins. Generally, fins are used in the solar still to reduce the preheating time of water and attain positive water and inner glass cover temperature during morning hours for increment in distillate output. Series of experiments were performed in the Government Engineering College Patan during May 2017 during sunshine hours. Various temperatures such as that of water, inner glass cover and solar insolations have been measured by standard instruments. From the experiment, it was found that the distillate output after attachment of fins was 3.8 L and that of the conventional solar still was 2.67 L. Hence, a percentage increment of 42.3% was found by use of porous fins in a solar still.

ECONOMIC VALUE ADDED: A FINANCIAL TOOL FOR MEASURING CORPORATE PERFORMANCE WITH REFERENCE TO INDIAN AUTOMOBILE SECTOR.

26Jul 2017 ECONOMIC VALUE ADDED: A FINANCIAL TOOL FOR MEASURING CORPORATE PERFORMANCE WITH REFERENCE TO INDIAN AUTOMOBILE SECTOR. Ganesh Prasad Panda and Santosh Kumar Panda. Lecturer in Commerce, Sadhu Goureswar College, Kanikapada, Jajpur. Odisha, India. Lecturer in Costing, Government Engineering College, Keonjhar, Odisha.

Experimental Investigation on Innovative Modification of Aqua Silencer

One of the major threats to the society and environment is considered asair pollution which causesill effects to the human beings as well as environment. The main contributor to the air pollution is gases releasing from automobiles like carbon dioxide, unburned hydrocarbons etc. In view of addressing this major contributor, paper focused on modification of conventional silencer by introducing redesigned Aqua silencer that minimizes generation of such polluting agent. Aqua silencer is mounted similar to conventional silencer with minor modifications to the exhaust pipe of the engine. In modified aqua silencer emission is controlled by theactivated charcoallayers. Environment harmful gases are absorbed efficiently within the silencer and keep automobile environment friendly. Aqua silencer also addresses the noise pollution concern as sound produced within water is less audible because of smallsprocketsin water molecules lower its amplitude and so lowers the sound level. Aqua silencer is designed and developed at Mechanical Engineering Department, Government Engineering College, Bhavnagar and experiments were carried out by mounting aqua silencer on very high load engine like Diesel generator set. Performance indicators are measured and compared with conventional silencer used in diesel generator. Opacity of carbon particles is reduced up to 32.7%. However, few barriers and challenges that have been identified in this article must be addressed carefully before aqua silencer employed by the automobile industry.

Improving Teaching and Learning Process through Establishment of Centre for Engineering Education Development - An initiative at KG College of Engineering and Technology

The evolution of Engineering Education (EE) in India has been drastic from the British era to the present day. EE in India started during the British era and focused mainly on civil engineering. In 1945 a Government Committee was appointed to suggest options for advanced technical education in India which recommended the establishment of higher technical institutes based on the Massachusetts Institute of Technology in the four regions of India which resulted in setting up five Indian Institutes of Technology and the 20 Regional Engineering colleges just after independence was one of the first milestone achieved by Independent India. Then, there are a large number of State Government Engineering Colleges, often affiliated to a University and having a limited or no autonomy about curriculum, examinations, degree granting, etc. The great demand for engineering and technical education has led to the mushrooming of a large number of private engineering colleges. Since the establishment of IIT Kharagpur in 1951, India has a total of 3,393 engineering colleges as on May, 2012. In spite of the large number of engineering colleges in India, as per the third edition of the National Employability Report, Engineering Graduates - 2014, only 18.33% of the Indian engineers are employable and only about 18.09% actually get a job. This alarming survey indicates the need of a paradigm shift in today's school of engineering learning and training so that we may not only target increased employability but also set our eyes on ameliorating research and innovation into Engineering Education. This paper presents the work conducted by the Centre of Engineering Education Development (CEED) at KG Reddy college of Engineering and Technology, which was established to continuously work towards improving the teaching learning process by implementation of new pedagogies. The focus will be on implementation of active learning into the lecture delivery, it's impact on the student's, subsequent results and the future scope of work.

Government Engineering College, Patan

After attending two executive programs, the principal and eight faculty members of the Government Engineering College, Patan had agreed to initiate organizational change directed at making more innovative and efficient use of limited resources; creating a sense of urgency; and developing ability to move from one challenge to the next. Six months after this commitment, some sporadic progress had been achieved, but a strategic plan for change did not seem to exist. What action should the principal take now?

GIS IN ASSESSING TOPOGRAPHICAL ASPECTS OF HILLY REGIONS

Topography helps in identifying the areas of adverse locations that may increase development cost, delay construction besides creating the safety related problems. It further identifies areas that can be developed with minimum resources or to be restricted. Generally, on the basis of their knowledge and experience architects or engineers use 2D contour maps for analyzing hilly regions to locate infrastructure facilities. The applications of geographic information systems (GIS) help in analyzing topographical aspects by modeling topography. It provides 3D view of topographical information of the region where infrastructure facilities were proposed and likely to be located. In the present study various topographical aspects that are crucial for the locating infrastructure facilities were identified. A GIS-based methodology was developed for the analyzing the facilities of the campus of Jawaharlal Nehru Government Engineering College (JNGEC) Sundernagar, India, as a case study.

Government Engineering College, Gandhinagar

Dr. Rajul Gajjar, Principal of Government Engineering College, Gandhinagar is facing the challenge of transforming the government-managed engineering college to a college with autonomous status. This significant change is contemplated as a part of Technical Education Quality Improvement Programme Phase II (TEQIP II), a government initiative, funded by World Bank. The case presents the operational challenges for improving and sustaining the quality of technical education within the larger transition to autonomous status. It also provides an opportunity to examine the tension between autonomy and governance.