Government Employment Policies Research Articles

Impact of fiscal policies on the labor market with search friction: An estimated DSGE model for Japan

This study investigates the effects of heterogenous fiscal policies on Japan's labor market amidst increasing national debt and economic downturns. We develop a Dynamic Stochastic General Equilibrium model incorporating labor market search friction, staggered wage negotiation, price stickiness and productive government employment. This model is used to compare the impacts of multiple fiscal policies—including government employment spendings, direct government expenditures, and tax cuts—on employment. The model, estimated with macroeconomic data of Japan spanning 1985 to 2019, offers a detailed look at how fiscal policies influence employment dynamics.Our analysis shows that increasing employment within the government sector significantly lowers unemployment rates, with a long-term unemployment reduction effect (multiplier) of −0.4. Collectively, all fiscal policies contribute to 23.96 % of the employment rate fluctuations, with government employment policies playing a dominant role, accounting for 8.55 % of these variations. This underscores the significant stabilizing effect of government employment policies in the labor market and their capacity to boost private sector employment through enhanced household income and increased private sector productivity. This research not only sheds light on the critical role of public sector interventions during economic downturns but also enhances our understanding of the effectiveness of Japan's fiscal policies.

Sustainable Career Development of Nursing Graduates in Higher Vocational Colleges: A Case Study of Weifang Nursing Vocational College

Background and Aims: Currently, in China nursing graduates of higher vocational colleges are restricted by many factors, particularly career development. Career development is an important indicator for measuring the quality of nursing graduates and the extent to which government and hospitals attach importance to the employment of nursing graduates in higher vocational colleges. Therefore, it is necessary to delve into the career development of nursing graduates in vocational colleges under the current employment situation. This study mainly aimed to investigate the current situation of nursing graduates' career development and factors affecting the career development of nursing graduates. Materials and Methods: The sample was drawn from the 2019 nursing graduates in Weifang Nursing Vocational College using non-random sampling. These nursing graduates participated in the research voluntarily participation and accepted their participation in the research consent form. Data were collected using a questionnaire. The questions focused on many factors that affected their career development, including how hiring practices at government, hospitals, and colleges, factors affecting the recruitment process, and challenges facing career development. Results: The results show that nursing graduates have basic knowledge and skills in nursing. The results also showed that government employment policies, teaching program management, and employability development were the key factors influencing the career development of nursing graduates from higher vocational colleges are relatively successful. Additionally, results indicated that school-based classroom environments have a significant and positive impact on nursing graduates’ career development. The government should increase employment efficiency and change employment policies as necessary to achieve sustainable professional development. Educational institutions and nursing schools should improve their teaching and learning management systems to align with employment policies and needs. Conclusion: The results emphasize how crucial it is for the government to get involved in employment policy optimization to promote the nursing profession's long-term growth. In addition, educational establishments need to modify their pedagogical approaches to better prepare nursing graduates for the skills required by changing job markets and facilitate a smooth entry into the workforce.

대졸 청년층의 정부고용정책 참여 여부에 따른 노동시장 성과분석

Objectives The purpose of this study is to analyze the performance of the labor market according to whether col-lege graduates participate in government employment policies. In this study, the government's employment poli-cy is Korea’s Training Credit Programs and the Youth Job-Seeking Activity Subsidy. The labor market performance consisted of employment status, employment type, job size, wages, and job satisfaction through a review of pre-vious studies.
 Methods The population of the study is college graduates between the ages of 26 and 34. However, since there is a limit to conducting research on the entire population, this study utilized 2019GOMS among the data of the College Graduates Occupational Mobility Survey(GOMS) provided by the Korea Employment Information Service. Excluding missing values, the final targets were 948 people with the Korea’s Training Credit Programs and 964 people with Youth Job-Seeking Activity Subsidy. For data analysis, logistic regression analysis and least squares regression analysis, including propensity score matching, were conducted using the Stata 17.0 program. At this time, individual characteristic factors(gender, age), employment activity factors(linguistic training, certificate), and school characteristic factors(university type, university location, major) were dummized and put into control variables.
 Results As a result of the analysis, it was confirmed that neither policy(Korea’s Training Credit Programs, Youth Job-Seeking Activity Subsidy) had a positive effect on labor market performance according to participation.
 Conclusions Therefore, in this paper, I would like to review the results of the government's employment policy that did not have a positive effect on labor market performance, and to identify and present the causes. This is ex-pected to play an important role in future employment policy operation and research.

Harnessing the Power of Labour Law and Social Security Law to Achieve the Goal of Formalizing Labour Markets in the BRICS Countries

The Declaration by the Labour and Employment Ministers of the BRICS countries, “Quality Jobs and Inclusive Employment Policies,” guarantees that formalization of labor markets is a global priority for the BRICS countries, as informal employment hampers productivity, potential economic growth and efforts to improve the welfare of populations worldwide. Taking into account this strategic goal, the authors analyze the informal employment processes in the BRICS countries and speculate on the transition from informal to formal employment. The article addresses the issues of inhomogeneous notional ranges used to define informal employment and recommends that the possibilities provided by labor legislation and government employment policy (such as increasing the number of formal working places and dynamic development of labor legislation directed at regulation of new employment forms) be used to tackle these issues. The potential of the social security right for achieving the goals of transition to a formal economy and social security coverage is characterized in detail; various legal forms of social security (for example, government social security, social insurance (mandatory as well as voluntary) and social support) are analyzed; and the possibilities of their application to informal workers in the BRICS countries are defined.

Зростання рівня безробіття серед молоді як один з наслідків пандемії COVID-19

For studying the excess of youth unemployment in comparison with other age groups in Europe and selected world regions, the authors hypothesized the high efficiency of government employment policy, taking into account the possible consequences of displacing other age groups. The aim of the study is to formulate proposals for reducing youth unemployment in Europe and selected world regions in accordance with the identified specific causes of this phenomenon. The main objectives of the study are: - consideration of macroeconomic indicators of Europe and selected world regions in 2015 to 2020 and the peculiarities of their interconnection; - identification of the most specific causes of youth unemployment excess in comparison with other age groups in Europe and selected world regions; - formation of proposals for reducing youth unemployment and justification of their feasibility. To achieve the purpose, special and general scientific methods were used, including: graphic method, comparison, formalization, systematization, generalization, induction, deduction, analysis and synthesis. Based on a study of employment in selected world regions in 2015 to 2020, it was found that there is a significant excess of youth unemployment compared to the general unemployment rate. However, unemployment may be less of a problem for young people than for adults, as it tends to be shorter. Moreover, young people may simply change jobs more often, so the higher unemployment rate observed is mainly functional and therefore not particularly harmful. Reducing youth unemployment is a difficult task, but complete inaction in this area or attempts to solve unemployment problems in other age groups at the expense of youth employment can lead to more severe economic consequences. In general, the hypothesis of the high efficiency of government employment policy, taking into account the possible consequences of displacing other age groups, is proven. Among the main motives prompting scientists to further study the problems of youth unemployment are the economic and social difficulties that the economically active population faces when they lose their jobs. In the future, concrete steps can be developed by states in the framework of employment policy, which can include individual counseling procedures, as well as systemic interventions based on the analysis of social circles in which young people are involved (for example, families and couples, not just individuals). The impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on the macroeconomic indicators of Europe and selected world regions is examined. In particular, the dynamics of real GDP and employment rates during 2012-2020 are reflected. It was found that young workers in Europe were more prone to job losses during the crisis than the elderly population. However, the downward trend in youth employment affects not only Europe but also other regions of the world, including developing countries, where youth unemployment can be three times higher than the general rate. A number of reasons for low youth employment are identified, including a barrier to entry the labor market due to the lack of experience, insecurity of jobs, high frequency of voluntary dismissals and a tendency of youth unemployment towards over-cyclicality.

Study on the Influencing Factors of Business Success Variables of Technology Startup Entrepreneurs

Background/Objectives: The impact of demographic factors on the business performance of entrepreneurs was investigated and the results suggest the direction of government's employment policy for strengthening, revitalizing the entrepreneurial ecosystem.Methods/Statistical analysis: We surveyed 300 young start-up entrepreneurs, 205 questionnaires were collected and analyzed using SPSS 22 and Smart PLS 3.2.9. Measurement and structural models were analyzed to evaluate path coefficients and structural suitability. Among the demographic variables, gender was introduced as a control variable, and PLS-Algorithm and Bootstrapping were performed on 8 independent paths and parameters to verify and confirm the difference in the moderating effect according to gender.Findings: We analyzed the measurement model to analyze internal consistency reliability, focused validity and discriminant validity, and validated the structural model by evaluating the importance and suitability of the determinants (R2): effect size (f2): multicollinearity (Inner VIF): and path coefficients. As a result of estimating the path coefficients (mean, STDEV, T-value, P-value, confidence interval): EX-S→TM-A, NW-C→ TECH-P, NW-C→ TIC-A, NW-C→TM-A, TCC-C→ TC-A, TECH-C→ TC-A, TECH-C→ TECH-P, TECH-C→TIC-A, TECH-C→TM-A has been adopted. In this paper, as a result of the analysis of the regulatory effect, which is a key differentiating factor from previous studies, among the 8 demographic variables, such as gender, type of manufacturing, start-up period, etc. TECH-C-GENDER→ TECH-P, MGC-DIV→TECH-P and TECH-C-YEAR→TECH-P were found to have a significant impact on business performance. In conclusion, the results of structural modeling of the factors that affect the business success of technology startups contribute to the establishment of start-up policies for start-up agencies and governments.Improvements/Applications: We will break down the technology sector into manufacturing, non-manufacturing, IT, AI, and big data and add data group analysis on demographic variables to conduct research on more advanced topics.

Аналіз державної політики зайнятості на сучасному етапі

The article reveals the directions of government policy in the field of employment, in particular: constant improvement of existing legislation, increasing the purchasing power of the population, preventing the development of unemployment and reducing it, stimulating economic activity, reforming public administration in the field of employment. Factors influencing the employment of the population of the regions: natural–geographical, demographic, economic, social, legislative–legal, political, legal, technical–technological, historical–cultural, ecological. Particular attention is paid to the modernization of the Government Employment Service through the expansion and active implementation of electronic and innovative services. As part of the reform of state employment policy in the of the Government Employment Service, new forms of social services were introduced: educational portal; provision of electronic social services to citizens and employers; institute of career counselor, differentiated approach to clients, taking into account skills, qualifications and provision of targeted services to return them to the labor market; individual plans for the provision of social services and employment. To modernize the civil employment service and determine its role and significance for society, the Strategy for the Development of the Civil Employment Service for 2020–2022 was developed and the service was improved on the basis of the main pillars of service provision, introduction of new approaches to staff work. It is proved that to overcome the employment crisis it is necessary to update the contents of the government employment policy, to shift the focus from payment of unemployment benefits to the creation of modern jobs and facilitate the unemployed to develop their activity and competitiveness in the labor market. In particular, national employment policy priorities, state employment programs, legislation and regulations should be developed at the state level. The entire content of public administration activities to implement employment policy should reflect the full range of active and passive measures of the state in the labor market and apply the most effective methods and techniques of public administration, taking into account the specifics of a particular region. Thus, the activities of public administration bodies to implement an effective employment policy should be aimed at creating more active measures in the labor market, considering the specifics of a particular region and community.

СУЧАСНІ НАПРЯМИ ЗАБЕЗПЕЧЕННЯ ТА РОЗВИТКУ ПРОФЕСІЙНОГО НАВЧАННЯ НА РИНКУ ОСВІТНІХ ПОСЛУГ

The paper provides insights to the challenging issues of searching for methods to reduce unemployment by drastic increase in employment capacity in the current and newly created high-performance workplaces. It is argued that the development of innovative paradigm of professional training and retraining of unemployed, associated with reintegration of training participants into working career along with promoting the interaction between all the actors of a social discourse and monitoring of the labour market in the context of professional qualifications, should become a critical guidance to reduce social tension in society and maintain an active job seekers support. It is emphasized that vocational training of temporarily unemployed is one of effective actions to overcome the imbalance between supply and demand on the labour market. The research findings have revealed that at present Ukraine is facing a critical need for building new relationships in the labour market and the market of education services domains, the drivers of which should be customized vocational training against specific orders of employers; qualitative monitoring of workplace needs; strict requirements to professional competences of graduates; coordination and compliance of the content and area of training and retraining programmes with the predictive trends for labour market development. The paper also presents the results of the analysis on the vocational training for the unemployed and the condition of the vocational training market in Ukraine. It is proved that the current module-based technology implementation in the process of vocational training allows offering interactive solutions to respond to labour market challenges, enhance government employment policy, facilitate the development of vocational training for the unemployed, and take full advantage of using innovative technologies in the process of their retraining.

Зайнятість у транспортному господарстві України: масштаби, якісні параметри та структурно-динамічні характеристики

The article presents the results of a study on the size, qualitative parameters and structural-dynamic characteristics of the employment in Ukraine's transport sector. The author analyzes the peculiarities in the distribution of structural changes that have taken place in the sectoral, professional and educational composition of this country's transport labor and measures their depth. The structural shifts are considered as a result of the redistribution of labor between industries, professions and educational levels, as well as employment circulation between different professional and educational segments within the subsectors of Ukrainian transport complex. Applying the simulation of multiplicative factor systems and the method of decomposition according to the scheme of isolated influence of factors, the author estimates intensity and direction of the changes in the professional characteristics of the employed in Ukraine's transport sector in connection with its branch restructuring. In addition, the article reveals the nature of the interaction between the educational structure of this country's transport labor and the inter-sectoral and inter-professional shifts in the employment. An imbalance has been revealed in the distribution of Ukrainian employed in the transport sector by professions and education level, and the determination of the nature of these differences made it possible to make reasonable assumptions about their causes and ways of their mitigation. The main empirical base that made it possible to carry out the presented research is the materials of population surveys on economic activity. And the obtained data array on the dynamics and characteristics of the labor employed in Ukraine's transport sector provides rich analytical material that can be used in determining a government employment policy to be aimed at solving urgent problems of the national labor market.

Hospitality Employment Issues in Developing Countries: The Case of Egypt

This article uses Egypt as a case study to investigate the differences between hospitality employment in city and remote areas, in relation to five major issues. Secondary data from Egyptian national statistics regarding hospitality employment is supplemented by a questionnaire survey of hospitality employees and in-depth interviews with senior hospitality managers. The results confirm that hospitality employment is not internationally-generic, and not all the issues identified in the developed country literature are applicable in developing country contexts. Differences in perceptions towards the five issues were found between Egyptian hospitality workers in the capital city and in remote areas. Hospitality organizations in developing countries were less likely to invest in their staff and their skills despite staff reporting their interest in long-term career. The most striking finding was that government employment policies were found to have a negative impact on the nature of hospitality employment in developing countries (i.e., Egypt).

The Effectiveness of Government Employment Policies in Nigeria

Rising unemployment accompanied by social vices among young people is threatening the very foundation of Nigeria as a nation. Successive governments in Nigeria had adopted various policies to create jobs and reduce unemployment. In spite of these various Federal Government employment policies of successive governments in Nigeria, unemployment rare has continued to rise unabated. This has informed the need to embark on the present study with a view to determining the extent to which various employment generation programmes of the government had proved effective for achieving full employment in Nigeria, The design was essentially a descriptive survey. Data were sourced from the National Bureau of Statistics, Abuja and Central Bank of Nigeria, Abuja. Data were analyzed using times series components of trend, seasonal variation and random factors. Coefficient of determination was also used for the analysis. The study shows that employment policies of successive governments were not yet adapted to achieving full employment. Based on the findings, recommendations were made for an increased labour-promoting employment generation strategy to create more jobs that will help to reduce the high current open unemployment in Nigeria.

Full-time work for nurses: employers’ perspectives

To examine an employer response to a government employment policy, the Nursing Graduate Guarantee (NGG), over a 2-year period (2008-2009 and 2009-2010). Healthcare organizations rely on a stable supply of nurses to meet their staffing needs. However, employment trends have indicated a propensity for part-time employment. The NGG was created to stimulate full-time employment of new graduate nurses in Ontario, Canada. A mixed methods design was used, which included online surveys and focus groups. All healthcare providers (n = 1198) were surveyed in 2008-2009 and 2009-2010. Each year, a sample of NGG employers participated in sector-specific focus groups. Approximately 20% of potential healthcare employers participated in the NGG. Reasons for non-participation included lack of awareness of the initiative and lack of full-time jobs. Barriers to offering full-time employment to new graduates included lack of full-time vacancies and budget constraints. Employers perceive flexible staffing practices as a way to contain personnel costs but often at the expense of a stable full-time nursing workforce. This research contributes to an understanding of employers' perspectives on full-time hiring and participation in a government employment policy.

Are new deal employment initiatives on target?

This paper tests the appropriateness of government employment policies in targeting specific groups of unemployed job seekers in the UK. A sample of 169 job seekers is divided into those who were successful and unsuccessful in finding employment and the attributes of each group is analysed. A factor analysis of these attributes is carried out in order to develop typical profiles of unsuccessful job seekers and these profiles are compared with current policy target groups. The findings show that high levels of accumulated human and financial capital, non‐metropolitan residence and accessibility to centres of employment have a positive impact on job search success. This casts doubt on the appropriateness of using socio‐demographic and local area characteristics to select job seekers for assistance, when other factors appear to have more bearing on job search success. The only current policy target group fully justified by this study is the long‐term unemployed, who had a significantly lower chance of finding unemployment.

Staffing EFL Programs in Saudi Arabia: Issues and Challenges

Year after year, English-as-a-foreign-language (ESL) programs at Saudi universities are experiencing significant increases in student enrollment. The current staffing conditions do not accommodate the enrollment demands. ESL programs are having difficulties in retaining experienced native-speaking teachers and in hiring qualified substitute instructors. This study explores the current staffing status and language and translation departments at 7 Saudi universities, describes the staffing status in men and women’s departments in terms of faculty numbers, faculty qualifications, faculty nationality, faculty teaching load, male and female student enrollments, total number of hours offered, numbers of sections offered, and section size; cause of faculty shortage; and how the faculty shortage is covered. Demographic data about faculty, courses offered, and student enrollment were collected. In addition, department heads and ESL coordinators were interviewed concerning the staffing needs, causes of faculty shortage, how the shortage is covered and hiring practices. It was found that women’s departments are more under-staffed than men’s departments. Understaffing is caused by the Ministry of Higher Education’s open admission policy, lack of communication and coordination between department heads and decision makers, and insufficient communication channels between English departments and job applicants. Technology is not used by most universities in the job advertising and hiring processes. Job vacancies are not advertised on the internet, information about vacancies is not available online, e-mail is not used in correspondence, and no online interviews (teleconferencing) are conducted. Other factors include insufficient funding, university and government employment policies and regulations, inefficient manpower planning, lack of prediction studies, high competition in neighboring countries, limited sources, and others. The study recommends that the King Fahad University staffing model is followed by other universities, in addition to an outline of a recruitment plan to meet faculty supply needs for ESL programs and to increase the collaboration between departments and decision makers will be provided.

The Workforce Investment Act and the Labor Movement

The Workforce Investment Act of 1998, the national government's employment policy, is predicated on the assumption that education and skills training reduces poverty and produces high‐wage jobs. Challenging the WIA's assumption, Worthen argues that job training does not create stable, safe, and well‐paying jobs. To create well‐paying employment, labor unions must actively participate in the process of job creation. However, the author observes that organized labor does not participate in the initial stages or frequently is excluded from the process of job creation.

Employment Policy, the Crowding‐out Effect and Imperfect Competition

This paper presents a macroeconomic model with imperfect competition in the commodity market, and uses it to address how the commodity market’s structure is related to the efficacy of government employment policies. It is found that job creation in the public sector may lead to a decrease in output and an increase in prices. In particular, these adverse side‐effects will be alleviated when competition in the goods market is less perfect. We also find that public‐sector job creation definitely has a positive effect on total employment, though it may crowd out private‐sector employment.

Bridging the Gap between Planned and Market Economies: Employment policies for people with disabilities in two Chinese cities

From 1978 on wards, China has experienced a radical transition from a centrally-controlled planned economy to a market economy. At the same time, the Chinese economy is developing at high speed. This dynamic situation poses numerous opportunities and challenges to people with disabilities in China. The research finds that, with the help of government's employment policies, disabled people in two Chinese cities have benefited from both the market reforms and high speed economic growth. The Chinese government did not simply throw away the previous institutional arrangements and withdraw from its responsibility for supporting people with disabilities. In contrast, it adjusted the previous policies in order to mobilise resources from the newly-developing market economy. However, the policies have their limitations. They are temporary in nature and suitable for the transitional period only. There are potential problems and challenges ahead for disabled people in a fully fledged market economy in China.

Measurement of Concealed Unemployment in Shanghai

This paper attempts to analyze the effects of the government's employment policy on the labor input in the city of Shanghai in China. By including the employment policy factor into the labor input function, this paper estimates Shanghai's concealed unemployment quantitatively. At the same time, the paper considers a phenomenon that we call information development in Shanghai. The paper also estimates the effect of information development on Shanghai's labor input (quantitatively).

Are Employment Policies Counterproductive when Wage Setting Is Centralized?

When government policy is subjected to a balanced budget constraint or a current account constraint, total income of the workers is independent of the employment policy. An employment policy distributes income more evenly, and may lead to a union with strong preferences for equality to raise its wage. However, a sufficiently vigorous employment policy is always effective. Unions which maximise the after tax real wage is always lower the nominal wage when government employment policy becomes more vigorous. The constraints enforce an implicit tax-based incomes policy (TIP), and there is limited scope due to centralisation for other forms of TIP.

Emigration dynamics in Pakistan.

This study of emigration dynamics in Pakistan focuses on Pakistan's position as one of the world's leading manpower exporters. The study opens with a review of the history of international labor from the subcontinent. The second section looks at the problems with the collection of data on international migration and then considers the volume of international migration, migrant destinations, return migration, undocumented migration, and the stock of migrant workers abroad. The third section describes the economic and demographic context for overseas migration through a consideration of gross national product and the remittances of migrant workers, growth in gross domestic product, poverty and income distribution, the state of the population, labor force and employment, a profile of migrant workers, and the government's employment policy. The political and social context for overseas migration is the topic of the next section, and the discussion centers on emigration policy, institutional arrangements for manpower export and the welfare of migrants, and the economic resettlement of return migrants. Consideration of the future trends in international migration from Pakistan focuses on the cyclic nature of overseas labor migration, the existence of networks to facilitate such migration, uneven distribution of enabling resources in Pakistan, the paucity of available data, and governmental/cultural factors that promote and restrict such migration. It is concluded that both individual Pakistanis and the government consider overseas migration a positive force but that a reliance on such an ad hoc measure has costs that have not been considered by Pakistan's policy-makers.