Governance Financial Performance Research Articles

Corporate Governance Dynamics and Financial Performance: Analysis of Listed Commercial Banks in the Ghanaian Context"

This study aims to determine the effect of corporate governance on the financial performance of 14 listed commercial banks in Ghana. The research employs a panel data set from 2008 to 2020 to examine how board size, ownership structure, board independence, capital adequacy ratio, audit committee effectiveness, board gender diversity, and overall corporate governance score affect ROA and ROE for banks. These relationships are analyzed using Ordinary Least Squares (OLS) regression within the framework of panel data analysis. Results indicate that ROA is positively related to board size, board independence, audit committee, and Board gender diversity. Also, ROE is positively influenced by companies’ ownership structure, capital adequacy ratio, audit committee effectiveness, and overall corporate employment governance rating. However, there is a significant negative correlation between ROE and women’s representation or board gender diversity. Also, another key finding is that both Return on Assets (ROA) and Return on Equity (ROE) are significantly affected by debt and debt-to-equity ratios. This indicates that banks borrowing more have reduced profitability, underlining the need for a well-managed capital structure and no over-reliance on loans. This study contributes to the understanding of the relationship between corporate governance and performance in the banking sector of Ghana, emphasizing that high-quality governance systems can improve and enhance financial performance. The insight gained from this analysis shows that Banks should aim towards good corporate governance practices such as; maintaining proper board size, promoting greater board independence, ensuring efficient audit procedures, and encouraging more gender diversity to enhance profitability. The outcomes also emphasized a well-built base of capital and concentrated ownership, enabling better financial results.The outcomes of this research are useful to Ghanaian policymakers, regulators, and bank executives who view the need for strong corporate governance environments to buttress the stability and growth of the banking sector.

Nexus between boardroom independence and firm financial performance: evidence from South Asian emerging market

This study empirically investigates the linkage between boardroom independence and the financial performance of non-financial firms in an emerging market featured by family-controlled businesses and concentrated ownership. The relationship is tested in a sample of 152 non-financial firms listed on the Pakistan Stock Exchange over a period from 2003 to 2018. Firms’ financial performance is measured through return on assets (ROA), return on equity (ROE), market-to-book ratio (MBR), and Tobin’s Q (TQ), while boardroom independence is measured through the proportion of non-executive directors on the corporate board. Using the dynamic GMM approach to address the possibility of endogeneity, it was found that boardroom independence is significantly negatively related to the financial performance of the sample firms. This negative impact is due to the reason of close ties of outside independent directors (non-executive directors) with dominant shareholders and management in personal, financial, and social terms. A significant negative influence of the board size and CEO duality on firms’ financial performance was also observed. The present study will add to the existing literature on corporate governance and firm financial performance using firm-level manually collected data. Further, our findings will also help the policymakers by providing empirical insights for strengthening corporate governance mechanisms in emerging market economies, specifically in the context of Pakistan.

Corporate Governance Mechanisms and Financial Performance: An Analysis of Listed Companies in Brazil

Purpose: The aim of the study was to investigate the corporate governance mechanisms and financial performance: an analysis of listed companies in Brazil. Methodology: This study adopted a desk methodology. A desk study research design is commonly known as secondary data collection. This is basically collecting data from existing resources preferably because of its low cost advantage as compared to a field research. Our current study looked into already published studies and reports as the data was easily accessed through online journals and libraries. Findings: The analysis of listed companies in Brazil found that strong corporate governance practices are associated with improved financial performance. Factors such as board independence, transparency, and shareholder rights positively influence profitability, liquidity, and market valuation. This highlights the vital role of effective corporate governance mechanisms in fostering investor confidence and driving sustainable financial success in Brazil. Unique Contribution to Theory, Practice and Policy: Agency theory, stakeholder theory & resource dependency theory may be used to anchor future studies on the corporate governance mechanisms and financial performance: an analysis of listed companies in Brazil. By emphasizing the pivotal role of board independence, transparency, and shareholder engagement, the study provides tangible guidance on governance practices that can be effectively implemented to bolster financial performance. Policymakers tasked with overseeing the corporate governance landscape in Brazil

Does ESG implementation influence performance and risk in SMEs?

AbstractThe relationship between Environmental Social and Governance (ESG) activities and financial performance has been explored within large companies. The presence of these activities in Small and Medium Enterprises (SMEs) is still in its early stages in the literature, requiring further empirical evidence. Given the importance of SMEs in economy and based on Stakeholder Theory, a set of hypotheses regarding the influence of ESG on financial and risk performance has been tested using a sample of 538 Spanish SMEs. Specifically, an index has been developed to assess ESG at both global and individual levels. The study analyses the impact of these variables on corporate performance, taking into account factors such as the pandemic period, level of disclosure and the size effect. The results demonstrate the importance of developing and index tailored to measuring ESG within this type of company, as the methodology employed can impact the outcomes. Moreover, at the individual level, all dimensions reflect a significant relationship, but the overall ESG score does not. The social and labor dimensions prove to be the most beneficial indices for enhancing resilience during periods of crisis. Finally, the findings confirm that it is more difficult for SMEs to monetize the results of ESG investment and that disclosing these activities has a positive impact. This study contributes to existing knowledge by constructing a robust measure of the level of ESG implementation and quality, providing valuable insights for SMEs on how to effectively manage their ESG activities.

Disentangling ESG: Environmental, social and governance ratings and financial performance of Polish listed companies

Socially responsible investments are a significant element of the global capital market and are becoming increasingly important also in the eyes of Polish investors. ESG ratings are a crucial decisive criterion, as they provide information on the corporate governance (G), and social (S) and environmental (E) activities, of companies. Even though the abovementioned areas differ significantly, the use of ESG ratings by investors is often narrowed down to the total ESG score. Additionally, the literature does not provide unambiguous results on whether the impact of total score as well as the individual pillars of E, S and G on the accounting-based financial performance of companies is statistically significant, and positive or negative. Sparse academic studies concentrate mainly on highly developed markets and accounting-based measures of profitability, leaving aside emerging markets, like Poland, and the other main characteristics of financial performance, like liquidity, efficiency, or leverage. The aim of this paper is therefore to fill the above gap by identifying the dependence of ratings in E, S and G areas and the accounting-based financial performance of companies listed on the Warsaw Stock Exchange. Selected financial parameters and company quotations were taken from the Notoria Serwis SA database, while data on ESG ratings from Refinitiv Eikon were used to perform correlation analysis. The analysis covers the years 2013–2022. The findings indicate a significant positive bi-directional impact of corporate governance (G) and efficiency, as well as of controversies score and efficiency. A linkage has also been revealed between controversies score and profitability. However, the hypothesis of an unequivocally positive impact of ESG factors on financial results, or conversely of financial results on ESG aspects, should be rejected.

Do Intellectual Capital in the Relationship between Governance and Corporate Financial Performance, Strengthening or Weakening?

This study aims to identify and analyze the role of intellectual capital as a moderating variable in the relationship between governance and firm financial performance. Using panel data regression, this study analyses 412 observation units from 103 manufacturing companies listed on the Indonesia Stock Exchange during 2018-2021. The results show that, partially, both governance and intellectual capital have no significant effect on financial performance. However, when the governance variable has interacted with intellectual capital and a moderation test is conducted, it is found that the interaction variable has a significant effect on financial performance with a positive coefficient. This indicates that intellectual capital acts as a pure moderator variable of the positive effect of governance on financial performance. This result implies that in the absence of high intellectual capital, governance proves to be inefficient in its efforts to improve the firm's financial performance

Corporate Governance Mechanisms and Financial Performance: A Systematic Literature Review in Emerging Markets

This research investigates the relationship between corporate governance mechanisms and financial performance in emerging markets. Through a systematic literature review approach, researchers analyze various studies that have been conducted to understand the role of board of directors composition, institutional ownership, and financial reporting transparency in influencing company performance. The findings show that a diverse board of directors composition, strong institutional ownership, and financial reporting transparency have a significant impact on a company's financial performance. Apart from that, the relationship between corporate governance and financial performance is also supported by various theories such as agency theory, stewardship and collective action. This research provides a better understanding of the importance of effective governance practices in achieving sustainable financial performance in emerging markets.

Board governance model, institutions, financial performance, and environmental performance: Stakeholder supremacy or coordination problems?

AbstractThis study aims to determine the mediating effect of environmental performance (EP) on the relationship among the board governance model (BGM, i.e., one‐ or two‐tier board), institutions (regulatory quality, rule of law, and control of corruption), and financial performance (FP). Motivated by the theoretical disputes surrounding the effectiveness of BGM, this study draws upon the supremacy of shareholders versus stakeholder's perspective and the coercive pressure from institutional theory to explain corporate legitimacy practices. Thus far, only a few studies have explored the role of BGM and institutions in a firm's EP and FP. By analyzing 1112 listed firms in emerging markets from 2013 to 2020, this study shows that institutions positively affect EP and FP through a regulatory quality indicator. Specifically, the two‐tier board indicator improves EP at the expense of FP. Despite the increasing pressure to embrace sustainable practices in countries that adopt the one‐tier board model, the formalization of stakeholder supremacy within the two‐tier board structure is considered beneficial. EP does not act as a mediator in the relationship between BGM and FP.

Governance and Social Sustainability Reporting and Financial Performance of Listed Oil and Gas Firms in Nigeria

The realization that being socially and environmentally responsible can facilitate long-term growth goals, raise productivity and optimize shareholder value has made sustainability issue a major concern for businesses of all sizes to preserve capital for future generations. This study examines the effect of governance sustainability reporting and social sustainability reporting on financial performance of listed oil and gas firms in Nigeria. The ex-po facto research design was adopted with reliance on secondary data from annual report of listed oil and gas firms. The Judgemental sampling technique was employed in selecting the 9 firms out of 10 oil and gas firms in Nigeria for 2011-2022 financial year. Panel regression estimation was used which is random effect by Hausman test which was analyzed using E-views 10. The findings show that governance sustainability reporting and social sustainability reporting has positive significant effect on return on equity of oil and gas firms in Nigeria. The study concludes that that governance sustainability reporting and social sustainability reporting has a positive significant effect on financial performance of listed oil and gas firms in Nigeria. The recommendation is based on the findings of this study that management of listed oil and gas firms in Nigeria should compliance with governance sustainability reporting and social sustainability reporting and be made mandatory for firms and the guidelines for sustainability reporting assessment should be established to compel companies to accommodate sustainability reporting disclosure because of the multiplier effect on financial performance of the firm.

COMPANY VALUE IN KOMPAS 100 INDEX PERIOD 2017-2021: THE ROLE OF GOOD CORPORATE GOVERNANCE, CORPORATE SOCIAL RESPONSIBILITY, AND FINANCIAL PERFORMANCE

The objective of this study is to investigate the impact of Good Corporate Governance (GCG), Corporate Social Responsibility (CSR), Enterprise Risk Management (ERM), and Financial Performance on Company Value. The samples included in this study comprised of companies that were listed in the KOMPAS100 index for the period spanning from 2017 to 2021. The sampling methodology employed in this study was the use of simple random sampling, resulting in a sample size of 40 companies. The employed analytical framework is multiple linear regression analysis, enabled by the application of SPSS software. The findings of this study indicate that the variables of GCG (Good Corporate Governance), CSR (Corporate Social Responsibility), ERM (Enterprise Risk Management), and Financial Performance collectively exert a substantial and favorable impact on the value of a company. To a certain extent, the variables of GCG (Good Corporate Governance) and Financial Performance exhibit a notable and favorable influence on the valuation of a company. Conversely, the factors of CSR (Corporate Social Responsibility) and ERM (Enterprise Risk Management) do not show a statistically significant impact on the magnitude of Company Value. Thus, investors may take into account the inclusion of data pertaining to a company's Good Corporate Governance (GCG) policies and Financial Performance when making investment choices. Company management must acknowledge the significance of implementing efficacious corporate governance processes and augmenting financial performance as strategic measures to enhance the value of the organization.

Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) practices and firms' financial performance: Moderating role of country governance

<abstract> <p>It is becoming increasingly apparent that businesses must consider the impact they have on the environment and society while pursuing profit maximization. As a result, there is a growing need to incorporate sustainable frameworks into business decision-making. By focusing on sustainable performance at the firm level, we addressed a significant gap in understanding how environmental and social Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) impact bottom-line performance and the crucial role that effective country governance plays in implementing sustainability at the organization level. In 2015, the United Nations established Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs), where firms are encouraged to practice in the strategic operation of their businesses. In addition, country governance can play a significant role in adopting sustainable practices and policies that can impact bottom-line performance. In this study, we examined the relationship between environmental and social Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) practices, country governance, and firms' financial performance from 2017 to 2021. The sample data set consisted of top-listed firms in the finance, manufacturing, and technology industries of 100 companies from 17 countries in developed and developing and emerging economies. We utilized content analysis to account for the qualitative aspects of how firms implement social and environmental SDGs. Ten environmental SDGs and eight social SDGs were incorporated in this study as a means of measuring sustainable development goals' impact on a firm's financial performance. We adopted return on assets (ROA) to measure the firm's financial performance. We adopted government effectiveness and regulatory quality to moderate the relationship between social and environmental sustainability practices and firm performance. The panel regression method was exercised to find out the relationship between environmental and social SDGs' impact on financial performance. In addition, we measured the interaction effect between environmental and social SDGs and country governance on firms' performance. We also deployed two-stage least squares (2SLS) regression estimation to mitigate endogeneity concerns. We found that environmental SDGs had a positive and significant impact on firms' financial performance. The coefficient of social SDGs on firm performance was negative and statistically significant. We observed that the coefficient of interaction terms between environmental SDGs and country governance was positive and statistically significant. Moreover, the coefficient interaction terms between social SDGs and country governance were positive and statistically significant, lessening the negative impact of social SDGs on firm financial performance. Finally, we also performed a robustness test on our analysis based on the firm's average capital and average assets. The findings almost held the same.</p> </abstract>

Corporate Governance Attributes and Financial Performance of Listed Industrial Goods Companies in Nigeria

This study investigates the relationship between corporate governance attributes and the financial performance of listed industrial goods companies in Nigeria. The specific objectives of the study were to determine whether corporate governance attributes – board size, board composition, and board committee have any effect on the financial performance of listed industrial goods companies in Nigeria. An ex-post facto research design was used. The study used secondary data from the financial statements and annual reports of the quoted industrial goods companies for the relevant years under consideration (2018-2022). The study, which uses the panel least square regression technique, discovered that the return on assets of listed industrial goods companies in Nigeria is not significantly impacted by the size of the board. The make-up of the board significantly improves the return on assets of Nigerian-listed industrial goods businesses. However, it was discovered that the board committee had no appreciable favorable impact on the return on assets. The present study shows that the financial performance of listed industrial goods businesses in Nigeria is positively impacted by corporate governance. The study concluded that the regulatory body should keep improving regulations that reinforce the makeup of the board of directors based on its results.

How does boardroom diversity influence the relationship between ESG and firm financial performance?

This study examines the impact of Environment, Social, and Governance (ESG) and firm financial performance (FFP), focusing on the moderating role of boardroom diversity (BRD). Panel data of 494 non-financial listed Chinese firms from 2018 to 2022 are analyzed. By employing a robust econometric approach of GMM, we control the model for industry effects, time effects, and potential endogeneity issues. Furthermore, we employ a rigorous and comprehensive approach, utilizing a six-dimensional index to measure boardroom diversity as moderating variable. We find a significant and positive impact of ESG and its sub-dimensions (i.e., environment, social, and governance) on firm performance; nonetheless, the existence of diverse perspectives in the boardroom is found to have a negative impact on the relationship between ESG and FFP. Then, by analyzing the sub-dimensions of BRD, we find that overseas background, degree, age and affiliations diversity have a significantly negative impact, while the impact of function diversity is not statistically significant and the impact of gender diversity is positive and significant. Heterogeneity analysis reveals that BRD's negative impact is more pronounced in non-SOEs and firms with large board size and short board tenure. These findings have important policy implications for managers and practitioners by supporting companies adopting ESG practices. However, they should also be cautious about conflicts when considering boardroom diversity and ESG initiatives regarding FFP. A stable and less divisive corporate governance environment is of great help to ESG practices. We suggest an approach where efforts could be made to promote board diversity that best aligns with sustainability goals.

Dampak Employee Stock Option (ESO) Terhadap Abnormal Return pada Perusahaan Terdaftar di Bursa Efek Indonesia: Analisis Peran Corporate Governance sebagai Pemoderasi

The purpose of this study is to examine how employee stock options (ESOs) affect abnormal returns while controlling corporate governance. Institutional ownership, management ownership, and independent commissioners are the corporate governance proxy variables that are employed. Using a purposive sample technique, the research sample was made up of businesses that were listed between 2015 and 2020 on the Indonesia Stock Exchange. Data from the 20 sample companies were analyzed using moderated regression analysis (MRA). The findings of the study indicate that employee stock options (ESOs) have a major impact on abnormal returns, and that corporate governance plays a crucial moderating role in controlling the relationship between ESOs and abnormal returns. These findings provide a better understanding of the dynamics between ESOs, corporate governance, and corporate financial performance in the Indonesian capital market.

Legal and Financial Synergy: Tax Avoidance as a Moderator of Corporate Governance Mechanisms and Financial Performance

Aims: This research will examine the ongoing recovery conditions in the economic sector after the COVID-19 pandemic for all countries, including Indonesia. This study aims to analyze financial performance after and before the COVID-19 pandemic with tax avoidance as a moderation variable in the relationship of governance mechanisms affecting financial performance. Implications: Tax avoidance will be a moderation variable, while the governance mechanism will be represented by institutional ownership and an audit committee that affects financial performance which will be represented by a Return On Asset (ROA) variable. The sample of this study is 189 manufacturing companies listed on the Indonesia Stock Exchange from 2019 to 2021. Method: This study uses panel data, one of the regression completion procedures with a high degree of flexibility in research that connects theories, concepts, and data that can be done in research. The variables used in this research data analysis method are Regression Ordinary Least Square, Fixed Effects, Random Effects, and Robust with Stata Software. Results: The results showed that the first hypothesis showed that institutional ownership had a significant positive effect on ROA, for the second hypothesis showed that the audit committee had a significant negative effect on, while if moderated by tax avoidance, the results of the third hypothesis would weaken the influence of institutional ownership relations on ROA, while the fourth hypothesis would weaken the influence of the audit committee on tax avoidance.

ESG RATINGS AND THE INVESTOR DECISION-MAKING PROCESS: A COMPARATIVE ANALYSIS OF RATING AGENCIES DATA AND ITS EFFECT ON FINANCIAL PERFORMANCE

Purpose- The purpose of this study is to engage in scholarly research in order to examine the correlation between environmental, social, and governance performance (ESGP) and financial performance (FP) across various industries. The aim is to enhance the overall comprehension of how variations in ESG scores from two rating agencies can potentially impact the relationship between ESGP and FP. Methodology- This study undertakes a comparative and descriptive analysis of panel data comprising 464 companies operating in environmentally sensitive sectors worldwide. The dataset covers the period from 2011 to 2020 and incorporates ESG ratings from Bloomberg and Refinitiv databases, as well as the financial performance metric return on assets (ROA) sourced exclusively from Refinitiv covering the times series of 2012 to 2021. Findings- According to our research, there is evidence of a relationship between ESG scores and return on assets (ROA), with distinct correlations depending on the rating agencies employed. Specifically, Refinitiv ESG scores demonstrate a negative correlation with ROA, while Bloomberg ESG scores reveal a positive correlation. Additionally, our study highlights a positive correlation specifically between the Bloomberg environmental score and ROA. Conclusion- Previous scholarly studies have already established a correlation between the level of information disclosure displayed by corporations and the aforementioned matter being investigated. However, our research suggests that the varying findings documented in existing academic papers may also stem from the utilization of ESG score data sourced from various rating agencies. Keywords: ESG performance, financial performance, ROA, panel data analysis, rating agencies JEL Codes: Q56, G24, C33

Determinant of firm financial performance: Case of Indonesian conventional banks

The objective of this study is to assess the influence of good corporate governance, intellectual capital, credit risk, and sales growth on the financial performance of conventional banking firms that are listed on the Indonesia Stock Exchange throughout the period of 2018-2021. The sample approach employed in this study is purposive sampling. The sample size consists of 21 firms. Various data analysis approaches employ normality testing, double regression tests, hypothesis tests, and determination coefficient tests. The findings indicate that there is no significant relationship between corporate governance performance, intellectual capital, credit risk, sales growth, and financial performance. The results of this study provide practical implications, especially for investors and management of banking companies to consider various factors in improving the company's financial performance.

Corporate Governance Attributes and Financial Performance of Listed Industrial Goods Companies in Nigeria

Corporate governance is the system by which the affairs of the companies are directed and controlled by those charged with the responsibility. The purpose of this study is to investigate the relationship between corporate governance attributes and the financial performance of listed industrial goods companies in Nigeria. The methodology adopted in this study was an ex -post facto research design. Secondary data from eleven (11) listed industrial goods companies in Nigeria for the period of eleven (11) years (2009-2019) was obtained based on the convenience sampling method. The statistical tools used were multiple regression analysis and Pearson’s product-moment correlation aided by the statistical package for social science (SPSS) version 22. The finding showed that corporate governance had a significant positive relationship with financial performance. Likewise, the board size, board composition and board member competence have a positive relationship with net profit margin. It was concluded that corporate governance attributes influence the financial performance of listed industrial goods companies in Nigeria. It was recommended among others that external auditors should be mandated to issue certificates of compliance with the code of corporate governance for public companies as it is obtainable in some countries like India. Likewise, Appraisal tools for regular monitoring of boards of directors should be developed to help create credibility in corporations in Nigeria. Competent outside directors with requisite experience should be appointed to the board at all times necessary.

Corporate Governance Standard and Financial Performance of Nigerian Health Care Manufacturing Companies

This study examined the extent at which corporate governance standard affects financial performance on health care manufacturing companies in Nigeria from 2012 to 2021. Ex Post Facto research design was adopted for the study. Six health care manufacturing companies were selected for the study. Data were extracted from annual reports and accounts of the sampled health care companies and regression analysis was employed to test the hypotheses. The results show that shareholders relationship has significant effect on return on equity of health care manufacturing companies in Nigeria while remuneration has no significant effect on return on equity of health care manufacturing companies in Nigeria. Based on the findings of this study, it was recommended that the company’s management should consider a judicious and reasonable reimbursement level of board’s members to attract a realistic relation between shareholders and company’s management, hence, enhance firm’s financial performance in the intensification of shareholders’ value

Corporate Governance Practices and Financial Performance of Quoted Insurance Firms in Nigeria

This study empirically investigated the relationship between corporate governance practices and financial performance of quoted insurance firms in Nigeria. Corporate governance practices were proxied by audit board composition, board size and audit committee size while financial performance was proxied by profit after tax. The population of the study consists of 23 quoted insurance firms in Nigeria. The study adopts judgmental sampling techniques to select 15 quoted insurance firms in Nigeria. Secondary data were obtained from audited annual financial reports of quoted insurance firms from 2010-2022. The study adopts ordinary least square regression to test hypotheses formulated for the study with the aid of Eviews 10 econometrics statistical software. The findings show that audit committee size had positive and insignificant impact on profit after taxof quoted insurance firms in Nigeria. Empirical evidence shows that board composition had positive and significant impact on profit after tax of quoted insurance firms in Nigeria. Empirical evidence indicates that board size had negative and insignificant impact on profit after tax of quoted insurance firms in Nigeria. Empirical evidence of the overall model suggest that audit committee size, board composition and board size jointly had positive and significant impact on profit after tax of quoted insurance firms in Nigeria. The study concludes that audit committee size, board composition and board size improved financial performance of quoted insurance firms in Nigeria. Thus the study recommends among others that corporate board structures and audit committee should be based on professional qualification, skills, experience and competency and ensures accountability, transparency and effective internal control assessment to improve financial performance. Board size with large proportion of non executive members will boost financial performance, because large board sizes that are independent are more