Gotjawal Research Articles

Comparison of plant species diversity and its relationship with physical environmental factors in Gotjawal Forest, Jeju Island, Republic of Korea, using the modified Whittaker plot method

Comparison of plant species diversity and its relationship with physical environmental factors in Gotjawal Forest, Jeju Island, Republic of Korea, using the modified Whittaker plot method

Chryseobacterium gotjawalense sp. nov. Isolated from Soil in the Volcanic Forest Gotjawal, Jeju Island.

Strain wdc7T, a rod-shaped bacterium, was isolated from soil in the Gotjawal Forest on Jeju Island, South Korea. Strain wdc7T was Gram stain-negative, facultatively anaerobic, catalase- and oxidase positive, yellow pigmented, and non-flagellated. It grew at 4-37 °C and pH 5.0-8.0 in 0-3% (w/v) NaCl. 16S rRNA gene sequencing analysis revealed that strain wdc7T belonged to the genus Chryseobacterium and was most closely related to Chryseobacterium salivictor NBC 122T, with a sequence similarity of 98.51%. Menaquinone 6 was the sole respiratory quinone, and C15:0 anteiso, C15:0 iso, and summed feature 9 were the major fatty acids. The genome length was 3.30 Mbp, with a 37% G + C content. Average amino acid identity, average nucleotide identity, and digital DNA-DNA relatedness between strain wdc7T and C. salivictor NBC 122T were 93.52%, 92.80%, and 49.7%, respectively. Digital genomic and polyphasic analyses showed that strain wdc7T likely represented a new species of the genus Chryseobacterium. We proposed the name Chryseobacterium gotjawalense sp. nov., with wdc7T (= KCTC 92440T = JCM 35602T) as the type strain.

Analysis on Water Retention Rate according to Water Cycle Characteristics in Jeju Gotjawal Forest

Analysis on Water Retention Rate according to Water Cycle Characteristics in Jeju Gotjawal Forest

Microscale GIS Analysis of Landscape Perception for Improved Forest Spatial Planning along Gotjawal Forest Trail in Jeju Island, South Korea

Microscale GIS Analysis of Landscape Perception for Improved Forest Spatial Planning along Gotjawal Forest Trail in Jeju Island, South Korea

Characterization of a nifH-Harboring Bacterial Community in the Soil-Limited Gotjawal Forest.

Using a high-throughput metagenomic approach, we evaluated nifH-harboring bacterial communities and their assembly in the Gotjawal forest, which was naturally formed on basalt rocks with thin layer of soil. Significant differences in soil properties and community structure were observed in comparison with similar communities in various habitats, including other lava-formed forests (on Jeju Island and in Hawaii) and in regions with high humidity (Florida) or low temperatures (Alaska). nifH-harboring bacterial communities were found to assemble along gradients of environmental factors, particularly cation-exchange capacity. Unlike in other regions, in the Gotjawal forest, Paenibacillus and Clostridium, which belong to the phylum Firmicutes, were present in significantly higher proportion than in other regions. Network analysis suggested that much fewer co-occurrence relationships occurred in the Gotjawal forest than in other lava-formed forests. Our results indicate that the unique nifH-harboring bacterial community and its assembly in the Gotjawal forest are due to its distinctive soil properties, which has implications for microbial interactions and functional potentials.

Consideration of defining Gotjawal

Consideration of defining Gotjawal

제주 곶자왈 역사·문화자원의 보존가치 추정 : 제주도민을 대상으로

제주도 곶자왈은 제주도에만 분포되어 있는 독특한 산림생태계로 청동기시대~1950년대까지의 오랜 역사와 주거, 농경, 신앙 등 다양한 역사･문화자원을 지니고 있다, 본 연구의 목적은 제주도 곶자왈 방문경험이 있는 제주도민을 대상으로 비시장가치평가법인 이중양분선택형 조건부가치평가법(double bounded contingent valuation)을 적용하여, 곶자왈 역사･문화자원의 보존가치(편익)를 경제적으로 추정하는데 있다. 곶자왈 역사･문화자원 보존편익의 경제적 평가를 위하여 제주도민을 대상으로 곶자왈 탐방객의 방문횟수, 방문만족도, 이용경험, 인지도, 지불의사 및 지불거부 이유 등에 대해 2016년 9월 24일~10월 1일까지 1,000부를 설문전문기관인 미래리서치에서 실시하였다. 그 결과 곶자왈 탐방객의 75% 이상이 2번 이상 방문한 경험이 있으며, 82% 이상이 ‘산책/휴식(명상)의 목적으로 방문하였으며, 곶자왈 역사·문화자원 보존이 후생증대에 크게 기여하는 것으로 응답하였다. 반면에 곶자왈 탐방객의 14%만이 ‘곶자왈 역사·문화유적’을 견학하기 위해서 방문하는 것으로 응답하였으며, 곶자왈의 이용가치에 22%, 존재가치에 17%, 상속가치에 43%, 선택가치에 18%를 각각 배분하는 것으로 응답하였다. 곶자왈 역사·문화자원 보존편익의 경제적 가치를 살펴보면, 지불의사액 모형으로부터 도출된 지불의사액(중앙값)은 3,157.02원/방문/인으로 서순복(2010)의 2,198.90원의 보다 높고, 임상오･신철오(2013)의 산수실경에 대한 평균 지불의사액 7,506.9원보다는 낮은 수준이다. 추정된 지불의사액을 토대로 제주지역 전체의 편익을 산출해 보면 2017년 기준의 가구 규모인 266,972가구로 환산하는 경우 연간 약 5.59억원(지불의사액 3,157.02원×266,972가구×6.63회/년)이다. 이러한 연구 결과는 곶자왈 역사･문화자원의 보존을 위한 기초로 자료로 활용가능하며, 추정된 지불의사액은 곶자왈의 관리비용을 위한 기금 및 입장료의 기초자료로 활용될 수 있다. 다만, 제주도민의 경우 곶자왈을 역사･문화자원의 중요성보다는 휴양, 산책의 목적으로 대부분이 활용･인식하고 있다는데 한계가 있다. 이러한 차원에서 곶자왈 산림생태역사문화박물관건립을 통해 제주도민과 방문객들에게 곶자왈 생태･역사･문화를 적극적으로 홍보할 필요가 있다.

Changes of Stress Hormone Cortisol After Visiting the Gotjawal Forest in Jejudo

Changes of Stress Hormone Cortisol After Visiting the Gotjawal Forest in Jejudo

The past, present and future of Gotjawal -Questions and proposals about the existence of Gotjawal-

The past, present and future of Gotjawal -Questions and proposals about the existence of Gotjawal-

The major causes of Gotjawal formation in Jeju Island

화산섬 제주도에서는 용암류 상에 형성된 독특한 자연숲을 ‘곶자왈’ 이라 부른다. 본 연구에서는 제주도 북동부의 구좌-성산곶자왈과 제주도 남서부 안덕곶자왈에 대하여 수치고도모델(DEM)을 이용한 음영기복도 및 경사분석도, 야외 암상기재 등의 방법을 이용하여 곶자왈의 토대를 이루는 용암유역도를 새롭게 작성하고, 용암류와 그 상위에 형성된 곶자왈과의 성인적 관계를 살펴보았다. 연구결과, 구좌-성산곶자왈의 토대를 이루는 용암류가 인근의 여러 단성화산(오름)에서 유래했다는 기존의 연구와 달리 대부분의 용암류가 동거문오름에서 유래하였으며, 구좌-성산 곶자왈의 북동부 일부분 지대(둔지봉 남쪽부분)는 둔지봉에서 분출한 용암류 내에 분포한다. 안덕곶자왈은 기존연구에서 제시된 바와 같이 병악오름에서 유래한 용암유역 내에 분포한다. 층서적 관점에서 곶자왈을 이루는 용암류의 하위에는 고토양이 분포하는데 비해, 용암류의 상부, 즉 곶자왈 지표에는 토양층이 매우 희박하다. 이러한 곶자왈의 표면적 특징은 곶자왈을 이루는 용암류가 고토양층을 덮은 후 용암류 표면에 토양이 퇴적되거나 침전되는 시간이 매우 짧았음을 지시하는 것으로, 곶자왈을 이루는 용암류가 매우 젊은 용암류임을 의미하는 것이다. 이러한 추론은 구좌-성산곶자왈(약 9,400년), 조천곶자왈 중 선흘곶자왈 (약 1.1만년), 안덕곶자왈(Lee et al., 2014: 약 5,000년)에 있어서 용암류 하위의 고토양층에서 얻은 매우 젊은 방사성탄소연대 결과에 의해 지지된다. 우리는 곶자왈지대의 특징과 층서관계를 바탕으로 곶자왈 형성(잔존)의 가장 큰 원인은 ⓛ 용암류의 매우 젊은 연대, ② 그로 인한 토양층의 부재, ③ 지형기복에 있을 것으로 판단한다. 앞으로 곶자왈을 이루는 용암류를 대상으로 한 직?간접적인 연대측정연구가 보다 활발히 이루어진다면, 용암류의 연대를 보다 명확히 밝힐 수 있을 것이다.

Pyrosequencing analysis of a bacterial community associated with lava-formed soil from the Gotjawal forest in Jeju, Korea.

In this study, we analyzed the bacterial diversity in soils collected from Gyorae Gotjawal forest, where globally unique topography, geology, and ecological features support a forest grown on basalt flows from 110,000 to 120,000 years ago and 40,000 to 50,000 years ago. The soils at the site are fertile, with rocky areas, and are home to endangered species of plants and animals. Rainwater penetrates to the groundwater aquifer, which is composed of 34% organic matter containing rare types of soil and no soil profile. We determined the bacterial community composition using 116,475 reads from a 454-pyrosequencing analysis. This dataset included 12,621 operational taxonomic units at 3% dissimilarity, distributed among the following groups: Proteobacteria (56.2%) with 45.7% of α-Proteobacteria, Actinobacteria (25%), Acidobacteria (10.9%), Chloroflexi (2.4%), and Bacteroidetes (0.9%). In addition, 16S rRNA gene sequences were amplified using polymerase chain reaction and domain-specific primers to construct a clone library based on 142 bacterial clones. These clones were affiliated with the following groups: Proteobacteria (56%) with 51% of α-Proteobacteria, Acidobacteria (7.8%), Actinobacteria (17.6%), Chloroflexi (2.1%), Bacilli (1.4%), Cyanobacteria (2.8%), and Planctomycetes (1.4%). Within the phylum Proteobacteria, 56 of 80 clones were tentatively identified as 12 unclassified genera. Several new genera and a new family were discovered within the Actinobacteria clones. Results from 454-pyrosequencing revealed that 57% and 34% of the sequences belonged to undescribed genera and families, respectively. The characteristics of Gotjawal soil, which are determined by lava morphology, vegetation, and groundwater penetration, might be reflected in the bacterial community composition.

The Archaea Community Associated with Lava-Formed Gotjawal Forest Soil in Jeju, Korea

The abundance and diversity of archaeal assemblages were analyzed in soils collected from Gyorae Gotjawal forest, Jeju, Korea. Gotjawal soil refers to soil derived from a lava-formed forest, characterized by high organic matter content, fertility, and poor rocky soil. Using domain-specific primers, archaeal 16S rRNA gene sequences were PCR amplified for clone library construction, and a total of 185 archaeal clones were examined. The archaeal clones were affiliated with the phyla Thaumarchaeota (96.2%) and Euryarchaeota (3.8%). The most abundant thaumarchaeal group (90.3% of the clones) was the group I.1b clade, which includes soil ammonia-oxidizing archaea. The unique characteristics of Gotjawal soil, including basalt morphology, vegetation, and groundwater aquifer penetration, may be reflected in the archaeal community composition. Further study is necessary to understand the unique factors of Gotjawal soils that influence archaeal abundance, composition, and diversity.

선흘 곶자왈 동백동산의 선태식물상 연구

본 연구는 제주도 한라산 북동사면의 선흘 곶자왈에 위치하고 있는 동백동산의 선태식물을 대상으로 하였다. 식물상 조사 결과, 선류는 22 과 44 속 62 종, 태류는 12 과 16 속 23 종으로 총 85 종이 확인되었다. 이 중 Diphyscium perminutum Takaki, Racomitrium japonicum Dozy & Molk., 그리고 Isopterygium minutirameum (M $\ddot{u}$ . Hal.) A. Jaeger.는 한국미기록식물에 해당하여 본 연구를 통해 기재하였다. 태류지수는 27.0%이고, 직물형의 생활형에 해당하는 선태식물이 가장 많이 분포하는 것으로 나타났다. 또한 중습성 또는 습성의 환경에 주로 생육하는 선태식물의 비율이 건조한 환경에서 주로 출현하는 선태식물의 비율보다 높았다. 본 연구를 통해 조사지 내의 상록활엽수림, 습지, 나지 등에 의한 다양한 환경 요인이 종의 조성과 분포에 영향을 미치고 있는 것으로 파악되었다. 그리고 이 지역에서 암석은 선태식물에 미소환경을 제공하는 데 있어 주요한 요인으로 작용하는 기질이었다. 특히, 동백동산의 소택지에 분포하는 선태식물은 면적에 비해 독특하고 다양하며, 관속식물과 함께 모자이크 공간 유형의 식물군락을 이루는 것으로 나타났다. 아울러 제주고사리삼과 자생지의 보존과 복원을 위한 기초 자료를 제공할 수 있도록 한국 고유 양치식물인 제주고사리삼이 자생하는 소택지를 대상으로 한 보다 정밀하고 종합적인 조사를 제안하는 바이다. 【This study presents a survey on the bryophytes in Dongbaek-dongsan located at Seonheul Gotjawal on the north-eastern face of Mt. Halla in Jeju Island, Korea. A total of 85 taxa belonging to the Bryophyta (22 families 44 genera 62 species), Marchantiophyta (12 families 16 genera 23 species) were found. Among them, 3 moss species, Diphyscium perminutum Takaki, Racomitrium japonicum Dozy & Molk., and Isopterygium minutirameum (M $\ddot{u}$ . Hal.) A. Jaeger. were new additions to the bryophyte flora of Korea. The liverwort index was 27.0%. Predominant life-form was weft. The rates for the bryophytes dominating in mesic to hygric sites were higher than for the bryophytes mainly observed in xeric habitats. We considered that the composition and distribution of species are affected by the different environmental factors according to the evergreen broad-leaved forests, wetlands and exposed spaces. Moreover, the rocks were the substrate type that play a major role in providing the micro-habitats for bryophytes in this area. Particularly, the bryophytes of swamps in this area were very unique and various for its limited space and showed plant communities with mosaic spatial pattern, along with vascular plants. We suggest more detailed and comprehensive studies on the swamps where endemic fern Mankyua chejuense B. -Y. Sun, M. H. Kim & C. H. Kim inhabits to provide valuable information for the conservation and restoration of the species and habitats.】

Human influence, regeneration, and conservation of the Gotjawal forests in Jeju Island, Korea

Gotjawal, a uniquely formed forest vegetation on the lava terrain located at eastern and western parts of Jeju Island, covers 6% of the island’s land surface. The Gotjawal forests play important roles in establishing the biological and cultural diversity while maintaining ecosystem services. Recently, with the recognition of the diverse ecological and cultural values of the Gotjawal forests, efforts to conserve the forests were conducted by adopting the resolutions of the Jeju World Conservation Congress of the IUCN held in 2012. Despite its precious values, the Gotjawal forest is being threatened by the developmental activities of large scale constructions projects. To understand the recent regeneration of the Gotjawal forests, ecological studies have been conducted at the Hankyeong-Andeok Gotjawal Terrain, which is located in the western part and occupies the largest area of the Gotjawal Terrain of Jeju Island. Major vegetation in the area includes the deciduous broad-leaved forests (Acer palmatum–Styrax japonicus community), mixed deciduous and evergreen broad-leaved forests (Neolitsea aciculata–Styrax japonicus community), and evergreen broad-leaved forests (Quercus glauca community). In addition, the Gotjawal forests are evaluated as secondary forests mainly developed from sprouts. Tree-ring studies have revealed that the Gotjawal forests were regenerated from mid- to late-1960s after the cessation of human activities for using woods for various resources.