Gooseberry Extract Research Articles

Effect of Indian gooseberry extract on improving methylglyoxal-associated leptin resistance in peripheral tissues of high-fat diet-fed rats.

Increased leptin resistance and methylglyoxal (MG) levels are observed in obese patients. However, whether MG deposits contribute to leptin resistance, oxidative stress, and inflammation in peripheral tissues remains unclear. In addition, the edible fruit of Indian gooseberry (Phyllanthus emblica L.) contains abundant bioactive components such as vitamin C, β-glucogallin (β-glu), gallic acid (GA), and ellagic acid (EA). Water extract of Indian gooseberry fruit (WEIG) and GA has been shown to improve cognitive decline by suppressing brain MG-induced insulin resistance in rats administered a high-fat diet (HFD). Accordingly, this study investigated the functions of WEIG and GA in inhibiting MG-induced leptin resistance, oxidative stress, and inflammation in the peripheral tissues of HFD-fed rats. The results showed that MG, advanced glycation end products (AGEs), and leptin resistance accumulation in the liver, kidney, and perinephric fat were effectively restored by elevated glyoxalase-1 (Glo-1) activity after WEIG and GA administration comparable to that of alagebrium chloride (positive control) treatment in HFD-fed rats. Furthermore, WEIG and GA supplementation increased adiponectin and antioxidant enzymes (glutathione peroxidase, superoxide dismutase, catalase) and decreased inflammatory cytokines (IL-6, IL-1β, TNF-α) in the peripheral tissues of HFD-fed rats. In conclusion, these findings demonstrated that MG may trigger leptin resistance, oxidative stress, and inflammation in peripheral tissues, which could be abolished by WEIG and GA treatment. These results show the potential of P. emblica for functional food development and improving obesity-associated metabolic disorders.

The exploration of indigenous plant-based coagulant for sumbawanese cheese production as probiotic source

Sumbawa cow's milk processing is still limited even though it has the potential to be developed. Therefore, a diversification product like cheese as a source of probiotic is required. Cheese derived from milk that is coagulated using rennet which is expensive and has high halal critical point. Thus, an alternative coagulant that is affordable with low halal critical point such as local plant-based material is needed. This study used Sumbawa local cow’s milk to produce cheese which coagulated using pineapple and gooseberry and the addition of Lactobacillus lactis as the lactic acid bacteria. Observed parameters were clotting time, yield, hardness, protein, total fat, total lactic acid bacteria, and sensory quality. This experiment showed that the cheese yielded using pineapple was higher than that of gooseberry, while the cheese coagulated using gooseberry (26714 N/m2) was having firmer texture. Meanwhile, clotting time, protein content and total fat content of the cheese coagulated using both coagulants were the same. The total lactic acid bacteria of the cheese coagulated using pineapple and gooseberry was similar 10.80 Log CFU/mg and 10.84 Log CFU/mg, respectively. Sensory evaluation using quantitative descriptive analysis showed that the cheese coagulated using pineapple extract has higher aftertaste and bitter taste. Meanwhile, the cheese coagulated using gooseberry extract was dry, grainy, yellowish, and its overall acceptance was higher than that of pineapple.

Natural pigments (anthocyanins and chlorophyll) and antioxidants profiling of European red and green gooseberry (Ribes uva-crispa L.) extracted using green techniques (UAE-citric acid-mediated extraction)

Green techniques to extract natural pigments are gaining prominence among consumers and food industries. This trend is predominantly due to the harmful effects imparted by commonly used synthetic dyes and the unwarranted stress created on our ecosystem. The objectives of this study were to obtain natural pigments (anthocyanins and chlorophyll) from Estonian-gown European green and red gooseberries by ultrasonic-assisted citric acid-mediated extraction method and perform antioxidant profiling (quantification via HPLC analysis). Green gooseberry extracts showed lower content of targeted compounds, with low concentrations of rutin (0.7–1.2 mg/L) and quercetin 3-glucoside (0.9–1.3 mg/L), while in the red gooseberry extracts, the amount was slightly higher (1.4–6.9 and 1.0–1.3 mg/L, respectively) with 0.6–6.8 mg/L cyanidin 3-glucoside and 0.32–0.35 mg/L peonidin 3 glucoside recorded. Further, the yield of anthocyanins ranged between 1.14–1.79 and 1.86–3.63 mg/100 g in green and red gooseberries, respectively. Total phenols ranged between 162–392 and 263–987 mg GAE/100 g in green and red gooseberry extracts, respectively. The DPPH free radicals scavenging activity showed 73–86% and 87–91% inhibition in both green and red gooseberry, respectively. Results showed significant improvements in pigment extraction with higher values obtained for targeted antioxidant compounds using conventional and UAE extraction (aqueous extract), thus confirming that green extractions are a reliable technique to obtain pigments of interest from natural sources. The results support consumers' demand and open up the avenue to explore pigments as natural colourants in food and cosmetics applications.

Chemical Characterization, Nutritional and Bioactive Properties of Physalis peruviana Fruit from High Areas of the Atacama Desert.

Physalis peruviana L. belongs to the Solanaceae family and produces a spherical fruit used to treat various diseases. However, the chemical composition, nutritional characterization, and bioactive properties of the P. peruviana growing in the Andean region of the Atacama Desert have not been conducted so far. The results showed clear differences in the nutritional and bioactive characteristics of the fruits grown in arid environmental conditions, which were comparable to those from countries with a production tradition. The fruits studied showed a higher Ca, Cu, Mn, P, and Zn content and bioactive compounds such as flavonoids and tannins than those reported in the literature. UHPLC was performed to determine the main phenols. Gallic acid was identified as the predominant phenolic compound in this species (303.63 mg/100 g FW), of which to our knowledge no previous study has reported similar concentrations in this species. Moreover, Cape gooseberry extract has antioxidant and antimicrobial activity against Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria. Pseudomonas syringae (MIC 0.313 mg/mL and MBC 1.25 mg/mL) was the most susceptible bacterium. Meanwhile, Erwinia rhapontici was the most resistant bacterium (MIC and MIB 5.00 mg/mL). Furthermore, it was found to inhibit α-amylase activity with an IC50 value (39.28 µg/mL) similar to that of acarbose (35.74 µg/mL). These results expand the knowledge of the species cultivated in arid environmental conditions and suggest an alternative for the potential use of this fruit to manage chronic diseases such as diabetes.

Bio-Inspired Silver Nanoparticles Impose Metabolic and Epigenetic Toxicity to Saccharomyces cerevisiae.

Silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) have many applications in various fields, including biomedical applications. Due to the broad range of applications, they are considered as the leading fraction of manufactured nanoparticles. AgNPs are synthesized by different types of chemical and biological (green) methods. Previously, biologically synthesized AgNPs were considered safe for the environment and humans. However, new toxicity evidence have initiated a more careful assessment to delineate the toxicity mechanisms associated with these nanoparticles. This study demonstrates the use of aqueous gooseberry extract for AgNP preparation in a time- and cost-effective way. Ultraviolet-visible spectroscopy, X-ray diffraction, transmission electron microscopy, and dynamic light scattering confirm the formation of AgNPs, with an average size between 50 and 100 nm. Untargeted 1H-nuclear magnetic resonance-based metabolomics revealed manyfold up- and down-regulation in the concentration of 55 different classes of annotated metabolites in AgNP-exposed yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae cells. Based on their chemical nature and cellular functions, these metabolites are classified into amino acids, glycolysis and the tricarboxylic acid (TCA) cycle, organic acids, nucleotide metabolism, urea cycle, and lipid metabolism. Transcriptome analysis revealed that the genes involved in oxidative stress mitigation maintain their expression levels, whereas the genes of the TCA cycle and lipid metabolism show drastic down-regulation upon AgNP exposure. Moreover, they can induce alteration in histone epigenetic marks by altering the methylation and acetylation of selected histone H3 and H4 proteins. Altogether, we conclude that the selected dose of biologically synthesized AgNPs impose toxicity by modulating the transcriptome, epigenome, and metabolome of eukaryotic cells, which eventually cause disequilibrium in cellular metabolism leading to toxicity.

Biological Evaluation of Dihydropyrimidinone Synthesized from Vanillin, Ethylacetoacetate and Urea using Gooseberry Extract

Biological Evaluation of Dihydropyrimidinone Synthesized from Vanillin, Ethylacetoacetate and Urea using Gooseberry Extract

Determining Iron(III) Concentration in a Green Chemistry Experiment Using Phyllanthus emblica (Indian Gooseberry) Extract and Spectrophotometry

A laboratory experiment utilizing locally available Indian Gooseberry (Phyllanthus emblica Linn.) extract as a bioreagent to determine iron(III) is described with the goal of providing students with hands-on experience in spectrophotometry and green chemistry. Spectrophotometry was used to measure the concentration of the complex formed between iron(III) and gallic acid, an active compound found in Indian Gooseberry extract. Excellent results from the quantitative analysis of iron(III) in water were achieved. In this case, the bioreagent was used to replace the conventional hazardous chemicals that are usually employed as chromogenic reagents. The use of Indian Gooseberry extract is simple, inexpensive, and environmentally friendly. This experiment is appropriate for use as a simple spectrophotometric protocol for undergraduate teaching in an analytical- or general-chemistry laboratory.

A comparison of the effect of application of sodium ascorbate and amla (Indian gooseberry) extract on the bond strength of brackets bonded to bleached human enamel: An In vitro study

Whitening of teeth is a popular choice among dental clinicians and patients. However, the changes in enamel structure and composition induced by the bleaching agents cause a decrease in the shear bond strength of brackets leading to premature bracket debonding. Among several methods to overcome this, the most common is delaying bonding by 2-4 weeks. This waiting period can be eliminated by applying an antioxidant (sodium ascorbate) which causes a reversal in the reduction of bond strength. This study aims to compare the efficacy of a naturally occurring antioxidant (gooseberry) and sodium ascorbate in normalizing the bond strength of enamel to prebleached levels. Seventy-two extracted premolars were divided into 4 equal groups; 1st group - control group - unbleached teeth, bonded directly, 2nd group - bleached with 16% carbamide peroxide (8 h for 1 week), then bonded. 3rd and 4th group - similarly bleached, followed by application of 10% sodium ascorbate and gooseberry extract (3 h respectively), then bonded. Bond strength was checked using Instron Universal Testing Machine. The bond strength of the control group was the highest and that of the carbamide group was drastically reduced. Considerable increase in the bond strength was seen after treatment with sodium ascorbate with negligible difference between sodium ascorbate and control group (P > 0.05). Treatment with gooseberry extract did improve the bond strength but was not as effective as sodium ascorbate postbleaching.

Phyllanthus emblica L. (Indian gooseberry) extracts protect against retinal degeneration in a mouse model of amyloid beta-induced Alzheimer’s disease

This study was to evaluate the protective effect of Phyllanthus emblica L. (Indian gooseberry) on retinal degeneration in a well-characterized animal model of Alzheimer’s disease. RGC-5 cells were treated with Indian gooseberry extract (IGE), and intracellular antioxidant activity was evaluated. IGE was orally administered to mice for 21days, then amyloid beta (Aβ) was administered by intracerebroventricular injection to induce neuronal damage in the brain and retina, and enucleated eyes were collected from the mice and analyzed using western blots and histological assays. As a result, we found that IGE inhibited intracellular oxidative stress and reduced the severity of histological changes caused by Aβ-induced retinal degeneration in retinal tissue. Furthermore, it regulated the levels of neurofilament (NF)-L, thymocyte differentiation antigen 1 (Thy-1), and sirtuin 1 (SIRT1) in the retina. These findings demonstrate that IGE protects against retinal degeneration and suggest that this effect is attributable to its antioxidant properties.

Assaying the Formation of Beneficial Biofilms by Lactic Acid Bacteria and the Effect of Ayurvedic Plant Extracts on Their Enhancement

Antibiotic resistance is increasingly becoming more dangerous and harmful. This study aimed to obtain the optimal non-antibiotic, natural method to suppress the growth of pathogenic bacteria within the body. The two-fold purpose of this project was to determine which combination of bacteria would result in the most biofilm formation and then to assess the lowest, median, and highest biofilm formation combinations to see the effect of ayurvedic plant extracts on the biofilm. S. thermophilus, L. lactis, and L. mesenteroides subsp. mesenteroides alone and L. lactis, L. mesenteroides subsp. mesenteroides plus gooseberry extract resulted in the most biofilm formation. The results show that the addition of a plant extract can affect the biofilm growth of a bacteria combination. The applications of this study can be used to design probiotic supplements with added beneficial plant extracts.

Efficacy of superior antioxidant Indian gooseberry extract-incorporated edible Indian gooseberry puree/methylcellulose composite films on enhancing the shelf life of roasted cashew nut

Indian gooseberry puree (IGP)/methylcellulose (MC) composite films were formulated using response surface methodology (RSM). Indian gooseberry extract (IGE) was incorporated into IGP/MC composite films. IGE-incorporated IGP/MC films were subsequently investigated using 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) radical scavenging and ferric reducing antioxidant power (FRAP) assays. The efficacy of IGE-incorporated IGP/MC films on roasted cashew nut (RCN) quality during 90-day and 27-day storages at 27 and 37 °C, respectively, was investigated in terms of physical, chemical and sensory qualities. The selected formulation obtained by RSM was 1.80% w/v polyethylene glycol-400 (PEG-400) and 4.10% w/v MC. IGE-incorporated IGP/MC films showed higher antioxidant activities than that of IGE-free IGP/MC film. A 0.5% w/w IGE-incorporated IGP/MC film was highly efficacious against RCN quality deterioration, and therefore be a promising application of this superior IGE-incorporated IGP/MC composite film to extend the shelf life of RCN during storage at ambient and accelerated conditions.

Effect of Ethanolic Extract of <I>Phyllanthus emblica</I> on Captan Induced Oxidative Stress <I>in vivo</I>

Pesticides include all classes of chemicals used for killing or repelling insects, fungi, vegetation, and rodents. Eventhough they are in a way beneficial since they can protect against forest and farm crop losses aid in more efficient food production and are instrumental in controlling insect‐vector borne diseases, their increased use has several drawbacks including health effects, loss of bio‐diversity and irreversible changes and degradation of natural ecosystems. In the present study, the nutraceutical, Phyllanthus emblica are evaluated for their ability to protect against Captan, a fungicide, induced genotoxicity and oxidative stress, in vivo . Chronic exposure to pesticides adversely affects various organ systems and theses effects have been attributed to increased oxidative stress and cellular DNA damage. Oxidative stress induced by Captan was studied in vivo by analyzing the extent of lipid peroxidation and levels of GSH in the gill tissue of fish (guppy) grown in water containing Captan in presence or absence of gooseberry extracts. The genotoxicity of Captan and the genoprotective action of gooseberry was studied using comet assay on gill tissue of fish (guppy) grown in water containing Captan in presence or absence of the extracts. The results clearly indicated that the extracts could mitigate captan induced oxidative stress and genotoxicity which could be due to the efficient free radical scavenging activity by the extracts.

Biological Activity of the Methanol and Water Extracts of the Fruits of Anthocyanin-Rich Plants Grown in South-West Poland

In this study we focused on the chemical composition, antioxidant, anti-inflammatory and antibacterial properties of methanol and water extracts of fruits of six species grown in south-west Poland: blackberry, blackcurrant, chokeberry, cherry, gooseberry and raspberry. No general correlation could be drawn between extract chemical properties (i.e. antioxidant and free radical scavenging) and observed biological effects. However, blackcurrant and blackberry extracts (both methanol and water) appeared to be good antioxidants and free radical scavengers, as well as effective inhibitors of E. coli adhesion to the uroepithelial cells. On the other hand, the poorest antioxidants and free radical scavengers, cherry and gooseberry extracts, also poorly affected bacterial growth, swimming ability and adhesion to epithelial cells. Surprisingly, gooseberry extracts, which showed generally weak effects, appearedto be the most effective inhibitor of bacterial biofilm formation. Additionally, most of the studied extracts showed reasonably strong anti-inflammatory properties.

Volatile compounds, antioxidants, and anticancer activities of Cape gooseberry fruit (Physalis peruviana L.): An in-vitro study

Background/aim Cape gooseberry is golden-colored spherical fruit commercially produced in Egypt. It is primarily used in folk medicine for treating some diseases. To identify the aroma compounds in Cape gooseberry and to evaluate its antioxidant activities as well as its anticancer (for colon and breast cancers) effects in human cell lines. Materials and methods The volatile compounds were identified using gas chromatography (GC) and gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS). Polyphenols (phenolics and flavonoids) were also determined. Antioxidant activity was determined by three different methods: 2,2΄-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH), 2,2-azinobis(3-ethyl-benzothiazoline-6-sulfonic acid) (ABTS), and ferric reducing antioxidant power (FRAP) assays. Anticancer (for colon or breast cancer) activity was determined in cancer cell lines using 3-(4,5-dimethyl-2-thiazolyl)-2,5-diphenyl-2H-tetrazolium bromide (MTT) assay. Results A total of 34 components of the essential oil were identified by GC and GC-MS. The volatile compounds were grouped in classes of substances, including 11 terpene compounds (six monoterpenoids and five sesquiterpene), 11 esters, five alcohols, two phenolic compounds, two aldehydes, two ketones, and one lactone. Terpenes (monoterpenes and sesquiterpenes) were the most abundant volatile constituents, accounting for the largest portion of the total volatiles (36.09%). The next most abundant compounds were esters, comprising 17.17% of the total volatile components identified. Phenolic compounds were the next most abundant compounds, comprising 16.04% of the total volatiles. Alcohols and aldehydes represented 6.37 and 1.88% of the total volatile compounds, respectively. Ketones and lactones are less abundant in the profile of volatile compounds in Cape gooseberry. Ethanol extract had higher phenolic and flavonoid contents than did hexane extract. As ethanol extract of Cape gooseberry achieved higher antioxidant activity than did hexane extract, it tested as an anticancer (for colon or breast cancer) agent. Cape gooseberry extract was more potent in inhibiting colon cell lines (IC 50 : 142 μg/ml) compared with breast cell line (IC 50 : 371 μg/ml). Conclusion Egyptian Cape gooseberry fruits may be suggested as a potential source of natural antioxidants and anticancer agents.

Anticancer Properties of Phyllanthus emblica (Indian Gooseberry).

There is a wealth of information emanating from both in vitro and in vivo studies indicating fruit extract of the Phyllanthus emblica tree, commonly referred to as Indian Gooseberries, has potent anticancer properties. The bioactivity in this extract is thought to be principally mediated by polyphenols, especially tannins and flavonoids. It remains unclear how polyphenols from Phyllanthus emblica can incorporate both cancer-preventative and antitumor properties. The antioxidant function of Phyllanthus emblica can account for some of the anticancer activity, but clearly other mechanisms are equally important. Herein, we provide a brief overview of the evidence supporting anticancer activity of Indian Gooseberry extracts, suggest possible mechanisms for these actions, and provide future directions that might be taken to translate these findings clinically.

Effects of drying methods and conditions on release characteristics of edible chitosan films enriched with Indian gooseberry extract

Abstract The present work was aimed at studying the effects of drying methods and conditions (i.e., ambient drying, hot air drying at 40 °C, vacuum drying and low-pressure superheated steam drying within the temperature range of 70–90 °C at an absolute pressure of 10 kPa), as well as the concentration of Indian gooseberry extract, (added to edible chitosan film-forming solution as a natural antioxidant, at concentrations of 1, 2 and 3/100 g), on the residual total phenolic content (TPC) of the films. The swelling and release behaviour of TPC from the films were also studied. Drying methods and conditions were found to have significant effects on the percentage of residual TPC. The release characteristics, swelling and functional group interaction of the antioxidant films, as assessed by Fourier-transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy, were found to be affected by the drying methods and conditions, as well as the concentration of the Indian gooseberry extract.

Antimicrobial and antioxidant activities of Indian gooseberry and galangal extracts

The antimicrobial and antioxidant activities of Indian gooseberry ( Phyllanthus emblica Linn.) and galangal ( Alpinia galanga) extracts were investigated. Two different methods (disc diffusion and agar dilution methods) were employed to evaluate the antimicrobial activities of plant extracts against Staphylococcus aureus. The minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) values of Indian gooseberry and galangal extracts were found to be 13.97 and 0.78 mg/ml and the minimum biocidal concentration (MBC) values were 13.97 and 2.34 mg/ml, respectively. The antioxidant activities of Indian gooseberry and galangal extracts, which were evaluated by the β-carotene bleaching method, were 86.4% and 70.3%, respectively. The total phenolic contents of Indian gooseberry and galangal extracts, as determined by the Folin–Ciocalteu method, were 290.4±0.7 and 40.9±0.2 mg/g plant extract (in GAE), respectively. The GC–MS analysis showed that the main compounds of galangal extract are 1,8-cineole (20.95%), β-bisabolene (13.16%), β-caryophyllene (17.95%) and β-selinene (10.56%). On the other hand, the use of high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) with UV detection indicated many compounds within the Indian gooseberry extract.