Good Shelter Research Articles

Dependence of the population state of the midday gerbil (<i>meriones meridianus</i>, rodentia, gerbillidae) on the provision of forage resources in different seasons of the year in the north-western caspian

In the conditions of the North-Western Caspian Sea, the state of the midday sand lance population is determined by the dynamics of food resources. An important component of the environment that determines the condition of the midday gerbil is bush thickets, which serve as a good shelter for animals. It has been established that on a sand dune, where a higher density of shrubs is noted, compared to open areas of the deserted steppe, the productivity of vegetation increases and the species composition of plants changes. The relationship between gerbil population density and vegetation productivity was shown (R = 0.74, P 0.05). In addition, the relationship between the number of gerbils and the productivity of bluegrass bulbs (Poa bulbosa) is shown, which fluctuated during the years of research in the sand dune area from 3.7 to 5.5 c/ha of dry weight, and in the desert steppe area from 2.3 to 3.8 c/ha. In accordance with the nature of the provision of food resources, changes in the number of midday gerbils were noted in different seasons of the year from 4 to 24 individuals/ha on sand dunes and from 2 to 14 individuals/ha in the desert steppe.

Effects of Artificial Green Land on Land–Atmosphere Interactions in the Taklamakan Desert

Land–atmosphere interactions are influenced by the earth’s complex underlying subsurface, which in turn indirectly affects atmospheric motion and climate change. Human activities are increasingly exerting an influence on desert ecosystems, and artificial green land with clear functional orientation has been established in many desert areas. Consequently, the previously dominant, shifting, sand-covered, underlying surface in these desert regions is gradually transforming. This transformation has significant implications for the characteristics of land–atmosphere interactions, causing them to deviate from their original state. At present, existing studies still have not presented a systematic understanding of this change and have ignored the impact of human activities on land–atmosphere interactions in artificial green land. To address these research gaps, this study specifically targets artificial green land in the Tazhong region of Taklamakan Desert. We carried out observation experiments on land–atmosphere interactions in three different functional units from outside to inside: natural shifting sands, the shelter forest, and the living area. We also analyzed the differences and attribution of land–atmosphere interactions characteristics of different functional units. Compared with the natural shifting sands, the daily average maximum values of wind speed in the shelter forest decreased by 78%, and the daily average maximum air temperature and soil (0 cm) temperature decreased by 2.6 °C and 7 °C, respectively. Additionally, the soil moisture level was significantly increased throughout the green land due to the shelter forest. The surface albedo experienced a decrease, with an annual average of 0.21. Furthermore, the aerodynamic roughness and bulk transport coefficient increased by two orders of magnitude. The daily average maximum values of sensible heat flux and soil heat flux (G05) decreased by 18.7% and 75%, respectively, and the daily average maximum value of latent heat flux increased by 70.3%. This effectively improved the microclimate environment of the green land. The living area was greatly reduced by the shelter forest coverage and influenced by the buildings. Consequently, the environmental improvement was not as large as it was inside the shelter forest. However, it still provided a good shelter for production and living in the desert area. Throughout the year, a total of 4.60 × 105 t water was consumed through evapotranspiration in the artificial green land. The findings of this study have the potential to enhance our comprehension of land–atmosphere interactions in desert regions, thereby offering valuable insights for the establishment and effective management of artificial desert green lands.

Good Shelter, Bad Food: Invertebrates Inhabiting Fruiting Bodies of Spring Ascomycetes in a Mixed Forest

Good Shelter, Bad Food: Invertebrates Inhabiting Fruiting Bodies of Spring Ascomycetes in a Mixed Forest

A Checklist of the Avian Species of Saidpur Upazila of Bangladesh

To understand birds’ behaviour besides the residence more or less dominant as a whole. Bangalipur union of Saidpur is composed of many medium-sized trees with bushes that are a good shelter for those birds. This survey was carried out from 2019 to 2021. Quantitative, qualitative, and survey methods were carried out for this study. A total of 73 bird species of 39 families were identified, where 33 were very common, 18 common, 8 uncommon, 9 rare, and 5 few. In addition, the behaviour of birds found with winter visitors (7 species), summer visitors (3), local migrants (2), and residents (61). In the Ardeidae family, there was the highest number of birds (6 species) and then Cuculidae (5 species). The species richness of birds in the cantonment (protected) area revealed that it is safe for all resident birds.

Bitcoin, Ether, Tether and Gold: Do these assets reduce losses or profits in the US stock market during the COVID-19 pandemic?

The effectiveness of an optimal hedging for a drop in the S&P500 using gold and cryptocurrencies in the COVID-19 pandemic is considered. Based on Value at Risk a new dynamic measure of relative benefit from the hedging strategy is proposed in the paper which allows us to compare the loss reduction and profit sacrifice. We find gold as good shelter for the US stock market. It effectively lowers volatility and downside risk. Moreover, gold reduces extreme losses more intensively than corresponding profits. Hedging with optimal weights for cryptocurrencies is not recommended since it establishes weights close to zero for Bitcoin and Ether and close to one for Tether.

Antibiotics Resistance Pattern of Food-Borne Bacteria Isolated from Ice Cream in Bangladesh: A Multidisciplinary Study

Ice cream is one of the most popular food items consumed during the summer season in Bangladesh by all ages but mostly school-going students. Due to the ingredients and handling process of ice cream, it acts as a good shelter for pathogenic and nonpathogenic microorganisms. Therefore, we aimed to investigate the microbial count, prevalence, isolate and characterize multidrug-resistant bacteria in ice cream samples collected from nearby shops of schools in Tangail district, Bangladesh. Ice-cream consumer and nonconsumer students were selected by providing questionnaires. Total viable count (TVC) and total coliform count (TCC) were determined by pour plate methods, where conventional methods were performed for bacterial identification. The Kirby-Bauer disk diffusion method was used to determine the antimicrobial susceptibility of bacterial isolates. Kado and Liu method, with some modifications, was used to extract plasmid from the isolated bacteria and visualized through gel electrophoresis. The demographic characteristics showed that the degree of symptoms regarding microorganisms mediated disorders and rate of antibiotics intake in ice cream consumers were significantly higher than the nonconsumers. The range of TVC and TCC in the ice cream samples was found 0–9.9 × 109 CFU/ml and 0–900 CFU/ml, respectively. Interestingly, 93.75% of the total ice cream samples also showed fungal positive. A total of 12 different bacterial species were identified, including Proteus spp, E. coli, V.cholera, Pseudomonas spp, Shigella spp, Klebsiella spp, Aeromonas spp, V. Parahemolyticus. Salmonella paratyphi, Citrobacterspp, Plesiomonasspp, and Staphylococcus aureus. The antimicrobial susceptibility assay showed the multiple resistance frequency of these isolates to different antimicrobial drugs. All individual isolates were screened for plasmid DNA, and we found that seven strains harbored a single or more than two plasmids sized approximately between 1.9 and 140 MDa, indicating a possible connection between resistance phenotype pattern and genotype.

Determinants of Energy Choice for Domestic Use in Informal Settlements of Addis Ababa

This paper analyzed the determinants of energy choice for domestic use in informal settlements of Addis Ababa based on the data generated from 450 households in Yeka Sub-city, Woreda 12. The descriptive analysis of data showed that household heads from 30-60 years of age, education above grade 4, suitability of the dwelling place to the urban plan, number of years lived in the area, availability and reliability of energy sources, and food consumption behaviors significantly affected households access to electricity. Households that lived more than 9 years, families with higher levels of income, employed on permanent basis, living in a good shelter and large number of rooms has better access to electricity while land title and size owned, electric tariffs and proximity to electric line have no relationships with households’ electric-use status.

REVIEW ON WASTE MATERIAL USAGE IN CEMENT CONCRETE MIX

Nature has blessed with natural resources like rocks / minerals, vegetation, air and water. These are about one crore eighty six lakhs living creatures existing in the world. Most of the living creatures are using their intellect and residing in the natures nest, where as human being is blessed with unique knowledge and wisdom which propelled to discover wheel, moving machineries and established good shelter with ultra architectural designs. Ancient man was living in huts further more constructed mud houses with the available clay / mud. Over a period of time man discovered calcium oxide to use in construction. In 1840s, a scientist by name William Aspdin has invented the manufacturing process of Portland cement production. Over a period of time, lot of advancements took place in producing different types of cement. During 1950’s fly ash was considered as a waste and used to land fill /dumps. Over a period of time man discovered compatible chemicals in fly ash and successful in mixing Ordinary Portland cement up to 30% which is called Pozzolana Portland cement. Several Researchers tried different waste materials to be used as a potential, concrete mix and have been successful in doing so. This paper deals in reviewing potential waste materials being used in cement concrete. Granite rocks are sliced to fine plates for the utility as flooring material. In the process of cutting and smothering the granite, fine dust of approximately 50µm is generated. Researchers discovered compatibility of granite saw dust in cement mix and were successful. Everyday hundreds and thousands of tones of plastic waste is generated. Researchers also tried to use plastic waste in civil construction and partially successful as plastic is organic in nature where as cement is inorganic in nature, nevertheless plastic waste is found as a potential mix in laying bitumen road. Limestone which consists of calcium atom and oxygen atom exists naturally in certain areas where as calcium oxide is also produced synthetically by cracking calcium carbonate at approximately 1000oC. Researchers have been successful in using calcium oxide, municipal waste in civil construction at different proportions. The optimal quality of final cement is governed by particle size and its distribution. Therefore adequate review is also done in terms of particle size, distribution and quality. The current objective of this review article is to give an insight about the sustainable technologies in cement using waste materials disposed in abundance.

Peopling Prehistoric Coastlines: Identifying Mid-Holocene Forager Settlement Strategies in Northern Norway

In circumpolar regions, coastlines offer rich constellations of diverse resources and have long been a focus of human habitation. Despite the rich archaeological records that are located along many northern coastlines, there is a relatively limited understanding of the range of factors that informed local settlement strategies. Northern Norway has one of the world’s longest and best-preserved archaeological records of coastal habitation due to post-glacial uplift. Occupation begins in the early Holocene and appears to peak in the mid-Holocene. Our aim in this paper is to investigate the constraints and opportunities that informed the mid-Holocene settlement patterns, between c. 5000 and 0 BC. We present new data that were generated by intensive field surveys and undertake a qualitative multi-scalar analysis of site-locational choices, evaluating the influences of geography, topography and seasonal resource availability. Having identified stretches of the rugged coast as uninhabitable, we proceeded with analyses of the rest of the coastline. Our results indicate that all major settlements were sited to provide safe boat landing, good vantage points and shelter from storms. From these habitation sites, boat technology would have provided flexible access to diverse resources that were available throughout the year, and within a limited travel radius. We also demonstrate that these settlement strategies contrast with the way that the same coastlines were inhabited by pioneering groups in the early Holocene but appear to have some similarities with mid-Holocene coastal settlement patterns in Newfoundland and the Aleutian Islands. Overall, our results suggest that the multiple resources available along northern coastlines often enabled populations to occupy relatively localized areas for long periods. Longer-range mobility and interaction may instead have been primarily driven by socio-political factors rather than subsistence needs.

Naturalization of biological habitat in river based on arrangement of gravel groups

In order to explore the effect of gravel groups on the naturalization of the biological habitats in river, the Jinshaxi River in Jiangxi Province was used as an example to investigate the effect of gravel groups on the naturalization of biological habitats. The silver carp was selected as the target species. The effect of the gravel group layout and naturalized transformation of the curving river channel were determined through literature review, numerical simulation, and two-dimensional hydrodynamic and habitat simulation of the river reach. The results showed that the weighted usable area of the silver carp in the curving river channel decreased significantly. The Froude number of the flow increased near the main stream line of the original river, and the shear velocity value changed from the transverse gradient distribution of the original channel to a uniform distribution. The arrangement of gravels in the curving river channel significantly influenced the biological habitat. The high-density arrangement at the concave bank of the river channel increased the percent usable area of the habitat from 9.20% to 15.06%, and the Froude number of the water flow near the lower reaches of the group suddenly decreased from 0.13-0.68 to 0-0.15. Furthermore, the area downstream of the gravel group formed a low-speed flow area, which provided a good shelter for the silver carp in the channel with a large flow.

Landscape Enhancements in Apple Orchards: Higher Bumble Bee Queen Species Richness, but No Effect on Apple Quality.

Simple SummaryPollinators are essential to produce fruits in apple production. Bumble bees are among the most effective pollinators in orchards during the blooming season, yet they are often threatened by the high levels of pesticide use in apple production. Hedgerows and flower strips are infrequently sprayed by pesticides and are thus potentially good shelter for bumble bees. This study evaluated the influence of landscaping in the form of hedgerows and flower strips on the abundance and number of bumble bee species found in apple orchards. The number of bumble bee species found in orchards with hedgerows or flower strips was higher than in orchards without such landscape enhancements. Similarly, three species were more abundant in orchards with landscaping than orchards without those enhancements. Our work provides additional evidence that landscaping in the form of hedgerows and/or flower strips improves bumble bee presence in apple orchards and should therefore be considered as a means to enhance and ensure pollination within farms.Bumble bees are among the most effective pollinators in orchards during the blooming period, yet they are often threatened by the high levels of pesticide use in apple production. This study aimed to evaluate the influence of landscape enhancements (e.g., hedgerows, flower strips) on bumble bee queens in apple orchards. Bumble bee queens from 12 orchards in southern Québec (Canada) were marked, released, and recaptured in the springs and falls of 2017 to 2019. Half of the 12 orchards had landscape enhancements. Apples were harvested in 2018 and 2019 to compare their quality (weight, diameter, sugar level, and seed number) in sites with and without landscape enhancements. Species richness, as well as the occurrence of three species out of eight, was higher in orchards with landscape enhancements than in orchards without such structures. The occurrence of Bombus ternarius was lower in orchards with high levels of pesticide use. Apples had fewer seeds when collected in orchards with landscape enhancements and were heavier in orchards that used more pesticides. Our work provides additional evidence that landscape enhancements improve bumble bee presence in apple orchards and should therefore be considered as a means to enhance pollination within farms.

Evaluation of dead space in post endodontically treated cast post cases - A retrospective study

The success of endodontic therapy is 53-96%. It depends on a multitude of factors like tooth type, preoperative apical status, method of obturation, irrigation, coronal seal permanent restoration. Grossly decayed endodontically treated teeth are often restored with post and core. Apical microleakage can lead to failure of the endodontic therapy. So, the aim of this study was to measure the distance between the post and residual gutta-percha in cast post cases. Dental records and radiographs of patients treated with cast post cases were obtained from DIAS (From June 2019- March 2020) examined by the same examiner. Patients were categorized into three groups based on the distance between the remaining obturation material and post. A total of 70 cases were examined. Out of which 21% of cases belonged to Group I and 68% of the cases were categorized into Group II. Within the limitation of the study, most of the cases had an average dead space of 0.1-2 mm (68%). Within the limitation of the study, most of the cases had an average dead space of 0.1-2 mm (68%). The dead space occurring after a post-restoration can be a good shelter for the microorganisms. So, radiographic confirmation of the post adaptation should be performed before cementation of all kinds of posts.

CHALLENGES OF AFFORDABLE HOUSING PROVISION IN NIGERIA

Adequate and affordable housing remains the critical basic and second need of every Nigerian after food. For many generations, good shelter and proper housing have eluded both urban and rural populate in Nigeria. Regimes after another have promised to tackle the problems of providing adequate and affordable housing to the masses, but failed after bold attempts. Some researchers have postulated that the problems of Inadequate and affordable housing in Nigeria were as a result of half measure policies of governments, high cost of building material, poor funding of mortgage institutions etc. this conference paper discuss the challenges affecting effective housing provision, availability and affordability indices of housing as experienced by greater population of Nigerians over two decades. The paper also recommended some measures that will ensure affordable housing.

The importance of habitat diversity and plant species richness for hazel grouse occurrence in the mixed mountain forests of the Western Carpathians

Hazel grouse habitat requirements are relatively well known in coniferous forests, and less known in mixed or deciduous forests. We studied habitat differences between sites occupied by hazel grouse Tetrastes bonasia and control plots in mixed mountain forests of the Western Carpathians in 2009 and 2010. Hazel grouse presence at sites was determined in April and May. The habitat variables (n = 21) and the proportion of tree and shrub species (n = 22) were collected both in sites of hazel grouse presence and control plots within a radius of 100 m. Greater numbers of tree species and greater proportions of deciduous trees (mainly birch Betula sp.) were found in sites where hazel grouse was present. Lower canopy cover was an important variable for hazel grouse occurrence, and sites with hazel grouse had a greater proportion of young trees (< 40 years). Sites were also characterized by a higher proportion of overgrown glades and dead woods in comparison with control plots. Sites occupied by hazel grouse were characterized by a greater number of tree species in the undergrowth (minimum of five species) in comparison with control plots. GLM models revealed that the most important environmental factors for hazel grouse occurrence in mixed mountain forests were open habitats (overgrown glades), good hiding opportunities (fallen trees and dead woods) and good conditions for foraging (trees cover in undergrowth). Poplar (Populus sp.) and willow (Salix sp.) were the most important tree species for hazel grouse occurrence. The presence of habitat structures and the vegetations richness provides good shelter or food for the hazel grouse. Extensive forest management should be proposed to increase the number of hazel grouse. Large areas covered by herbs and light-seeded tree species of low economical value for forestry are recommended to support hazel grouse population.

RADICAL FEMINISM IN EKA KURNIAWAN’S NOVEL BEAUTY IS A WOUND

This research brings about radical feminism and the role and position of women as pimps. The analysis of this research is fulfilled by using descriptive qualitative research in which the data and the finding of the research are presented and described in a form of description. In this research, radical feminism was revealed in the life of a woman by the name of Dewi Ayu who worked as a prostitute during Japanese colonialism in a warehouse named Mama Kalong Place. Mama Kalong who worked as a pimp served Japanese soldiers in the whorehouse played to make a price for prostitutes. Mama Kalong gave a good shelter and well care to the women in order that they remained healthy and fresh so that they would be ready anytime they were needed. Unfortunately, the pimp did not give the women any protection from any harms which are very possible to befall upon the women. The finding of this research shows that the life of women in colonialism under a pimp is really oppressed. Oppression, suffering, and injustice are with them in the whole life.

IMPLEMENTASI JARINGAN SYARAF TIRUAN BACKPROPAGATION DENGAN ALGORITMA CONJUGATE GRADIENT UNTUK KLASIFIKASI KONDISI RUMAH (Studi Kasus di Kabupaten Cilacap Tahun 2018)

House is one aspect of the welfare of society that must be met, because house is the main need for human life besides clothing and food. The condition of the house as a good shelter can be known from the structure and facilities of buildings. This research aims to analyze the classification of house conditions is livable or not livable. The method used is artificial neural networks (ANN). ANN is a system information processing that has characteristics similar to biological neural networks. In this research the optimization method used is the conjugate gradient algorithm. The data used are data of Survei Sosial Ekonomi Nasional (Susenas) March 2018 Kor Keterangan Perumahan for Cilacap Regency. The data is divided into training data and testing data with the proportion that gives the highest average accuracy is 90% for training data and 10% for testing data. The best architecture obtained a model consisting of 8 neurons in input layer, 10 neurons in hidden layer and 1 neuron in output layer. The activation function used are bipolar sigmoid in the hidden layer and binary sigmoid in the output layer. The results of the analysis showed that ANN works very well for classification on house conditions in Cilacap Regency with an average accuracy of 98.96% at the training stage and 97.58% at the testing stage.Keywords: House, Classification, Artificial Neural Networks, Conjugate Gradient

SOCIAL ENTREPRENEURIAL SUPPORT AND ITS IMPACT ON SOCIAL ECONOMIC EMPOWERMENT OF HOUSEHOLDS

Purpose: The study aimed to establish the impact of social entrepreneurial support on social-economic empowerment of households and a case study of Riziki Kenya was taken.&#x0D; Methodology: The study used a descriptive survey design and the target population for this study was Riziki managers and staff as the key informants, the 230 supported entrepreneurs (households) and 22 supported micro-enterprises groups in Kibra Sub-County. The study employed multi-stage sampling which included purposive and simple random sampling. The study collected primary data using questionnaires. Key Informants included six Riziki Kenya managers and staff members. The use of interviews guides enabled the researcher to solicit the required information from supported entrepreneurs, key informants and group micro-enterprises. Statistical package for the social sciences (SPSS) was used to analyze quantitative data from questionnaires and the results presented in tables, graphs, charts and narratives to answer the research questions. Qualitative data was organized into themes and patterns categorized through content analysis to capture emerging thoughts.&#x0D; Results: Riziki Kenya has empowered households to improve their standards of living. Even with their small businesses, they could feed their families and pay bills. Empirically, the study has shown that social entrepreneurial support positively impacts the business of households which in turn improves the living conditions of families that own such enterprises. Access to credit facilities by small businesses helps such enterprises to grow and by extension, this improves the households’ finances and ability to get nutritious food, a good shelter, better education and better health care.&#x0D; Contribution to theory, policy and practice: The paper suggests that the appropriate model and theoretical approach for social entrepreneurial impacts would be to direct resources to household owned business which would grow and in turn affect the prosperity of the households. In practice, social entrepreneurs and their staff should increase the support to households partnering with other NGOs to train on the basic entrepreneurial and business management skills to improve their enterprises, increasing access to funds and any other intervention strategies. Policymakers should enact laws that encourage the growth of social entrepreneurship since doing so increases the likelihood of successful small enterprises and this finally impacts positively on the social-economic empowerment of households.

Improve Yield And Quality Of Senile Orchard With Rejuvenation And Nutrient Management

Day by day newer technologies are under implementation and become popular among the orchardists. Decades ago orchard establishment was made by varying spacing and different source of planting materials of either sexual or asexual methods. Due to the difference in source of planting material and short of application of nutrient of orchards leads to the senile or less productive. Poor management practices also brings orchards to the uneconomical zone. Overcrowding and encroachment of trees resulted in competition for nutrient absorption congestion, poor light penetration and act as good shelter house for insect- pests and disease attacks are obvious problems with older orchards, if trees are not rejuvenated. Timely rejuvenation is wise decision by orchardists which is necessary for the grower to make orchard productive. This must be followed by the balanced application of nutrients of either source. An application of organic, inorganic source of nutrients and bio fertilizers gave optimum growth, more flowering and yield with improved quality parameters like size, average weight of fruit, TSS and ascorbic acid etc. Integrated and balanced nutrient management leads to increasing the efficiency of all nutrients applied thus, decreasing the amounts of fertilizers used and finally obtaining a high yield with quality.

Klasifikasi Algoritma K-Nearest Neighbor Berbasis Particle Swarm Optimization Untuk Kelayakan Bantuan Rehabilitasi Rumah Tidak Layak Huni Pada Desa Lenek Duren Kecamatan Aikmel Kabupaten Lombok Timur

Home is a very basic requirement for all people besides food and clothes. Home can express prosperity level and health level about resident / its dweller. A high quality of home as good shelter can be seen from its building, facility and structure. The local government program to decrease poverty through program of RTLH, have to be supported with data accuration. Besides good data accuration, it is also required data-processing time efficiency of receiver of aid. This research used Data technique of Mining with Algorithm of K-Nearest Neighbor base on Particle Swarm Optimization in classification elegibility of acceptance of aid rehabilitate house improper dwell. By using method of calculation of algorithm of K-Nearest Neighbor base on Particle Swarm Optimization, the accuration value in prediction elegibility of acceptance of aid rehabilitate house improper dwell is calculated. After conducting a test by using algorithm of K-NN and algorithm of K-NN base on Particle Swarm Optimization, the result is algorithm of K-NN yield accuration value equal to 89,29% and value of AUC 0,786. The algorithm of K-NN base on Particle Swarm Optimization yield accuration value equal to 95,33% and value of AUC 0.970. After conducting the tests to both of the model, the difference is showed with 6,04% percentage and difference of value of AUC 0.184. DOI : 10.29408/jit.v2i2.1417

Deploying Creative Thinking to Strengthen Entrepreneurial Capability Among University Students in Nigeria

Most of the students studying entrepreneurship in Nigerian universities lack entrepreneurial capability- that is, they lack the freedom to pursue and achieve entrepreneurial opportunity. Freedom is seen here in terms of those conditions that must be in place for students to be able to carry out their entrepreneurship studies. These are conditions that support the well-being of the students and may be seen as having good shelter, being well nourished, being healthy, being able to do their normal studies among others. The paper examined why the presence of these conditions is likely to assist students to improve their creative thinking and strengthen their entrepreneurial capability. It explored Amartya Sen’s Capability Approach, focusing on freedom, opportunities, and functionings to explain the required favourable conditions that make learning worthwhile for students, and how it accounts for students’ ability to strengthen their entrepreneurial capability. The paper argued for the deployment of creative thinking to strengthen entrepreneurial capability among students of entrepreneurship in universities in Nigeria. It concluded by urging universities in Nigeria to adopt relevant curriculum in addition to providing students with a decent learning environment to enable them to develop creative thinking that could be used in entrepreneurship education.