Good Embedding Capacity Research Articles

Preparation, characterization of basil essential oil liposomes unidirectional single-conducting water sustained-release pads and their preservation properties to Lateolabrax japonicus fillets

The juice exudation of aquatic products oozes out during storage can influence storage quality. Herein, a novel basil essential oil liposome unidirectional water-conducting sustained-release preservation pads (BEOL/UCSP) were prepared with nylon mesh as water-conducting layer, basil essential oil liposome (BEOL) as sustained-release preservation layer, and diatomite and absorbent-cotton as water-absorbing layer. EL/UCSP, β-CL/UCSP, and BEO/UCSP were prepared after BEOL was replaced by eugenol liposome, β-caryophyllene liposome, and BEO. BEOL are microspheres with bilayer structure, had good storage stability, centrifugal stability, thermal stability, embedding capacity, sustained-release, and oxidation resistance, and the main components of preservatives had a synergistic effect on antibacterial properties. The pads without preservative can initially slow down quality deterioration. BEOL/UCSP can directionally absorb exudate and realize long-term sustained-release of preservative, has excellent antibacterial and antioxidant effect, and extended shelf life of Lateolabrax japonicus fillets from 6.0 days to 12.8 days. The BEOL/UCSP can provide technical theoretical support for preservation materials.

Watermarking approach based on Hermite transform and a sliding window algorithm.

Nowadays, the distribution of huge amounts of medical images through open networks in telemedicine applications has become increasingly faster and easier. Therefore, a number of considerations are introduced related to the risks of the illegal use of these images, as total diagnosis depends on them. Indeed, the patient's data management, storage, and transmission require a technique for boosting security, integrity and privacy measures in telehealthcare services. In fact, in our previous works, we used polynomial decompositions such as Chebychev orthogonal polynomial transform in medical image watermarking. We then customise our tools for finding the best candidate area for embedding the watermark, always seeking to provide the best solution to this issue. In this research, a variation to medical image watermarking approach based on Hermite transform (HT) is suggested for reliable management of medical data. In this approach, the HT is employed as a preprocessing step so as to extract the texture component of the host medical image. Afterward, a sliding window technique is done to select the most suitable regions for watermark embedding. Lastly, the Arnold transform is utilized for encrypting the watermark to strengthen the security of our scheme. Experiments were conducted on various modalities of medical images. Results indicate that the proposed scheme is robust when subjected to various attacks while preserving a high level of security and invisibility factors. Also, our method preserves the quality of medical images with a good embedding capacity. The obtained results support the use of Hermite Polynomials for the implementation of watermarking in the medical imaging context.

Hollow ppy@Ti2Nb10O29-x@NC bowls: A stress–release structure with vacancy defects and coating interface for Li capacitor

Interfacial coatings and lattice defects are effective strategies to optimize the electrochemical performance of bimetallic oxides. For safe potential window and large theoretical capacity, Ti2Nb10O29 presents considerable energy storage potential in lithium ion system. In this work, the composite (ppy@TNO-x@NC), used in lithium ion batteries and lithium ion hybrid capacitors, was prepared by the high volume density carbon bowl derived from biomass as the matrix, the Ti2Nb10O29 (TNO) containing oxygen vacancy as storage energy body, and the ultra-thin toughness polymer as coating. TNO modified by vacancy defects offers desirable electrochemical activity to acquire good ion embedding capacity. The ultrathin interfacial coating inhibits lattice misalignment caused by defects in bimetallic oxides, thus maintaining high stability of material. In addition, the hollow carbon bowl with large space utilization improves electron conduction and structural reliablity of material. In fact, as for lithium half battery, ppy@TNO-x@NC can deliver high capacitance of 325.1 mAh/g and retain 86.5 % capacitance after up to 2000 cycles. While for lithium-ion hybrid capacitor, the maximum energy density and power density of ppy@TNO-x@NC//AC reach 144.9 Wh kg−1 and 10 kW kg−1, respectively.

Reversible data hiding method based on pixel expansion and homomorphic encryption

Digital image steganography algorithms usually suffer from a lossy restoration of the cover content after extraction of a secret message. When a cover object and confidential information are both utilised, the reversible property of the cover is inevitable. With this objective, several reversible data hiding (RDH) algorithms are available in the literature. Conversely, because both are diametrically related parameters, existing RDH algorithms focus on either a good embedding capacity (EC) or better stego-image quality. In this paper, a pixel expansion reversible data hiding (PE-RDH) method with a high EC and good stego-image quality are proposed. The proposed PE-RDH method was based on three typical RDH schemes, namely difference expansion, histogram shifting, and pixel value ordering. The PE-RDH method has an average EC of 0.75 bpp, with an average peak signal-to-noise ratio (PSNR) of 30.89 dB. It offers 100% recovery of the original image and confidential hidden messages. To protect secret as well as cover the proposed PE-RDH is also implemented on the encrypted image by using homomorphic encryption. The strength of the proposed method on the encrypted image was verified based on a comparison with several existing methods, and the approach achieved better results than these methods in terms of its EC, location map size and imperceptibility of directly decrypted images.

Image watermarking using soft computing techniques: A comprehensive survey

Image watermarking techniques are used to provide copyright protection and verify ownership of media/entities. This technique refers to the concept of embedding of secret data/information of an owner in a given media/entity for determining any ownership conflicts that can arise. Many watermarking approaches have been offered by various authors in the last few years. However, there are not enough studies and comparisons of watermarking techniques in soft computing environments. Nowadays, soft computing techniques are used to improve the performance of watermarking algorithms. This paper surveys soft computing-based image watermarking for several applications. We first elaborate on novel applications, watermark characteristics and different kinds of watermarking systems. Then, soft computing based watermarking approaches providing robustness, imperceptibility and good embedding capacity are compared systematically. Furthermore, major issues and potential solutions for soft computing-based watermarking are also discussed to encourage further research in this area. Thus, this survey paper will be helpful for researchers to implement an optimized watermarking scheme for several applications.

Color image steganography scheme using gray invariant in AMBTC compression domain

In this paper, a novel color image steganography scheme using gray invariant in AMBTC compression domain is proposed. Unlike the conventional schemes, the proposed scheme embeds the secret data into a compressed color image while keeping gray pixel values intact. First, the proposed scheme partitions each color component (R, G, B) of a cover image into non-overlapping blocks with the same size and calculates the standard deviation and variance of the sub-block. Next, two least complex blocks having minimum variance out of the three-color blocks are compressed using dynamic AMBTC compression and the secret data is embedded into bit-planes of smooth compressed blocks. To keep the gray pixel values invariant, the pixel values of the most complex color block are adjusted according to the pixel intensity on the reconstructed compressed blocks. Therefore, the proposed scheme can reduce the size of the color image and embed a significant amount of data while keeping gray pixel values intact. The main advantages of the proposed scheme are: (1) reduces the required bandwidth for image transmission due to AMBTC compression, (2) preserves gray values of the original cover image, which helps in many applications such as black and white printing, fingerprint scanning and so on, (3) uses color plane blocks selectively for data hiding which makes the proposed scheme more robust, and (4) uses a dynamic AMBTC compression for least complex color planes, which helps in achieving good PSNR and high embedding capacity.

Reversible and Tunable Data Hiding with Advanced Video Coding

Due to broad usage of digital broadcasting application, information can be hackneyed and duplicated. Hence, multimedia security & copy right protection is becoming crucial. Steganography is an outstanding apparatus in providing protection as well as security to multimedia information by hiding digital content. H.264/Advanced Video Coding (AVC), a recent international standardized video coding technique which is under expansion, has presented a major revolution in video compression efficiency. The encoding efficiency of AVC is sophisticated than previous ethics such as H.263. In this paper, a complexity video embedding on H.264 is employed. So as to hide the secret image, chaos image encryption technique has been used where shuffling positions and altering grey values of image pixels are done. The secret image is embedded into video sequences by varying coefficients of I and P Frames. In decoding process, embedded information can be extracted without loss of compressed video content. Applications of proposed method include medicine, military where loss of carrier data is not permitted. Proposed model affords an overview of technical features and relative characteristics of H.264 standard that gives good PSNR and embedding capacity.

Overlapping pixel value ordering predictor for high-capacity reversible data hiding

In recent years, many reversible information hiding methods have been proposed. Among them, the pixel value ordering (PVO) method can be used to create high-fidelity camouflage images under good embedding capacity. The original PVO method adopted the block-by-block manner, and each block could embed only 2 bits. In this study, we propose an overlapping PVO (OPVO) method. In the PPVO method, secret data are embedded in the maximum and minimum pixel values to improve the situation in which only up to 1 bit can be embedded in a sliding window. In the pixel-by-pixel manner, each pixel can embed data multiple times. We make full use of the correlation between adjacent pixels in the natural image to increase the embedding capacity. An advantage of the overlapping PVO method is that its embedding capacity is more than twice as high as that of previous PVO series methods where an acceptable image quality is maintained. In our experiment, the embedding capacity of the smooth image is up to 130,000 bits, whereas that of the complex image is higher. However, the image quality decrease rate of the proposed method tends to be lower than that of the other methods. Therefore, any kind of image is suitable for our method.

A novel SPN-based video steganographic scheme using Sudoku puzzle for secured data hiding

Video steganography is the method of hiding the presence of data within the cover video. In this paper, a novel video steganography technique is revealed, where with the help of Sudoku puzzle of order 9 × 9, extracted image frames of a cover video are utilized to hide encrypted data. The novelties of the work imply that as the input information is first encrypted into cipher text using a new modified substitution and permutation network (SPN)-type block cipher, then, that cipher text is embedded in the video using Sudoku puzzle as a key. This new and robust encryption model is like a block cipher in comparison with Advanced Encryption Standard (AES) that provides enhanced resistance in case of fault attack. This new SPN-type architecture differs with AES architecture in the step of round key mixing function. Its computation complexity is much higher compared to original AES to find 128 bits of tenth round key. Therefore, our proposed work combines both cryptographic and steganographic technique and Sudoku puzzle to enhance the security in maximum level with optimal computational complexity and good embedding capacity rate.

ADAPTIVE ALGORITHM OF REPLACEMENT-BASED EMBEDDING OF DATA INTO COMPRESSED JPEG IMAGES

Introduction: Digital steganography is an effective approach to ensuring the confidentiality of transferred and stored information. In order to provide stability before steganalysis when data are embedded into digital images, it is important to avoid the appearance of unmasking features caused by the embedding. Purpose: Developing an adaptive algorithm of steganographic embedding of data into compressed JPEG images based on a replacement operation, minimizing the distortions introduced to the informative features. Results: The paper discusses the importance of unmasking features in steganalysis and their application for adaptability of information concealment algorithms in digital objects. The main features in the spatial and frequency domains of digital images applied in modern steganographic embedding methods are specified. Informative features are selected, excluding linearly dependent features or features without any information about digital object distortion during the embedding. The resulting set has allowed us to increase the accuracy of general classification of images by 19%. On the base of the obtained set of informative features, a replacement-based adaptive modification has been developed for the algorithm of embedding data into compressed JPEG images. This modification minimizes the image container distortions during the embedding due to the use of а criterion function formulated in the article. The algorithm is adaptive because the concealment field is chosen based on the set of informative features which characterize a natural model of a digital image. Computing experiments allowed us to find the best parameter values in order to achieve good embedding capacity and the minimum distortions of the unmasking features. Experiments with the developed adaptive algorithm have demonstrated its increased stability before steganalysis and very good embedding capacity. Also, it has high values of the stego-image quality metrics, making the distortions less noticeable either for human eyes or for numerous steganalysis algorithms, because the values of unmasking features are distorted only slightly.

Secured steganographic scheme for highly compressed color image using weighted matrix through DCT

Due to the rapid growth of internet technology and the advent of various image processing tools, people started using digital media for hidden communication to protect valuable information which is important for multimedia commercials, health-care, medical and defense applications. On the other hand, image authentication and tamper detection are essential, especially when it is utilized for evidence of legal action. In this paper, a weighted matrix based steganographic scheme has been designed for highly compressed (Quality Factor (QF) 40) color image through discrete cosine transform (DCT) to maintain a good balance between payload and imperceptibility. Here, the AC components are collected from quantized DCT coefficient matrices of YCbCr channel. Then, a series of original matrices are formed to hide secret data. The collection of AC components is controlled by 128 bits shared secret key. A predetermined weighted matrix is employed to select the embedding position within a coefficient matrix of a cover image through the sum of the entry-wise multiplication operation. The proposed scheme provides good embedding capacity with the high visual quality compared to existing state-of-the-art methods. Finally, different steganographic analysis and attacks are carried out to observe its imperceptibility and robustness.

A data hiding scheme using pixel value differencing and improving exploiting modification directions

The fundamental requirements of information hiding systems are good visual quality, high hiding capacity, robustness and steganographic security. In this paper, we propose a new data hiding method which can increase the steganographic security of a data hiding scheme because it is less detectable by RS detection attack and the steganalytic histogram attack of pixel-value difference. In our method, a cover image is first mapped into a 1D pixels sequence by Hilbert filling curve and then divided into non-overlapping embedding units with two consecutive pixels. Because the human eyes tolerate more changes in edge and texture areas than in smooth areas, and pixel pairs in these areas often possess larger differences, the method exploits pixel value differences (PVD) to estimate the base of digits to be embedded into pixel pairs. Pixel pairs with larger differences are embedded with digits in larger base than those pixel pairs with smaller differences to maximize the payload and image quality. By using an optimization problem to solve the overflow/underflow problem, minimal distortion of the pixel ternaries cause by data embedding can be obtained. The experimental results show our method not only to enhance the embedding rate and good embedding capacity but also to keep stego-image quality.

An Enhanced Data Hiding Approach using Pixel Mapping Method with Optimal Substitution Approach

Data Hiding is one of the challenging issues in the field of Network Security. Unlike cryptography, Steganography is used to hide the existence of secret message by embedding the message behind any cover object like image, text, audio, video files. Various authors proposed, various methods for hiding secret information behind gray scale images such as least significant method, gray level modification, pixel value differencing, pixel mapping method and pixel mapping method with BPCS, but all these method are not up to the marks that means increasing the embedding capacity of StegoImage and to provide Stego-Image with an imperceptible quality are still challenges. To get better imperceptible quality, we proposed an enhanced technique “An Enhanced Data Hiding Approach Using Pixel Mapping Method (PMM) With Optimal Pixel Substitution Approach ” that provides a better Peak Signal to noise ratio(PSNR) between Cover-Image and Stego-Image with good embedding capacity. The proposed approach is based on four modules – mapping rules, set classifier method, pixel selection method, and minimum differencing function to hide data within an image. This method works by selecting a set of pixels; map secret data into these selected pixels according to mapping rules and produces new Stego pixel value after mapping secret message according to Minimum Pixel Difference function. This integrated proposed approach provides more security to secret data as without knowing the mapping rules and locations of pixels no one could extract the secret data. This proposed approach not only provides larger embedding capacity but also produces an acceptable Stego image quality that can be seen by human eyes.

Data hiding based on generalised exploiting modification direction method

Two schemes using the exploiting modification direction (EMD) method to obtain good stego image quality and increase embedding capacity were respectfully introduced by Zhang and Wang and Lee et al. This study proposes a data-hiding scheme based on an improved EMD method. According to experimental results, the proposed scheme retains high embedding capacity and good stego image quality.

Edge Steganography for Binary Image

In order to improve the steganographic robustness of the algorithm in binary images, suppose an new steganographic method which deals with the edge of the binary image using mathematical morphology and combines F5 encoding method to embedded information. Marginalization and reconstruction on binary image by dilation and erosion operations, and tag blocks that can embed information to. Finally embed secret information using F5 algorithm. Through experiments and analysis it comes out the steganographic robustness of the algorithm can be enhanced, and have a small changes on the carrier image quality after embedding information, and also has a good embedding capacity. DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.11591/telkomnika.v11i5.2557 Full Text: PDF

A Steganographic Scheme Based on Formula Fully Exploiting Modification Directions

Many EMD-type data hiding schemes have been proposed. However, the data hiding capacity is less than 2bpp when the embedding procedure uses formula operations. In order to improve the data hiding capacity from 1bpp to 4.5bpp, a new data hiding scheme is proposed in this paper based on a formula using the fully exploiting modification directions method (FEMD). By using our proposed theorem, the secret data can be embedded by formula operations directly without using a lookup matrix. The simulation results and performance analysis show the proposed scheme not only maintains good embedding capacity and stegoimage quality but also solves the overflow problem. It does so without using extra memory resources and performs within a reasonable computing time. The resource usage and capabilities of this scheme are well matched to the constraints and requirements of resource-scarce mobile devices.

A high stego-image quality steganographic scheme with reversibility and high payload using multiple embedding strategy

Tian’s method is a breakthrough reversible data embedding scheme with high embedding capacity measured by bits per pixel (bpp) and good visual quality measured by peak signal-to-noise ratio (PSNR). However, the embedding capacity and visual quality of this method can be significantly improved. Thus, we propose a simple reversible steganographic scheme in spatial domain for digital images by using the multiple embedding strategy. The proposed method horizontally and vertically embeds one secret bit into one cover pixel pair. The experimental results show that the proposed reversible steganographic method achieves good visual quality and high embedding capacity. Specifically, with the one-layer embedding, the proposed method can obtain the embedding capacity of more than 0.5 bpp and the PSNR value greater than 54 dB for all test images. Especially, with the five-layer embedding, the proposed method has the embedding capacity of more than 2 bpp and the PSNR value higher than 52 dB for all test images. Therefore, the proposed method surpasses many existing reversible data embedding methods in terms of visual quality and embedding capacity.

DE-Based Reversible Data Hiding With Improved Overflow Location Map

For difference-expansion (DE)-based reversible data hiding, the embedded bit-stream mainly consists of two parts: one part that conveys the secret message and the other part that contains embedding information, including the 2-D binary (overflow) location map and the header file. The first part is the payload while the second part is the auxiliary information package for blind detection. To increase embedding capacity, we have to make the size of the second part as small as possible. Tian's classical DE method has a large auxiliary information package. Thodi mitigated the problem by using a payload-independent overflow location map. However, the compressibility of the overflow location map is still undesirable in some image types. In this paper, we focus on improving the overflow location map. We design a new embedding scheme that helps us construct an efficient payload-dependent overflow location map. Such an overflow location map has good compressibility. Our accurate capacity control capability also reduces unnecessary alteration to the image. Under the same image quality, the proposed algorithm often has larger embedding capacity. It performs well in different types of images, including those where other algorithms often have difficulty in acquiring good embedding capacity and high image quality.