Good Antifungal Activity Research Articles

Synthesis, structure elucidation and characterization of new heterocyclic compound: 2-aminobenzimidazolium-4-carboxybutanoate

The molecular compound of 2-amino benzimidazolium-4-carboxybutanoate (AB4CB) was synthesized from 2-aminobenzimidazole (AB) and 4-carboxybutanoic acid (4CB) in equimolar ratio. A brown color single crystal was successfully grown by slow evaporation solution growth technique (SEST). The single crystal X-ray diffraction technique reveals that the grown crystal is in tetragonal crystal system with centrosymmetric I41/a space group. The structure is stabilized through NH…O intermolecular hydrogen bond interaction. From FTIR and Raman spectroscopy, the shift in the wavenumber of fundamental bands such as NH, CH and C = O stretching vibrations evidences the existence of strong hydrogen bond formation, which enhances the bioactivity of the compound. 1H and 13C NMR spectral analyses were used to predict the presence of proton and carbon in the tittle compound. The UV–Vis absorption spectrum exhibits proton transfer from anion to cation by π-π* transition. The decomposition temperature of the grown crystal was measured by TGA/DTA studies and it shows the crystal was stable upto 259ºC. This compound demonstrates good antibacterial and antifungal activities against various bacteria and fungi when compare with standard drugs Penicillium G and Ketoconazole respectively. Further, the binding modes of the compound are ascertained by molecular docking studies against Escherichia coli and Candida albicans.

Antifungal activity of chalcone derivatives containing 1,2,3,4-tetrahydroquinoline and studies on them as potential SDH inhibitors.

A large number of pathogenic fungi have caused serious damage to the global crop yield, and drug resistance is always a topic that cannot be avoided for traditional fungicides. Therefore, finding efficient, green, and low-toxic fungicides is our primary task, which brings opportunities for the development of natural product green pesticides. Twenty chalcone derivatives containing 1,2,3,4-tetrahydroquinoline were designed and synthesized, and the compounds were tested for their fungicidal effects against eight plant pathogenic fungi in vitro. The results demonstrate that the original splicing did not have fungicidal activity, so a piperazine fragment was introduced; the test results revealed that H1-H10 all had good antifungal activity. Among them, H4 showed the highest inhibitory activity against Phytophthora capsici (Pc) with a median effect concentration (EC50) value of 5.2 μg/mL, which was higher than that of the control drugs Azoxystrobin (EC50 = 80.2 μg/mL) and Fluopyram (EC50 = 146.8 μg/mL). After the study, it was demonstrated that H4 mainly acted on the cell membrane against Phytophthora capsici and inhibited the activity of the marker enzyme of mitochondria (SDH) in the fungus. H4 has significant resistance to Phytophthora capsici and also plays a significant role in inhibiting SDH activity, providing a new direction for the development of green pesticides. © 2024 Society of Chemical Industry.

Rational design and discovery of novel hydrazide derivatives as potent succinate dehydrogenase inhibitors inspired by natural d/l-camphor.

Succinate dehydrogenase inhibitors (SDHIs) have rapidly become one of the fastest-growing categories of fungicides used against plant pathogenic fungi. Recent research advancements have emphasized that structural modifications of SDHIs using naturally sourced scaffolds represent an innovative strategy for developing new, highly effective, broad-spectrum fungicides. A novel series of d/l-camphorhydrazide derivatives potentially targeting fungal succinate dehydrogenase (SDH) were designed, synthesized and evaluated for their antifungal effects against Rhizoctonia solani, Fusarium graminearum, Valsa mali and Botrytis cinerea. Amongst them, compounds A1-7 (d-camphor) and A2-7 (l-camphor) displayed excellent in vitro activity against R. solani with median effective concentration (EC50) values of 0.38 and 0.48 μg mL-1, which were obviously superior to that of boscalid (0.87 μg mL-1). A2-5 (l-camphor, EC50 = 3.27 μg mL-1) exhibited good activity against V. mali. A2-7 (2.13 μg mL-1), A2-21 (5.2 μg mL-1) and A1-5 (5.15 μg mL-1) showed good antifungal activity against F. graminearum with EC50 values below that of boscalid (5.85 μg mL-1). Preliminary mechanistic studies, using scanning and transmission electron microscopy, indicated that compound A1-7 induced disordered entanglement of hyphae, shrinkage of hyphal surfaces, and vacuole swelling and rupture, which disrupted normal hyphal growth. Additionally, compound A1-7 induced the production and accumulation of reactive oxygen species, disrupted mitochondrial membrane potential, and effectively inhibited the germination and formation of sclerotia in R. solani. Moreover, the molecular docking results and SDH enzyme assays yielded promising outcomes. In this study, the designed and optimized compounds A1-7 and A2-7 emerged as promising candidates for SDH-targeting fungicides, demonstrating strong antifungal activity. These compounds hold potential as new antifungal agents for further research. © 2024 Society of Chemical Industry.

The Antifungal Effects of Hypericum perforatum Nanoemulsion against Candida albicans

Background Oral stomatitis is one of the common infections related to dentures (complete or partial), which is seen in the form of diffuse inflammation, mainly with Candida albicans. The aim of the present study was to investigate the antifungal effects of Hypericum perforatum nanoemulsion against Candida albicans. Materials and Methods The microdilution technique has been used in order to determine the antifungal effects of Hypericum perforatum nanoemulsion. The study has involved four groups: Hypericum perforatum oil, Hypericum perforatum nanoemulsion, distilled water as a negative control, and nystatin as a positive control. The first concentration of nanoemulsion in which no clear fungal growth was observed in the culture medium has been considered as the Minimum Inhibitory Concentration (MIC) and the first concentration in which the fungal growth was completely stopped and no fungal growth was observed in the culture medium has been considered as the Minimum Fungicide Concentration (MFC). One-way Analysis of Variance (ANOVA) has been employed to compare the results between the groups. Tukey's post-hoc test has been used to make comparisons between the groups. The significance level has been considered at less than 0.05. Results Both Hypericum perforatum oil and Hypericum perforatum nanoemulsion have been found to exhibit good antifungal activity against Candida albicans. The MIC and the MFC of the nanoemulsion form have been found to be lower than the non-nanoemulsion form (P<0.05). Among the studied groups, the nystatin group had been found to have the best effect (P<0.05). Conclusion Considering the different antifungal mechanisms and also the different resistance mechanisms of nystatin and Hypericum perforatum nanoemulsion, the prepared nanoemulsion can be used to treat and reduce the population of nystatin-resistant Candida albicans strain. However, the efficiency of these materials needs to be confirmed in larger studies on resistant strains.

Synthesis , characterization and biological activity study of N-substituted sulfonamido maleimides substituted with different heterocycles

Eighteen new cyclic imides (maleimides) conncted to benzothiazole moiety through sulfonamide group were synthesized via multistep synthesis.The first step involved preparation of two maleamic acids N-phenylmaleamic acid and N-benzylmaleamic acid via reaction of maleic anhydride with aniline or benzyl amine.Dehydration of the prepared amic acids by treatment with acetic anhydride and anhydrous sodium acetate in the second step afforded N-phenylmaleimide and N- benzyl maleimide which in turn were treated with chlorosulfonic acid in the third step to afford 4-(N-maleimidyl) phenyl sulfonyl chloride and 4-(N-maleimidyl) benzyl sulfonyl chloride respectively.In the Fourth step of this work each one of the two prepared maleimidyl sulfonyl chlorides was introduced in reaction with nine substituted-2-amino benzothiazole compounds producing nine N-(4-(N-substituted benzothiazole -2-yl) sulfonamido phenyl) maleimides and nine N-(4-(N-substituted benzothiazole-2-yl)snlfonamido benzyl) maleimides.More over another new six sulfonamide phenyl and benzyl maleimides substituted with other heterocycles (pyridine and phenazone )were prepared via reaction of 4-(N-maleimidyl) phenyl and benzyl sulfonyl chlorides with heterocyclic amines including (2-amino pyridine,4-amino-pyridine,4-aminophenazone). Microbiological activity of the prepared compounds against two typs of bacteria(staphylococcus aureus and klebsiella pneumonia) and (candida albicans) fungi were evaluated and the results showed that these compounds have good antibacterial and good antifungal activities.

Synthesis and biological evaluation of some new heterocyclic compounds incorporating sulfapyridine as potential antimicrobial agents

This study investigated the cyanoacylation of the sulfapyridine moiety using cyanoacetyl pyrazole as a key synthetic intermediate for the construction of diverse bioactive scaffolds. The intermediate, 2-cyano-N-(4-(N-pyridin-2-yl) sulfamoyl) phenylacetamide, served as a valuable precursor for the synthesis of acrylamide, thiophene, thiazole, chromene, pyridone, 1,2,4-triazine, and hydrazone derivatives all incorporating the sulfapyridine core. The structural elucidation of the synthesized compounds was achieved using infrared (IR), nuclear magnetic resonance (1H and 13C), and mass spectrometry techniques. The biological activity of the newly synthesized compounds was evaluated against a panel of microorganisms, including Gram-positive bacteria (Staphylococcus aureus, Bacillus subtilis), Gram-negative bacteria (Escherichia coli, Pseudomonas aeruginosa), and the fungus Candida albicans. Notably, the thiol derivative (compound 12), the pyrazole derivative (compound 15), and the 1,2,4-triazine derivatives (compound 21) exhibited significant to good antibacterial and antifungal activity. Interestingly, compounds 12 and 15 displayed a broader spectrum of activity, demonstrating efficacy against all tested microbial strains.

Synthesis and characterization of aniline-based azo molecules: In vitro pharmacological and emission studies.

The present work involves the synthesis of novel dispersed mono-azo dyes using different coupling components and 2-methoxy-5-nitro aniline as amine through a simple and convenient diazo-coupling method. The structures of the newly synthesized mono azo dyes were confirmed by using various spectral techniques such as 1H NMR, Fourier transform infrared, and high-resolution mass spectrometry. At room temperature, the electronic absorption spectra and fluorescence spectra of the synthesized mono azo dyes were recorded with different solvents. The global reactive parameters for the synthesized azo molecules were evaluated by performing density functional theory through the 6-311++G (d, p) basis set. The anti-microbial activities for the synthesized azo compounds were carried out, and the compounds G1 and G2 exhibited good antibacterial and anti-fungal activities. The in silico molecular docking studies of the azo molecules revealed that all the compounds exhibited extraordinary binding affinity as that of the standard drug. Further, the anti-tuberculosis study against the Mycobacterium tuberculosis for the synthesized azo dyes was evaluated, and from the results, it was revealed that the compound G4 showed good sensitivity among the other synthesized azo compounds.

Design, Synthesis, Computational Study, and Biological Evaluation of Sulfonyl Tethered Piperazine Derivatives as Antimicrobial Agents

AbstractPiperazine, a nitrogen‐containing heterocyclic compound, has potential in medical chemistry due to its versatile structure and ease of modification. Therefore, researchers have designed novel piperazine derivatives with various biological activities, including antiviral, antibacterial, and antifungal properties. In this study, a new series of 2‐(4‐((5‐bromo‐2‐methoxyphenyl)sulfonyl) piperazine‐1‐yl) acetamide derivatives (7a‐l) were synthesized and their structures were identified using 1H‐NMR, 13C‐NMR, and HRMS spectroscopic methods. The in vitro antimicrobial activity of these compounds was tested against four bacterial strains and two fungi strains. Some of the sulfonyl piperazine derivatives (7d, 7e, 7f, 7j, 7k, and 7l) exhibited relatively good antimicrobial and antifungal activities compared to standard drugs. Further analysis using computational docking confirmed strong binding interactions, aligning with our results. Our compounds exhibited improved potency compared to existing standard treatments.

The in vitro cytotoxicity, genotoxicity and LC-ToF-MS profiling of four South African plants with good antifungal activity

Plants create secondary metabolites which may or may not have biological activities and are not always benign. Therefore, it is essential to assess both their bioactivities and safety. The objective of this research is to assess the in vitro toxicity and phytochemistry of extracts from Bauhinia galpinii, Combretum caffrum, and Maytenus undata extracts. In the past, it has been demonstrated that these plants possess potent antifungal activities against mycotoxigenic fungal strains. The MTT assay was used to evaluate the cytotoxicity of methanolic leaf extracts of selected plants on the viability of the African Green monkey kidney and the human colorectal adenocarcinoma cells. Furthermore, the ability of these plants to cause genotoxicity in Vero cells was investigated using the micronucleus test. The identity and quantity of the phytocompounds present in the plant extracts were analyzed using liquid-chromatography time-of-flight mass spectrometry (LC-ToF-MS) analysis. B. galpinii, C. caffrum, and M. undata extracts were cytotoxic to Vero cells at 500 µg/ml. All the selected medicinal plant extracts demonstrated dose-dependent cytotoxicity against both Caco-2 and Vero cells. B. galpinii, M. obtusifolia, and M. undata extracts were all genotoxic towards the Vero cells at 500 µg/ml, while Combretum caffrum showed genotoxicity at 250 µg/ml. Phenolic glycosides, coumarins, flavonoids, and hydrolysable tannins were identified as major phytochemicals in the secondary metabolite profiling. Given the results, caution in terms of quantities consumed should be exercised when these plants are used in traditional medicine.

Synthesis, crystal structure, biological and docking studies of 5-hydroxy-2-{[(2-methylpropyl)iminio]methyl}phenolate.

Background: Schiff base compounds are potential drugs.Results: A Schiff base compound prepared by condensing 2,4-dihydroxy benzaldehyde and isobutylamine was characterized for structure, thermal, physicochemical and biological properties. The keto-enol tautomerism and azomethine functionality enhances electron delocaliZation and biological activity. The compound showed good antibacterial and antifungal activity at 40μg/ml against bacteria such as Escherichia coli and Staphylococcus aureus and fungi like Candida albicans and Candida tropicalis. The docking study exhibits a moderate binding affinity for the GyrB protein in E. coli with a binding energy of -4.26kcal/mol.Conclusion: The compound exhibits enhanced biological activity and suppression of cell growth at concentrations as low as 30μg/ml. The IC50 for MFC-7 was found to be 41.5μg/ml.

Vachelia nilotica seed-mediated green synthesis of sulfur nanoparticles (SNPs) and evaluation of anticancer & antifungal activities

Sulfur nanoparticles (SNPs) have been successfully synthesized by applying Vachelia nilotica seed extract as a bioactive aqueous material by a disproportionation reaction of sodium thiosulfate pentahydrate (Na2S2O3 .5H2O) with a 10% hydrochloric acid (HCl) at room temperature. The synthesized SNPs were characterized by UV–Visible, Fourier Transform Infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy, Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM), Transmission Electron Microscopy (TEM), Energy-Dispersive X-ray Spectroscopy (EDS), and X-ray Diffraction (XRD) techniques. The usual size of SNPs was determined by an XRD study and calculated with the Debye–Scherrer formula. The SNPs are crystalline with a calculated average size of 45 nm. The SEM and TEM analyses revealed spherical shape and size around 55 nm of SNPs. The synthesized SNPs were screened for their antifungal activity against M. furfur species and for anticancer activities against (MCF-7, HepG2) cell lines. The obtained results suggested towards moderate to good antifungal and excellent anticancer activities.

Flavonol derivatives containing piperazine and quinoxaline fragments: synthesis and antifungal activity.

A series of flavonol derivatives containing piperazine and quinoxaline had been designed and synthesized. The biological activity test results showed that some of the target compounds had good antifungal activity against various fungi. N5 had the best antifungal activity against Phomopsis sp (P.s.) and Phytophthora capsica (P.c.). The half maximal effective concentration (EC50) was 12.9 and 25.8μg/mL against P.s. and P.c., respectively, which were better than azoxystrobin (Az, 25.4 and 71.1μg/mL). In addition, the protective and curative activities of N5 against kiwifruit were 85.9 and 67.0% at 200μg/mL in vivo, which were better than that of Az (65.9 and 57.0%). The protective and curative activities against chili leaves were 80.6 and 66.5% at 200μg/mL, which were better than that of Az (77.6 and 60.0%). The scanning electron microscopy (SEM) experiment showed that the action of N5 caused the mycelium to bend and fold, changed its morphology and caused damaged to the mycelium. Through the measurement of relative conductivity, leakage of cytoplasmic contents and determination of malondialdehyde (MDA) content indicated that N5 could damage the integrity of pathogenic fungal cell membranes, change the permeability of cell membranes, and affect the normal growth of mycelium.

Biocontrol of citrus melanose Diaporthe citri by Bacillus subtilis M23

Citrus melanose, caused by Diaporthe citri, is one of the most prevalent and important fungal diseases of citrus crops globally. However, the overuse of chemical fungicides for disease control has an adverse impact on citrus production. In contrast, biological control agents (BCAs) are environmentally friendly and have become essential tools for plant disease control. In the present study, Bacillus subtilis M23, a strain isolated from healthy citrus leaves, significantly suppressed the mycelial growth of D. citri, the causal agent of citrus melanose, in vitro. The fermentation broth of B. subtilis M23 also exhibited good antifungal activity against D. citri on citrus plants in greenhouse and field experiments. Lipopeptides (LPs) produced by M23 exhibited excellent antifungal activity against D. citri, with a 50 % effective concentration (EC50) of approximately 1.00 and 0.28 μg/mL for inhibition of mycelial growth and conidial germination, respectively. LP biosynthesis genes were identified in the M23 genome using a PCR assay. Notably, LP extracts significantly reduced the formation of pycnidia and ATP biosynthesis in D. citri. Comparative transcriptome analysis revealed significant differences in the expression of genes associated with fungal vacuole, oxidoreductase activity and endopeptidase activity in D. citri treated with B. subtilis M23. Both RNA-seq and RT-qPCR analysis provided similar results on the expression of selected genes. Collectively, our data provided convincing data supporting the biocontrol potential of B. subtilis M23 for the management of citrus melanose.

Synthesis and In-Vitro and In-Silico Investigation of Pyrazole Derivatives as Antibacterial and Antifungal Agents

Background: Heterocyclic compounds with O, N, and/or S atoms are highly valuable in drug discovery and development. Their pyrazole moieties find applications in various fields, such as herbicides, corrosion inhibitors, electron transport materials, polymers, and luminescent materials. Consequently, there is a pressing need in medicinal chemistry to develop new antibacterial agents to enhance therapeutic efficacy and safety. Methods: A newer biologically active 1-(4-substitutedphenyl)-5-chloro-3-methyl-1Hpyrazole-4-carboxylic acid analogue was synthesized by the para-substituted phenylhydrazine. All the synthesized compounds were characterized by NMR, mass spectral, and IR spectrum examinations, as well as C, H, and N analyses. The synthesized compounds were screened for antibacterial and antifungal activities. Furthermore, a molecular docking study was performed to elucidate the binding modes of synthesized ligands in the active pockets of DNA gyrase and CYP51 (PDB IDs: 4uro and 5tz1, respectively) for exhibiting the binding modes and predicting the mechanism of action of synthesized ligands. Results: Five compounds (2Rb, 2Re, 2Rg, 2Rh, and 2Ri) demonstrated significant antibacterial action against gram-positive B. subtilis and gram-negative E. coli and antifungal activity against C. albicans and A. niger compared to the standard drugs cefixime and ketoconazole. Furthermore, molecular docking was employed to reveal how the newly synthesized ligands bind within the active pockets. It was found that compound 2Rb demonstrated significant antibacterial activity, and compound 2Rg had good antifungal activity. Conclusion: The current study highlights the unique structural characteristics and significant biological activity of the synthesized compounds. In the pursuit of novel antibacterial and antifungal molecules, these compounds could prove beneficial to society.

Functionalization strategy of carboxymethyl cotton gauze fabrics with zeolitic imidazolate framework-67 (ZIF-67) as a recyclable material for biomedical applications

The accumulation of uremic toxins in the human body poses a deadly risk because it causes chronic kidney disease. To increase the effectiveness of hemodialysis and raise the survival rate, these toxins must be effectively removed from the bloodstream. Developing effective materials for removing these dangerous substances requires a thorough understanding of the interactions between an adsorbent and the uremic toxins. Thankfully, metal-organic frameworks (MOFs) have shown considerable promise for the identification and treatment of kidney disorders. Herein, cotton gauze fabrics (CGF) were carboxylated using monochloroacetic acid to produce carboxymethylated cotton gauze fabrics (CM-CGF). CM-CGF was subsequently decorated in situ with zeolitic imidazolate framework-67, resulting in carboxymethylated cotton gauze fabrics-zeolitic imidazolate framework-67 (CM-CGF-ZIF). The CGF, CM-CGF, and CM-CGF-ZIF were evaluated for potential kidney applications by removing uric acid and creatinine from mimic blood. The results showed that CM-CGF-ZIF had the highest adsorption of uric acid and creatinine. The maximum adsorption capacity of uric acid and creatinine was 164 and 222 mg/g for CM-CGF-ZIF, respectively, compared to 45 and 67 mg/g for CGF. CM-CGF-ZIF showed excellent antibacterial activity, good antifungal activity, low cytotoxicity, and a satisfactory level of blood compatibility.

Two monoacyl glycerols isolated from B. mycoides, B. weihenstephanensis and B. toyonensis and their antifungal activity against Lasiodiplodia theobromae, pathogen of cacao

In this work two known monoacyl glycerols, glycerol 1-monopalmitate and glycerol 1-monostearate, were isolated for the first time from B. mycoides, B. weihenstephanensis and B. toyonensis. These monoacyl glycerol compounds showed good antifungal activity specially, against Lasiodiplodia theobromae, which is the fungus affecting cacao. A study of the cell damage done by these monoacyl glycerols was performed in three phytopathogens, resulting in severe damage of reproductive structures, indicating for the first time the potent antifungal activity of these compounds. It could be a promising result to apply in agriculture crops. This work contributes with the research about Bacillus species secreting metabolites, since this is the first time that is reported about the mono acyl glycerols as compounds secreted by Bacillus species. Furthermore, this work explores the role that Bacillus genus can play in controlling important fungi in agriculturally important crops such as cacao.

Study on the chemical composition and anti-fungi activities of anthraquinones and its glycosides from Rumex japonicus Houtt.

Fungi, such as Trichophyton rubrum (T. rubrum) and Microsporum canis Bodin Anamorph (M. canis Bodin Anamorph) are the main pathogens of dermatophysis. According to ancient books records, Rumex japonicus Houtt. (RJH) has a miraculous effect on the treatment of dermatophysis. To reveal the anti-fungi (T. rubrum and M. canis Bodin Anamorph) components and its mechanism of the Rumex japonicus Houtt. The vinegar extraction and alcohol precipitation, HPLC and nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy (NMR) were employed for analyzing the chemical compositions of RJH; in vitro anti-fungal experiment was investigated including test the minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) and the minimum fungicidal concentration (MFC), spore germination rate, nucleic acid, protein leakage rate, biofilm structure, and the mechanism of anti-fungal and anti-fungal biofilms in RJH. Seven anthraquinones and their glycoside compounds were obtained in this study respectively, such as chrysophanol, physcion, aloe-emodin, emodin, rhein, emodin-8-O-β-D-glucoside and chrysophanol-8-O-β-D-glucoside. In vitro anti-fungal experiment results showed that RJH extracts have good anti-fungal activity for dermatophytic fungi. Among them, the MIC of the rhein, emodin and aloe-emodin against T. rubrum are 1.9µg/ml, 3.9µg/ml and 15.6µg/ml, respectively; the MIC of emodin and aloe-emodin against M. canis Bodin Anamorph are 7.8µg/ml and 62.5µg/ml, respectively. In addition, its active components can inhibit fungal spore germination and the formation of bud tube, change cell membrane permeability, prevent hyphal growth, destroy biofilm structure, and down-regulate the expression of agglutinin-like sequence family 1 of the adhesion phase of biofilm growth. The study shows that RJH play a fungicidal role.

Biodegradable Schiff bases: a novel approach for the management of pathogenic fungi (Sclerotium rolfsii and Rhizoctonia bataticola) and stored grain insect (Callosobruchus maculatus) in green gram (Vigna radiata).

Twenty-two eco-friendly, novel Schiff bases were synthesized from 2,4,5-trichloro aniline and characterized by using FT-IR, 1H NMR, and 13C NMR techniques. Fungicidal activity against pathogenic fungi Sclerotium rolfsii and Rhizoctonia bataticola and insecticidal activity against the stored grain insect pest Callosobruchus maculatus of the test compounds were evaluated under control condition. All of the investigated compounds, according to the study, exhibited moderate to good antifungal and insecticidal activities. The best antifungal activity against both pathogenic fungi was demonstrated by C15 and C16 whose ED50 values were recorded 11.4 and 10.4μg/mL against R. bataticola and 10.6 and 11.9μg/mL against S. rolfsii, respectively. They were further screened in for disease suppression against both pathogenic fungi under pot condition through different methods of applications in green gram (Vigna radiata L.) crop. The compounds C10 and C18 had the highest insecticidal activity, with LD50 values of 0.024 and 0.042 percentages, respectively. Stepwise regression analysis using root mean square error (RMSE) and correlation coefficient (R) method used to validate the quantitative structure activity relationship (QSAR) of synthesized compounds in addition to their fungicidal and insecticidal actions. To the best of our knowledge, this investigation on the 22 new Schiff bases as possible agrochemicals is the first one that has been fully reported.

In vitro antibacterial and antifungal potentials of Ocimum tenuiflorum and Ocimum gratissimum essential oil

IntroductionOcimum known as Tulsi has various health benefits mentioned in Ayurveda. Ocimum polysaccharides are used in pharmacology as the capacity to prevent ageing, boost immunity, suppress tumor growth, reduce diabetes mellitus and function as an antioxidant. Therefore, the goal of the current investigation was to examine the antibacterial and antifungal activities of Ocimum tenuiflorum and Ocimum gratissimum essential oils. MethodEssential oils of Ocimum tenuiflorum and Ocimum gratissimum were extracted by hydrodistillation method and antibacterial and antifungal activities were done by agar well diffusion and broth micro dilution method. Furthermore, In silico toxicity analysis was done by the SwissADME server. ResultOcimum gratissimum essential oil was found to have an extraction yield of 2.75 ± 0.5 % and 3.90 ± 0.5 % for O. tenuiflorum. α-thujene (15.33 %), eugenol (16.11 %) and β-terpineol (7.75 %) were the major phytocompounds of O. tenuiflorum whereas chavibetol (17.70), α-pinene (15.16 %) and bicyclosesquiphellandrene (9.07 %) were the major phytocompounds of O. gratissimum essential oil. Forging ahead, essential oil of O. tenuiflorum showed MIC of 0.078 % against E. coli ATCC29213, 0.3125 % against K. pneumoniae MTCC39, 0.078 % against S. aureus ATCC25922, 0.625 % against both C. albicans, MTCC277 and ATCC90028, however, essential oil of O. gratissimum showed MIC of 1.25 % against E. coli ATCC29213, followed by K. pneumonia MTCC39 (2.5 %) and S. aureus ATCC25922 (2.5 %) and 5.0 % against both C. albicans MTCC277 and ATCC90028. Certainly, phytocompounds of both the Ocimum spp. also fulfilled the Lipinski rule and showed characteristics similar to drugs. β-terpinole demonstrated the best antibacterial activity with a Pa value of 0610 and β-caryophyllene and caryophyllene oxide had the best antifungal activity with a Pa value of 0647. ConclusionTo conclude, the current study showed that O. tenuiflorum and O. gratissimum have good antibacterial and antifungal activity and on the basis of further experimentation, can be used as a source of natural antimicrobials.

Green synthesis and characterization of silver nanoparticles from Nigella sativa L seeds and It’s against human pathogenic bacteria and fungi

The green synthesis of silver nanoparticles (SNPs) is the most economical, rapid, facile, and eco-friendly technique. In this study, pathogenic bacteria from human stool were identified, and the antibacterial potency of Nigella sativa L. seed extracts containing SNPs was assessed. The identification of the isolated pathogenic bacteria was achieved through the analysis of their 16 S rDNA sequences. The characterization of SNPs was done by ultraviolet–visible spectroscopy (UV–VIS spectroscopy), scanning electron microscope (SEM), X-ray diffraction (XRD), and Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR). Six pathogenic bacteria were isolated from human stool and isolated bacteria were identified by 16 S rDNA sequencing analysis. SNPs were found in the size range of 30–60 nm and showed good antibacterial and antifungal activity. The maximum zone of inhibition was found against A. spanius at 32.0±0.8 nm. Achromobacter spanius, Pseudomonas geniculate, and Enterobacter asburiae WL115 were extremely sensitive to heated treated nanoparticles at 100 μg ml−1. In the current work, N. sativa L. was investigated because it produced SNPs effectively, may be used as a safe, affordable agent, and may have antibacterial and antifungal properties. The potential biological uses of SNPs will be encouraged by these discoveries, which will drive future research.